
Class _JK3^Jl_ 
Book__AiL±<£ 
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COPYRIGHT DEPQSffi 



School History 



OF 



FRANCE 



Illustrated with Numerous Engravings and Maps. 



1/ 
By JOHN J. ANDERSON, Ph.D., 

Author or A " Grammar School History op the United States," a " Pic- 
torial School History of the United States," a " Manual of 
General History," a " School History of England," 

- jr ETC., ETC. 






NEW YORK : 

CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 

5 Barclay Street. 

1878. 



ANDERSON'S HISTORICAL SERIES. 



A Junior Class History of the United States. 

Illustrated with hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. 272 pp. 16mo. 

A Grammar School History of the United States. 

Annotated; and illustrated with numerous portraits and views, and with more 
than forty maps, many of which are colored. 340 pp. 16mo. 

A Pictorial School History of the United States. 

Fully illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, &c. 420 pp. 12mo. 

A Manual of General History, illustrated with beauti- 
fully colored maps showing the changes in the political divisions of the world, 
and giving the location of important places, and with numerous Engravings. 
488 pp. 12mo. 

A School History Of England. Illustrated with colored 
maps showing the geographical changes in the country at different periods, 
and with many Engravings. 332 pp. 12mo. 

A School History of France. Illustrated with numerous 
Engravings and Progressive and Local Maps. 373 pp. 12mo. 

Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History, illustrated with 

colored maps and a chart, and many Engravings. 445 pp. 12mo. 

The Historical Reader, embracing selections in prose and 
verse from standard writers of Ancient and Modern History; with a Vocabulary 
of Difficult Words, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 12mo. 544 pp. 

The United States Reader, embracing selections from 
eminent American historians, orators, statesmen and poets, with explanatory 
observations, notes, etc. The whole arranged so as to form a complete class- 
manual of United States History, to which are added a Vocabulary of Difficult 
Words and a Biographical Index of Authors. With Colored Maps. 12mo. 414 pp. 

School Histories of Rome and Greece. (In prepara- 
tion.) 
An Introductory School History of the United 

States from 1492 to 1877. A class-book for advanced grades on the catechetical 
plan. Illustrated with maps. 195 pp. 16mo. 

A Common School History of the United States. 

On the catechetical plan. Illustrated with maps. 350 pp. 

CLARK & MAYNARD, Publishers, 

5 Barclay Street, New York. 



Copyright, 

1877, 

By John J. Anderson. 



4 5"46 



PEEFAOE. 



The work here presented to the public is an addition to 
the author's series of school text-books of history, which 
has already attained a wide popularity among teachers and 
school officers. The same plan has been followed in its 
preparation as in the other books of the series, this plan 
having received the general approval of practical educators. 
Maps and geographical references constitute its most promi- 
nent feature ; but, besides this, there are copious exercises for 
topical review, chronological and genealogical tables, and 
other auxiliaries useful in the work of giving instruction. 

The dates are generally inserted so as not to form an essen- 
tial part of the narrative, but still with sufficient frequency 
and prominence to keep the proper sequence and relation of 
the events before the mind of the pupil. 

While the arrangement is essentially by dynasties, as being 
the simplest and most interesting for young students, con- 
siderable space has been given to an account of the state of 
society, including the literary history, at different periods. 

In this connection, the numerous biographical notices in- 
serted will be found interesting and attractive. 

As in the author's other historical text-books, the pronun- 
ciation of all difficult proper names has been carefully indi- 
cated, as far as was possible. This is an important feature 
in an elementary manual of French history, abounding, as 
it must, in names puzzling to the English reader. The 
mode of representation employed is such as seemed best 
adapted to render the pronunciation of the word at once 
obvious to the pupil, without the employment of any special 
system of diacritical marks. Of course, in many cases, the 
indicated pronunciation of the French word can be only an 
approximation to the correct mode. 

This volume is copiously supplied with explanatory notes, 
the author being convinced that this not only constitutes a 
source of information of great value to both pupil and 
teacher, but supersedes, to some extent, the need of laborious 
research, for which the means are not always at hand. It 
also obviates the necessity for putting a larger text-book into 



PEEFACE. 



the hands of pupils, and thus enables the teacher to coyer 
the ground well in a single school term. These notes, 
being chiefly from standard writers, serve also to impart a 
knowledge of the most important historical literature per- 
taining to the subject. 

The full index of persons, places, and subjects will be 
found a valuable addition to the book, not only for the 
purpose of convenient consultation, but as a pronouncing 
vocabulary of proper names. 

While the treatment is necessarily brief, on account of the 
small size of the book, it will yet be found sufficiently com- 
prehensive to give the pupil a clear conception of the great 
events of French history, so rich in interesting and instruc- 
tive lessons. 

The author trusts that this volume may meet with a part, 
at least, of the favor and patronage which the other books 
of his series have so liberally received. 



MAPS. 



PAGE 

1. Empire of Charlemagne (Progressive Map No. 1), Frontispiece. 

2. Gallia, or Gaul ... 13 

3. Gaul, in Provinces 21 

4. Gaul, about 500 a. d 27 

5. France, after the Treaty of Verdun 43 

6. France and the Neighboring Countries 54 

7. Christian Kingdoms in Syria and Palestine 61 

8. France under Hugh Capet (Progressive Map No. 2) .facing 99 

9. France at the Time of Valois (Progressive Map No. 3) .facing 99 

10. Southern Europe (Progressive Map No. 4) .facing 152 

11. Ireland 222 

12. Modern France and the Neighboring Countries (Progressive Map No. 5).. facing 353 



GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 



PAGE 

1. Of the Merovingians 32 

2. Of the Carlo vingians • 51 

3. Of the Capetians 97 

4. Of the House of Valois 151 

5. Of the Valois-Orleans Branch • 192 

6. Of the House of Bourbon 25 7 

7. Of the Bonaparte Family 3 60 



CONTENTS. 



INTRODUCTION (Geography of Gaul or France) 7 

PART L— ANCIENT GAUL. 

SECTION I.— Early Inhabitants of Gaul 9 

Appearance and Manners and Customs of the Gauls (11) ; Re- 
ligion, etc. (12) ; Progress of the Gauls in Civilization (14) ; 
Gallic Migrations and Invasions (14) ; Conquest of Gaul by the 
Romans (15) ; Chronological Recapitulation (17). 

SECTION II.— Gaul under the Romans 18 

Roman Policy in Gaul (18) ; Introduction of Christianity (21) ; 
Invasions by the Barbarians (22) ; Great Invasion of the Huns 
(22) ; Clovis becomes King (23) ; Chronological Recapitulation 
(25) ; Review Questions (25). 

PART II. —FRANCE EST THE MIDDLE AGES. 

SECTION I.— The Merovingian Dynasty 26 

The Mayors of the Palace (30) ; State of Society (31) ; Chrono- 
logical Recapitulation (32) ; Genealogical Table of the Mero- 
vingians (32) ; Review Questions (32). 

SECTION II.— The Carlovingian Dynasty 33 

Pepin le Bref (33) ; Charlemagne (35) ; The Diet of Paderborn 
(36) ; Charlemagne Emperor (38) ; Louis I. (40) ; Charles the 
Bold (44) ; Louis the Stammerer (44) ; Charles the Fat (45) ; 
Charles the Simple (46) ; Louis IV. (47) ; Lothaire (47) ; Louis 
V. (48) ; The Feudal System (48) ; Condition of the People (49) ; 
The Church (50) ; Chronological Recapitulation (50) ; Genealogi- 
cal Table of the Carlovingians (51) ; Questions for Topical 
Review (52). 

SECTION III.— The Capetian Dynasty 53 

Hugh Capet (53) ; Robert (54) ; Henry I. (56) ; First Pilgrimage 
(56) ; Philip I. (57) ; Conquest of England (58) ; First Crusade 
(59) ; The Commune (63) ; Louis VI. (65) ; Louis VII. (66) ; 
Second Crusade (67) ; Suger (71) ; Philip n. (72) ; Third Crusade 
(73) ; The Albigenses (75) ; Louis VIII. (78) ; Louis IX. (79) ; 
Philip III. (82) ; Philip IV. (84) ; Battle of Courtray (85) ; Aboli- 
tion of the Templars (85) ; Louis X. (88) ; Philip V. (88) ; 
Charles IV. (89) ; State of Society (90) ; Chronological Recapitu- 
lation (96) ; Genealogical Table of the Capetian Dynasty (97) ; 
Review Questions (98). 

5 



CONTEXTS. 



SECTION TV.— The House op Valois 99 

Philip VI. (99) ; War with England (100) ; War in Brittany 
(101) ; Second Invasion of the English (101) ; John (105) ; War 
with England (106) ; The Jacquerie (110) ; Charles V. (113) ; 
Charles VI. (119) ; Great Schism (121) ; Armagnacs and Bur- 
gnndians (123) ; Charles VII. (127) ; Joan of Arc (128) ; Conquest 
of Normandy (,132) ; Louis XI. (134) ; League of the Public Good 
(135) ; Charles VIII. (140) ; State of Society during the Valois 
Period (144) ; Chronological Recapitulation (150) ; Genealogical 
Table of the House of Valois (151) ; Questions for Topical Re- 
view (152). 

PAET III.— FKANCE IN MODERN TIMES. 

SECTION I.— The Valois-Orleans Branch 153 

Louis XII. (153) ; Holy League (157) ; Gaston de Foix (157) ; 
Francis I. (161) ; Holy League (168) ; Massacre of the Vaudois 
(170) ; Henry II. (171) ; Francis II. (175) ; The Huguenots (175) ; 
Charles IX. (177) ; Civil War (177) ; Massacre of St. Bartholo- 
mew's Day (182) ; Henry III. (184) ; State of Society under the 
Valois-Orleans Branch (187); Chronological Recapitulation (191) ; 
Genealogical Table of the Valois-Orleans Branch (192) ; Ques- 
tions for Topical Review (193), 

SECTION II.— The House of Bourbon 194 

Henry IV. (194) ; Louis XIII. (199) ; Louis XIV. (210) ; War of 
the Fronde (210) ; War of the Spanish Succession (225) ; Louis 
XV. (230) ; War of the Austrian Succession (235) ; Seven Years' 
War (238) ; State of Society during the Bourbon Period (242) ; 
Chronological Recapitulation (255) ; Genealogical Table of the 
House of Bourbon (257) ; Questions for Topical Review (258). 

SECTION III.— Revolutionary France 259 

Louis XVI. (259) ; The Great Revolution (264) ; The National 
Convention (277) ; The Directory (289) ; Revolution of the 18ih 
and 19th Brumaire (297) ; The Consulate (299) ; The First Em- 
pire (304) ; Restoration of the Bourbons (322) ; Louis XVIII. 
(322); The Hundred Days (322); Second Restoration (324); 
Charles X. (327) ; Bourbon-Orleans Family (329) ; Louis Philippe 
(329) ; Second Republic (336) ; Second Empire (340) ; Napoleon 
III. (340) ; Third Republic (347) ; State of Society (353) ; Chrono- 
logical Recapitulation (358) ; Genealogical Table of the Bona- 
parte Family (360) ; Questions for Topical Review (361). 



INTEODTJOTIOK 



Geography of Gaul, or France. 

1. Ik ancient times, the Alps and the river Rhine (Rhenus) 
formed the eastern boundary of the country known as Gal'- 
li-a, or Gaul. On the south were the Mediterranean Sea 
and the Pyrenees (Pyrencei Montes), the latter separating 
Gaul from His-pa'ni-a (now called Spain) ; and on the 
north and west were the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. 
(See map, page 13.) 

2. Of the region embraced within these limits, the most 
striking natural feature is the long mountain chain which 
begins at the Pyrenees and extends in a north-easterly di- 
rection to the Ehine. This chain, in part, is parallel to the 
Alps, from which it is separated by a valley through which 
flows the river Rhone (Rhodanus). The southern portion of 
the range is now called the Cevennes (sd-ven') ; the middle, 
the Cote d'Or (cote dor). In the north, the range makes a 
short, sudden bend to the east, and then resumes its north- 
erly direction, ending at the river Rhine. 

3. The great range which thus extends entirely across 
the country divides it into two parts quite different in 
character. The larger of these, that north and west of the* 
range, is a long gentle slope which stretches from the moun- 

Questions. — 1 . What, in ancient times, formed the eastern boundary of Gallia, or 
Gaul ? The southern boundary ? The northern and western ? 

2. What is the most striking natural feature of this region ? Describe this moun- 
tain chain. What is the southern portion called ? The middle ? Where does this 
chain end ? 

3. How does this range divide the country ? Describe the larger division. What 
four rivers flow through it ? Describe each. 

7 



8 INTRODUCTION. 



tains to the shore of the ocean. Down this slope four great 
rivers flow. The first (beginning in the east) is the Rhine, 
already mentioned. The second is the Seine (sane), an- 
ciently called Sequana, on which the present city of Paris 
is situated. The third is the Ligeris, or Loire (Iwar), which 
flows west, and is separated from the Seine by a long line 
of high hills and table-lands beginning in the Cote d'Or and 
extending to the most westerly part of France. Another, 
though much shorter, range separates the valley of the 
Loire from that of the Garumna, or Garonne (gali-ron'), 
which is the most southerly of the four rivers. 

4. The area of France, at present, is 204,090 square 
miles ; and its population, according to the census of 1872, 
is 36,102,921. Its colonies and dependencies, including 
Algeria, in Africa, embrace an area of about 373,000 square 
miles, and a population of nearly 6,500,000. In literature, 
the arts, and general culture, the French nation stands 
among the foremost in the world ; and its history is of the 
greatest importance and interest, for its instructive lessons 
in political and social life. 

4. What is the area of France at present ? Its population ? What is the extent of 
its colonies and dependencies ? The population ? What is said of the French nation 
and its history ? 



HISTORY OF FRANCE. 



PAET I. 

ANCIENT GAUL. 



section i. 

Early Inhabitants of Gaul. 

From tlie Settlement of Massilia (600 B. C.) to the Conquest of Gaul by 
the Romans (50 B. G.) 

1. Nearly twenty-five hundred years ago, a company of 
Grecian adventurers, coasting along the northern shore of 
the Mediterranean Sea, cast anchor near the mouth of the 
Ehone, in the country now known as France, but then 
called Gaul.* Here was founded (600 B. c.) the Grecian 
colony Massil'ia, now called Marseilles (mar-sdh). This 
was, as far as is known, the first permanent settlement made 
by any civilized race in Gaul ; though the Phoenicians had 

* The Seg-o-brig'-i-ans, a tribe of the Gallic race, were in occupation of tbe neighboring: country. 
Nann, their chief, gave the strangers kindly welcome, and took them home with him to a great 
feast whi.h he was giving for his daughter's marriage, who was called Gyp'tis, according to 
some, and Pet'ta, according to other historians. A custom, which still exists in some parts of 
France, would that the maiden should appear only at the end of the banquet holding in her 
hand a filled wine-cup, and that the guest to whom she should present it should become the hus- 
band other choice. By accident, or quite another cause, say the ancient legends, Gyptis stopped 
opposite to Eux'e-nes (the Greek captain), and handed him the cup. Great was the surprise, 
and, probably, anger amongst the Gauls who were present. But Nann, believing he recognized 
a commandment from his irods, accepted the stranger as his son-in-law, and gave him as dowry 
the bay where he had landed, with some cantons of the territory around.— GuizoVs History of 
France. 

Map Question?.— Into what three parts was Ancient Ganl divided ? (See page 13.) 
Where were the Belgte ? The Celtae ? The Aquitani ? Wliere was Provincia (the 
Roman province) ? What country to the east and northeast of Gaul ? Where was the 
country of the Helvetii ? Where was Aquae Sextiae ? Massilia ? 

1. When and by whom was Massilia founded ? Give an account of its settlement. 
Who previously sailed along the coast of Gaul ? 

1* 9 



10 EARLY INHABITANTS OF GAUL. [B. C. 600 t 

previously made voyages along the coast, and had sailed up 
the Elione. 

2. At the time Massilia was founded, three great races 
inhabited Gaul. The oldest were the Iberians or Basques 
(basks), who came from the north of Africa and from Hispa- 
nia, and crossing the Pyrenees, settled in the yalley of the 
G-aronne. Afterward, they gradually extended their sway 
beyond the northern boundary of this valley into the valley of 
the Loire. This region formed the greater part of what was 
afterward known as Aquitania, The Iberians are described 
as a people of medium height, dark hair, and somewhat re- 
served in manner. They were obstinate in battle, and so 
tenacious of their customs that traces of these, as well as of 
their language, still survive in the country they inhabited, 
after the lapse of more than two thousand years. 

3. Xorth of these people were the second race, the Celts 
or Gael, who came from Asia, moving westward in vast 
numbers, some establishing themselves in the country they 
entered, while others continued on their journey till they 
reached the western coast of Ireland. As the Celts entered 
Gaul, they pressed the Iberians back from the valley of the 
Loire, and confined them to that of the Garonne. The 
Gael, like the Iberians, were of medium height, but were 
more slender in figure, with blue eyes and yellow hair. 

4. The third of these races, and the last to enter Gaul, 
were the Belgae (M'-je). They appear to have come from 
the forests of Germany, about the time of the foundation of 
Massilia, and crossing the Rhine, gradually established them- 
selves in Gaul from the Rhine to the Loire, driving back 
the Gael, in great measure, to the hill country of the south- 
east, or to the extreme western part of Gaul, which is now 
called Brittany. The Belgae were taller than the Gael, 
and differed from them chiefly in their character, which 



2. How many races inhabited Gaul at that time ? Who were the U>erians or 
Basque? ? Describe their character. Where was Hispania ? ^See map, page IS.) 

3. What is said of the Celts ! Th<ir appearance ? 

4. Who were the third race? Their origin? Describe the Belga:. How we:e 
these races subdivided ? 



EARLY INHABITANTS OF GAUL. 11 

was more savage. Eesembling each other as they did in 
complexion and color of eyes and hair, the constant inter- 
mingling which took place between the two races soon pro- 
duced a similarity which made it difficult to distinguish 
them from each other. Together they formed the ruling 
race, and were known under the common name of Gauls. 
These three races were subdivided into many tribes, several 
of which rose to special prominence in the early history of 
Gaul. 

5. Appearance and Manners and Customs of the 
Gauls. — The Gauls were of powerful build, with fair com- 
plexion, blue or gray eyes, and yellow or red hair. They 
had loud, harsh voices, and were fond of ornaments and 
bright colors in dress, their favorite cloth being a coarse plaid. 
They were simple in their manners, brave and hospitable, 
of lively imagination, impetuous in battle, but easily dis- 
couraged. In the earliest times they fought naked, but at 
a later period they adopted the war dresses of their more 
civilized neighbors, and protected themselves with cuirasses 
of iron mail, and bucklers and helmets, the latter orna- 
mented with the horns of the ox or stag. They wore two- 
handed swords, and carried hooked spears and long javelins 
which they threw as they approached their foes, and then 
charged upon them, either on foot or in two-horse chariots 
armed with scythes. 

6. They delighted in single combat, and cut off the heads 
of their enemies, wearing them, or nailing them on their 
houses as trophies. Sons were not permitted to associate 
with their fathers till they were able to bear arms, and the 
men had the power of life and death over their wives and 
children. When a chief or noble died, a funeral pile was 
built, and every thing which the dead had held dear — 
slaves and animals, as well as inanimate things — was sacri- 
ficed. 



5. Describe the Gauls. What was their mode of warfare ? 

6. In what did they delight ? How did they treat their enemies ? What other 
customs are mentioned ? 



12 



EARLY INHABITANTS OF GAUL. 



7. Religion, etc. — The Gauls worshiped the powers of 
nature, haying names for the gods of the sun, the ocean, 
the thunder, the wind, the stars, rivers, and lakes. Their 
priests were the Druids,* a sect specially chosen for their 
intelligence, who introduced among them the worship of 
moral and intellectual forces, and taught them to believe in 
the rewards and punishments of a future life. The Druids 
were divided into three classes — bards, prophets, and high 
priests. The bards were poets who chanted, to the accom- 
paniment of a rude harp, the bounty of their employers, the 
exploits of heroes, or the beauty of women. The prophets 
were a lower order of priests who professed to reveal the 
future. They conducted, also, the ordinary religious cere- 
monies. 

8. The high priests were the most powerful of the three 
orders, and lived in seclusion in forests of oak, where they 
guarded with jealous care the secrets of their peculiar faith. 
Many of their ceremonies were attended with cruelty and 
awful mystery, f The sacrifice of human victims was of 




SPECIMEN OF DRTJIDICAL REMAINS. 



common occurrence. Great circles of stone were set up on 
the plains or in the forest, in which were erected altars, 

* The name Druids is derived from a Celtic word meaning oak, and hence signifies men of the 

°t Thus the feast of Tentates, the god of commerce and *>« inventor of the arts was celebrated 
on the first nieht of the new year, by the light of torches, in the depths ot the torest. ine sacied 
Tee of the Druids was the oak : and, at such a time, the chiefs of the Druids gathered from its 
branches, with a g^Uen sickle,' the sacred mistletoe, a plant held by them m the greatest rev- 
erence. . '. . 

7. Whom did the Gauls worship ? Who were the Druids ? Into what classes were 
they divided ? Who were the bards ? The prophets ? • 

8 . Who were the high priests ? What kind of sacrifice was common ? What 
structures were set up ? Where are there remains of these ? 



EARLY INHABITANTS OF GAUL. 



13 



called cromlechs, consisting of two upright stones support- 
ing a horizontal one, on which victims were laid for sacri- 
fice. The priest smote the victim, and professed to fore- 
tell the future from the manner of his fall or the flow- 
ing of his blood. * Many of the structures erected by the 




^Ntm 



Druids, and consisting of immense stones arranged in vari- 
ous ways, still remain in the south of France. 

9. The rival of the priest, in the esteem of the people, 
was the warrior, who was the head of the only political 
organization known among the Gauls — the clan. This was 
formed at first by the union of several families of blood 

* " Some erect colossal figures constructed of wicker-work, which they fill with men, and then 
set fire to them, thus destroying their victims." — CiEsar's Commentaries on the Gallic War. 



9. Who was the rival of the priest ? What is said of the clan 
form ? The cantons ? 



What did the clans 



14 EARLY INHABITANTS OF GAUL. [B. C. 390. 

relatives, and was afterward increased by marriage and con- 
quest, till the various families, with their retainers, depend- 
ants, and slaves, constituted a large community. Several 
clans constituted a canton ; and several cantons, a state. 

10. Progress of the Gauls in Civilization.— The 
Gauls lived in conical houses built of poles and rushes, plas- 
tered and thatched. They had fortified towns, which dis- 
played sufficient knowledge of engineering to excite the 
admiration of the Romans. They cultivated the soil, rais- 
ing barley, wheat, and flax, and many kinds of live stock, 
and planting vineyards. They understood, to some extent, 
dyeing, and the art of working metals, and were accustomed 
to use the froth of beer as yeast for raising bread. They car- 
ried on, also, considerable commerce with other nations, 
establishing depots along the principal rivers or on the sea- 
shore. The countries with which they traded were princi- 
pally Italy, Greece, and the island of Britain. 

11. Gallic Migrations and Invasions. — The restless, 
warlike nature of the inhabitants of Gaul always made them 
a terror to their more peaceful neighbors. Their wars and 
incursions form a part of the history of the earliest times. 
One of these invasions was that into Iberia or Spain, where 
they established themselves so firmly that, many hundred 
years later, the most stubborn obstacle to Eoman conquest 
there was the race which was formed by the union of the 
Iberians and the Celts — the Celtiberians. The northern 
part of Italy, however, was more frequently the scene of 
bloody battles in Which the Gauls were actors, the history 
of their struggles with the Romans on this ground extend- 
ing back to a very early period. 

12. In one of these invasions (390 b. c.) they defeated the 
Roman army, captured and pillaged Rome, and held it for 

10. Describe the houses of the Gauls. The towns. What did they cultivate? 
What arts did they practice ? Wnat commerce did' they carry on ? With what coun- 
tries ? 

11. What war did they carry on ? Mention one of their invasions. What was its 
result ? Who were the Celtiberians ? What other country did the Gauls invade ? 
What struggles were the consequence of this ? 

12. When was Rome captured ? Give an account of this event. How was Rome 
ransomed? What did this give rise to ? 



C. 123.] EAELY INHABITANTS OP GAUL. 



15 



seven months till a ransom in gold was promised, which was 
increased at the last moment by the action of their chief, 
Brennns, who threw his sword into the scales while the gold 
was being weighed, with the famous exclamation, "VoVic- 
tis" — " Woe to the vanquished." * This defeat, and the insult 
which accompanied it, were the cause of those frequent and 
bloody wars which were waged between Rome and Gaul 
hundreds of years. 

13. Conquest of Gaul by the Romans. — The Grecian 
colony of Massilia had long been regarded with suspicion by 
the native tribes of Gaul. War being declared, the Mas- 
silians sought the aid of Rome, which sent an army to their 
assistance (154 b. a). A Roman army invaded the south 
of Gaul about thirty years later, 
and established a Roman province 
there, whose capital was called 
Aquae Sextiae, on the site of the 
present city of Aix, in Provence 
(123 b. a). This was the first 
Roman settlement in Gaul; but it 
was followed by others, which 
maintained themselves, notwith- 
standing the attacks made upon 
them by the native tribes and by 
vast hordes of barbarians, prin- 
cipally from beyond the Rhine. 
One of these invasions was that 
of the Helvetians, who inhabited 
the country now called Switzerland. 




JULIUS CLESAR. 



The governor of the 
Roman provinces in Gaul, at that time, was Julius Caesar. 



* This invasion was made by a Gaulish tribe called the Sennones. Some accounts state that 
Camillus, the Roman dictator, arrived in time to prevent the payment of the ransom ; and, with 
the exclamation that " Rome should be ransomed only with steel," he ordered the gold to be taken 
away, and immediately attacking: the Gauls defeated them with great slaughter. There is, how- 
ever, no historic evidence of the truth of this account. The public records having been destroyed, 
no authentic annals of the previous events of Roman history exist. 



1 3. What led to the invasion of Gnul by the Romans ? What other invasion oc- 
curred ? What was established by the Romans ? What other settlements were made? 
What account is given of the Helvetians and their invasion? How were they re- 
pelled. What did this lead to ? 



16 EARLY INHABITANTS OF GAUL. [B. C 58. 

Hastily gathering some legions from Italy, he gave battle 
to the invaders, and defeated them (58 B. a). This vic- 
tory led to alliances between the Eomans and some of the 
weaker tribes against the stronger tribes with which they 
were at war, and was the beginning of that policy which, 
eight years later, brought the territory of Gaul into sub- 
jection to the Roman power. 

14. Caesar next gained a signal victory over the G-ermans 
under their great chief, Ar-i-o-vis'tus, who had crossed the 
Rhine and invaded the territory of Gaul. He then defeat- 
ed the combined forces of the confederacy of the tribes of 
northern Gaul, under the leadership of the Belgae ; subdued 
the martial tribe called the Nervii (ner've-l), who bravely 
withstood the Roman invader. He next invaded Britain, 
because the brave inhabitants of that island had sent assist- 
ance to the struggling Gaulish tribes. The gallant barba- 
rians made a vain attempt to oppose Roman skill and valor, 
and Caesar gained several victories over them ; but he had 
no time to complete the conquest of the island. Indeed, 
this was not accomplished until more than a century after- 
ward. 

15. The last great struggle of the native tribes against 
the Romans was that entered into by a league under the 
command of a native chief named Ver-cin-ge'to-rix.* After 
a campaign in the open field, in which the Gallic chief dis- 
played great ability, and in which the Roman army was many 
times placed in desperate straits from which nothing but the 
genius of Caesar, its great commander, could have rescued it, 
Vercingetorix withdrew to a fortified town, and construct- 
ing an intrenched camp outside of its walls, awaited the 
attack of the Roman army. Caesar threw a double line of 
fortifications around the place, and after repelling an army 
of more than two hundred thousand Gallic warriors, which 
had come to its relief, returned to the siege. 

* This is the Latinized form of the name as given by Caesar in his Commentaries. It 
signifies in the Celtic language, " The chief of a hundred chiefs." 



14. Over whom did Caesar next obtain a victory ? What confederacy did he de- 
feat ? What tribe did he subdue ? Give an account of the invasion of Britain. 

15. Give an account of Vercingetorix and his struggle with the Romans. 



B. C. 50.] EARLY INHABITANTS OF GAUL. 17 

16. Hunger, and despair of receiving any aid from with- 
out, soon led to the surrender of the town, which Vercinge- 
torix came to offer in person, hoping, in this way, to soften 
the heart of Csesar and thus obtain more favorable terms 
for his army. Wearing his richest armor, he rode alone 
into the Eoman camp, alighted before the tribunal of Caesar, 
and threw on the ground his spear, his helmet, and his 
sword. He was sent a prisoner to Rome, and, six years 
afterward, was led through its streets in chains, as a part 
of Caesar's triumph. Some feeble attempts after this were 
made to throw off the Eoman yoke, but the vigilance of 
Caesar rendered them of little avail, and thus Gaul was 
completely conquered. (50 B. a). 

17. The cruel policy of Caesar in Caul was now entirely 
changed. All violent measures were abandoned, but the 
conquered tribes were obliged to pay a tribute of 40,000,000 
ses'-ter-ces (about $1,400,000). The wisdom of this policy 
was soon apparent. The country which had required such 
strenuous efforts to subdue, became, in a short time, a sub- 
missive Eoman province, from whose warlike people were 
recruited some of the choicest legions afterward employed 
by Caesar in the civil wars of Eome. * 

* " He allured their best warriors into his legions by high bounties : and even formed an entire 
Gallic legion, the soldiers of which bore the figure of a lark on their helmets, and which was 
thence called Alauda.' n —Michelet , s History of France. 



16. Describe the surrender of Vercingetorix. What was his fate ? 

17. What policy did Caesar afterward pursue ? What was the result of this ? 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

B.C. 

600. Settlement of Massilia by the Greeks. 

390. Taking of Rome by the Gauls. 

123. Settlement of Aquae Sextiae by the Romans. 

58. Defeat of the Helvetians by Caesar. 

50. Conquest of Gaul completed by Caesar. 



18 GAUL UXDER THE ROMANS. [B. C. 50. 



section" ii. 

Gaul uxder the Romaks. 

From the Boman Conquest (50 B. C.) to the Baptism of Clovis 
{A. D. 496). 

1. Roman Policy in Gaul,— The efforts of the Romans 
were now directed to the extinction of the national feeling 
in Gaul, by the substitution of their own laivs, customs, and 
religion. The first step was the division of all the ter- 
ritory, except Xarbonnen'sis, into three great provinces : 
Aquitania, which comprised most of the country south of 
the Loire and west of the Cevennes ; Lugdunensis, chiefly 
situated between the Loire and the Seine; and Belgica, 
which extended nearly to the Rhine. Xarbonnensis was the 
old province, and comprised principally the valley of the 
Rhone, from the present city of Geneva south to the Medi- 
terranean Sea and the Pyrenees.* 

2. The next step was the abandonment of cities or towns 
at which Roman arms had suffered defeat, and the estab- 
lishment of new ones in their stead. The ancient names of 
cities, also, were changed, the names of clans and of Roman 
emperors being given to some of the more important. By 
this means, dangerous memories were obliterated, and tribes 
which had formerly acted together against the Romans were 
separated, and, in some cases, found themselves associated 

* A general census taken in 23 b. c. showed that the number of Roman citizens in Gaul, at 
that time, was 4,163,000. 



Map Questions.— (See page 21.) Where was Xarbonnensis situated ? Aquitania ? 
lugdunensis ? Belgica ? Where did the tribe called Parisii dwell ? What city de- 
rives its name from them ? What was the ancient name of Paris ?— Ans. Lutetia. 
What does this word mean ? — Ans. A mud-walled city. 

1 . To what were the efforts of the Eomans directed ? How was Gaul divided ? 
Describe the situation of each. 

2. What was the next step taken by the Eomans ? What other measures did they 
take to strengthen their rule ? 



B. C. 43.] GAUL UKDER THE ROMANS. 19 

with ancient enemies in the same province. These great 
provinces were again subdivided into states, with diverse 
privileges, the highest being conferred as rewards for special 
services rendered to the imperial government. A spirit of 
rivalry between the states was thus aroused, which led 
them to forget, in the eagerness of present strife, their an- 
cient wrongs. 

3. The city of Lug-du'-num (Lyons), at the confluence 
of the Rbone and the Saone (son), was founded (43 b. a), 



ROMAN AMPHITHEATER AT ARLES (INTERIOR). 

and afterward, under the emperor Augustus, became the 
Roman capital of Gaul. From this four great military roads 
were opened : one to the Ehine at what is now Cob'lentz ; 
another to the northern coast ; a third to the mouth of the 
Garonne ; the last running south, and branching near the 
mouth of the Rhone to Massilia and Narbo, now Narbonne 
(nar-bon'). The names of the gods of the Druids were 
changed, each new name being a compound of the original 
Celtic name and that of the corresponding Roman god. 
Human sacrifices were forbidden, and certain privileges 

ww^ h 7 ,^8 Lu gdnn«m founded ? (See map, page 21.) What did it become? 
What roads led from it? Where is Coblentz ? (See Progressive Map, No. 4.) What 
changes were effected in religion ? Vi ' 



20 



GAUL UNDER THE ROMANS. 



[B. C. 43. 



were denied and penalties attached to those who adhered 
to Druidism. 

4. Under such influences Graul became rapidly Roman, 
though traces of the ancient religion lingered for centuries 
in some parts of the country remote from cities. The prog- 
ress made in the arts of civilization was marked and gen- 
eral. The old savage way of Hying was abandoned ; the 
people devoted themselves to agriculture and commerce, and 
schools and colleges were established, which soon became 
famous throughout the civilized world. Evidences of the 




ROMAN AMPHITHEATER AT N1MES (EXTERIOR). 

extent to which the Roman influence prevailed are found in 
the literature of those early times, and in the architectural 
remains still existing in many parts of France. The latter 
are most numerous in the south and east ; the ruins of gate- 
ways, aqueducts, circuses, and temples at Toulouse (too- 
looz), Aries (arlz), and many other places, being some of the 
most remarkable.* 



* One of these, a temple of exceeding beauty at Nimes, or Nismes (neem), served as the model 
for the famous Madeleine church in the present, city of Paris. 



4. What did Gaul become ? What progress was made ? What evidences of Roman 
influence exist ? Where is Toulouse ? Aries ? (See Progressive Map, No. 4.) 



A. B. 244.] 



GAUL UKDER THE ROMANS. 



21 



5. Introduction of Christianity. — One of the most 
important events that happened during the Roman rule 
in Gaul was the introduction of Christianity, in the second 
century. The first Christian church was established at 
Lyons, but here also terrible persecutions took place (a. d. 
177). The new religion, coming as it did from the East, 
was confined for a long time to the older Eoman settlements 
in Gaul, no decided movement being made for its general 




establishment till the reign of the emperor Philip (a. d. 
244). At that time seven bishops were sent from Rome 
into Gaul. Notwithstanding the persecutions to which 
they were subjected, they established centers of religious 
influence from Lu-te'-ti-a (Paris) to To-lo'sa (Toulouse), and 



5. When was Christianity introduced ? Where was the first Christian church estab- 
lished ? Give a further account of the establishment of Christianity. 



22 GATJL TTHDEK THE KOMANS. [A, ©. 419. 

in three generations nearly all Gaul had embraced the new 
faith. 

6. The Invasions by the Barbarians. — With the 

decline of the Koman power, a new danger threatened Gaul 
— the invasion of the country by the barbarous tribes beyond 
the Rhine. These incursions occupy a period of about 170 
years. At the end of that time, three tribes were found es- 
tablished permanently in Gaul : the Franks,* the Burgun- 
dians, and the Visigoths. The first incursion was that of 
the Franks (a. d. 256). They laid waste the province of 
Belgica, and finally settled there (a. d. 358). The Burgun- 
dians next established themselves in the east of Gaul, the 
territory being demanded by them from the Roman em- 
peror Honorius, who feared to refuse it (a. d. 413). The 
Visigoths, having crossed the Alps from the valley of the 
Danube, and descended into northern Italy, turned west- 
ward into southern Gaul, and settled in Aquitania (a. d. 
419). 

7. The Great Invasion of the Huns. — Great and 
numerous as these invasions of the tribes beyond the Rhine 
had been, however, they were followed by a much greater 
one. For fifty years the nations of Europe had watched 
with apprehension the westward progress of the Huns, a 
fierce and mighty tribe of savages from Asia, whose sway 
had gradually been extended from the Black Sea to the 
Baltic. Over this vast horde of savages, cunning and fero- 
cious in character and grossly superstitious, one man reigned 
supreme. This was At'ti-la, sometimes called the " Scourge 
of God," on account of the dreadful devastations which he 
caused. 

8. Crossing the Rhine, he entered Gaul with 500,000 men, 

* " On the lower Rhine, a still more powerful confederacy than the Saxons, called the Franlen 
or freemen, was formed out of the valorous races which had so long maintained both peaceful aud 
warlike relations with Rome."— Godwin. 



6. What new danger threatened Gaul ? During what period did the incursions of 
the Germans take place ? What tribes obtained a permanent foot-hold in Gaul ? 
What is said of the Franks ? The Burgundians ? The Visigoths ? 

7. What greater invasion followed ? Who were the Huns ? Who was Attila ? 

8. Give an account of the invasion of Gaul by the Huns. By whom were they op- 
posed ? What battle was fought ? The result ? 



A. D. 486.] GAUL TODER THE ROMANS. 23 

burning cities and carrying terror and desolation in his path. 
All Gaul united against the common foe. The city of 
Orleans checked his progress into southern Gaul. While 
besieging this, the opposing army, consisting of Romans and 
Goths, under A-e'tius and The-od'o-ric, appeared. Attila 
withdrew to the Catalaunian plains, near the river Seine, 
where a battle was fought the following day. All day 
and far into the night the battle raged; and, on the fol- 
lowing morning, more than 200,000 corpses strewed the 
plain. So great was the confusion that neither army claimed 
the victory ; but the power of Attila was broken, and he re- 
crossed the Rhine with the remnant of his army (a. d. 451).* 
9. Clovis becomes King. — When the Roman empire 
fell (a. d. 476), the Christian bishops, who had gradually 
become a ruling power in Gaul, turned to find some tem- 
poral ruler who could help them to strengthen and per- 
petuate their sway. The most promising was Olo'vis,f the 
young, ambitious leader of the Salian Franks. He was a 
descendant of Mer-o-vse'us, the sea-king, J whose wonderful, 
half -fabulous exploits had been for many years a subject of 
admiration to the simple Franks. At the age of fifteen, 
Clovis had been proclaimed king of his tribe. Fearing the 
Roman influence among the Frankish tribes, he determined, 
if possible, to destroy it ; and, to that end, attacked the Ro- 
man General Sy-a'gri-us at Soissons (sivaw 1 'song), and defeated 
him (a. d. 486). Syagrius was the last Roman governor of 
Gaul.§ After the battle of Soissons, Clovis moved his capital 

* " It was a battle," says the old Gothic chronicler (Jornandes), " fierce, multiform, terrible, 
obstinate ; such a battle and such a slaughter as the world had never seen, and will never 
see again. The little stream which traversed the field, almost dry till then, was swollen beyond 
its banks by the blood which mingled with the water. When night drew on, the carnage was still 
continued, and far into the darkness was heard the shock of bewildered steeds, the clash of in- 
discriminating swords." — Godwin. t Called in his native tongue ChJodouig. 

% It is from Merovaeus that Clovis and his successors have received the name Merovingians, or 
the Merovingian Dynasty. The Salian Franks inhabited the country near the mouth of the Rhine. 

§ "An incident which occurred after one of the incursions of the Franks illustrates in aforcible 
manner the extent to which brute force was used by Clovis in maintaining his authority. At the 
sacking of the Cathedral of Rheims, some of the sacred vessels had been carried off, among them 
a vase of great beauty which formed a part of the booty that, according to the custom of the 
Franks, was placed in the middle of the camp to be distributed by lot. The bishop of Rheims 
sent a messenger to reclaim it, and Clovis promised to return it. When the day came for his 
division of the spoils at Soissons, Clovis asked that the vase might be allotted to him as the 
share. A young Frankish soldier, however, angry at this infringement of custom, and perhaps 



9 . Who was Clovis ? Whom did he attack and defeat ? Who was the last Roman 
governor of Gaul ? What city did Clovis make his capital ? 



24 GAUL UKDEK THE KOMANS. [A. ». 496. 

to Lutetia, the chief city of the Parisii,* which by this act 
became the capital of the Franks, under the name of Paris- 

10. The power of Clovis was still disputed by man) 
tribes, and several years were passed in war to establish his 
supremacy. The marriage of Clovis with Clotilda was an 
event of great importance (493). This princess was the 
daughter of Gun'de-bald, King of Burgundy, and had em- 
braced the orthodox Christian faith ; and, through her means, 
Clovis obtained the support of the Grallo-Eoman Church in 
carrying out his schemes of conquest. Clotilda, for some 
time, earnestly sought to effect the conversion of her hus- 
band ; but he refused, although permitting his eldest son 
to be baptized. 

11. At length, however, an incident occurred which 
brought about this event. The powerful tribe of the Ale- 
manni f crossed the Ehine, and attacked the Franks J at 
Cologne (496) ; and Clovis marched to their assistance. In 
the fierce battle that ensued, the result was for some time 
doubtful ; when at length Clovis, raising his hands to 
heaven, invoked the God of the Christians, and offered a 
solemn vow that, if he should gain the victory, he would 
embrace the faith of Clotilda, and permit himself to be 
baptized. He then continued the battle, rushing into the 
thickest of the fight, and inspiring his soldiers with cour- 
age and enthusiasm. At length, the King of the Alemanni 
being slain, victory declared for Clovis ; and in fulfillment 
of his vow, he, his sister, and three thousand of his warriors, 
besides a large number of women and children, were baptized 

coveting the vase, told the king boldly that he should have only what fell to him, at the 
same time defacing the vase by a heavy blow from his battle-axe. The king said noth- 
ing, but took the vase and returned it to the bishop. Some time after, at a review of his 
forces, he stopped before the young warrior, reproved him for the ill appearance and 
condition of his arms, and seizing his battle-axe, threw it upon the ground. As the 
owner stooped to pick it up, Clovis buried his weapon in the soldier's skull, saying, ' Thug 
didst thou to the vase of Soissons ! ' "— GuizoVs History of France. 

* A Celtic tribe. Hence the modern name of the city, Paris. 

t " Clovis was still only chief of the petty tribe of the Franks of Tournai, when nu- 
merous bands of Suevi [Germans], under the designation of All-men (Alemanni), threat- 
ened to pass the Rhine."— Michelet. 

t This tribe was called the Eipuarian Franks, as the followers of Clovis were called 
the Salian Franks. 

10. By whom was Clovis opposed ? Whom did Clovis marry ? Who was Clotii. 
da? What support did Clovis obtain by this marriage? What did Clotilda seek to 
accomplish ? 

1 1 . What led to the conversion of Clovis ? Who received baptism ? 



A. ». 496.] GAUL UNDER THE ROMANS. 25 

with great pomp and magnificence in the temple at Rheims 
(A. d. 496). 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

A. D. 

177. Persecution of the Christians at Lyons. 

256-358. First invasions of Gaul by the Franks. 

413. Establishment of the Burgundians in Gaul. 

419. Settlement of the Visigoths in Aquitania. 

451. Defeat of Attila by Aetius. 

486. Defeat of Syagrius by Clovis. 

496. Conversion of Clovis to Christianity. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAKT I. 

PAGE 

1. What races inhabited Gaul when Massilia was founded ? 10 

2. Give an account of each 10, 11 

3. Describe the manners and customs of the Gauls 11 

4. Give an account of the Druids 12 

5. From what is the name Druid derived ? 12 (note) 

6. What progress had tbe Gauls made in civilization ? 14 

7. Give an account of the Gallic migrations 14, 15 

8. Give an account of tbe conquest of Gaul by the Romans 15, 16, 17 

9. By what policy was the conquest completed ? 17, 18 

10. Mention the divisions of Gaul, and state the situation of each 18, 19 

11. What city was made the center of the Eoman domain in Gaul, and in 

what way ? 19 

12. What progress was made in civilization in Gaul under the Romans ? 20 

13. Give an account of the introduction of Christianity 21 

14. What barbarous nations invaded Gaul in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries ?. 22 

15. Give an account of the invasion of the Huns 22, 23 

16. Give an account of the defeat of Attila 23 

17. How did Clovis become king ? 23 

18. Give an account of his reign 24 

19. Why are Clovis and his successors called the Merovingians ? 23 (note) 

20. From what is the name Paris derived ? 24 (note) 



PART II. 

FRANCE IN THE MIDDLE 

AGES. 



section i. 

The Merovingian Dynasty. 

Extending from the baptism of Clovis (A. D. 496) to the accession of 
Pepin le Bref(A. B. 752). 

1. The north of Gaul had now a Christian king and 
queen, the first in its history. The clergy saw in Clovis 
their only hope, and gathered around him. The people in 
the other provinces of Gaul, weary of petty wars, and bound 
together by a common faith, turned toward Clovis as to 
their natural king ; and, only a few years after his baptism, 
he succeeded in uniting all Gaul in one great dynasty. 
Anastasius, also, the emperor of the East, desiring his alli- 
ance, sent him a golden crown and a purple robe, making 
him, by that act, a Christian prince and a Koman consul. 
He made Paris his capital, and died there (a. d. 511). 
Modern France dates its foundation as a kingdom from the 
reign of Clovis, his consecration at Rheims being an exam- 
ple which succeeding kings, for many centuries, followed. 

2. The changes wrought in the politics, society, and laws 
of the country at this time were marked and lasting. Chief 
among these was the introduction of the feudal system, the 

1 . What was the condition of Clovis and his kingdom at this time ? What did he 
accomplish? What did Anastasius do? Where and when did the death of Clovis 
occur ? From what does modern France date its foundation ? 

2. What changes took place at this time ? What system was introduced ? What 
does feud mean ? How did Clovis divide the conquered territory ? What were the 
features of this system ? What was the Salic law ? 

26 



THE MEROYISTGIAK DYNASTY. 



27 



word feud meaning property held as a reward.* Clovis 
divided the territory which he conquered among his chiefs 
as a reward for services rendered, and a pledge for similar 
services in the future. Each chief, called a feudatory, be- 
came thus a petty king, possessed of a large extent of coun- 
try, containing many towns and castles, with hundreds, and, 







in some cases, thousands of tenants or vassals, and many more 
serfs or bondsmen who cultivated the soil, and were not 
permitted to leave it, but were sold with it, like cattle. A 
natural offspring of this system was the salic law, the name 
of which is thought to be derived from the Salians, the 
branch of the Franks from which Clovis came. By this 

* According to this system, the tenure of lands depended upon the vassalage of those by whom 
they were held. Every vassal was bound to do homage to his superior. Unarmed and bare- 
headed, he knelt hefore him, and putting his hands in those of his lord, promised to be "his 
man " thenceforward, and to serve him faithfully for the lauds which he occupied. 



28 THE MEKOVINGIAN/ DYNASTY. [A. D. 558. 

law, no woman conld inherit the lands of a feudatory, nor 
could she be made queen. (See note, page 49.) 

3. From the earliest times, the Franks had been accus- 
tomed to assemble annually in general council, in the open 
air, on the 1st of March, which was then considered the 
beginning of the year. These assemblies were called the 
Fields of March. Here the chiefs discussed affairs of state, 
made an estimate of the number and condition of their 
fighting men, and planned new expeditions. Now, how- 
ever, the great chiefs being separated, and each established 
in the center of an extensive territory over which he was 
ruler, lost their interest in these general assemblies. Prop- 
erty now became the ruling thought in the mind of the 
chief, and only when this was threatened was he inclined 
to take up arms. 

4. The kingdom of Clovis was divided, at his death, in 511, 
among his four sons, — The-od'o-ric, Clo'do-mir, Chil'de-bert, 
and Clo-taire'. In those days of craft and blood, such an 
arrangement only prepared the way for fresh quarrels. Plots 
were constantly formed by the brothers against each other ; 
and, after forty-seven years of domestic broils and foreign 
war, Clotaire, the youngest and last-surviving son of Clovis, 
became king of all the Franks (a. d. 558). He, however, 
enjoyed his new honor only three years.* 

5. The four sons of Clotaire divided their father's king- 
dom among themselves ; but one of them dying soon after- 
ward, it was again divided among the survivors, and with 
so much regard to natural boundaries and the distinctions 
of tribes and languages that the divisions then made con- 



* One of the wives of this king, Radegunda, deserves a 7>assin<r mention for her saintly virtues 
in these stormy times. She was the daughter of the King of Tharingia and was taken prisoner 
by Clotaire, who, struck with her beauty, caused her to be educated and married her. Her 
power over him, however, was of short duration. Shocked at his crimes, she finally left the 
court, entered a cloister, and passed her days in deeds of charity and love. 



3. What were the "Fields of March 1 ' ? What was their ohject ? What change 
occurred at this time ? 

4. How was the kingdom of Clovis divided ? What was the consequence ? Who 
finally became king of "all the Franks ? How long did he reign as such ? 

5. How was the kingdom divided after the death of Clotaire? What permanent 
divisions were afterward formed ? Describe the situation of each. (See Progressive 
Map, No. 1.) 



A. D. 714.] THE MEKOVIKGIAK DYNASTY. 29 

tinued for a long time. The north-eastern part, along the 
Ehine, with a small part of Germany, was called Aus-tra'- 
sia; the north-western part, from the Loire to the ocean, 
was known as Neus'tria ; while the third, called Burgundy, 
comprised the mountainous region east of the Rhone and 
south as far as Provincia, or Provence {pro-vahns'). (See 
Progressive Map ~No. 1.) 

6. The brothers ruled severally over these divisions, but 
Aquitania was claimed by all three. Occasions for war be- 
tween the brothers soon arose, growing out of domestic 
troubles ; and the history of many years is chiefly composed 
of accounts of wars, intrigues,, and murders, caused by the 
wives of these princes. The kingdoms of Austrasia and 
Burgundy were united for a time (593), and the three di- 
visions were reigned over by Clotaire II. as sole king of the 
Franks (613), but his character was insignificant and his 
reign unimportant. 

7. Before his death, his son Dagobert, then fifteen years 
of age, was made king of Austrasia ; and on the death of 
Clotaire (628), Dagobert asserted his right to the whole 
kingdom. With this king, the glory of the Merovingian 
line departed. After him, the struggles of the nobles, who 
were constantly increasing in power, with the effeminate 
kings (derisively called ro is faineants {fa-na-6ng), do-nothing 
kings), were usually successful ; till, at last, Pepin d'Heristal, 
mayor of Neustria and Burgundy, virtually became king, 
under the title of Duke or Prince of the Franks (687). 

8. His successor was his son Charles, afterward styled 
Martel, a powerful Duke of Austrasia, and Mayor of the 
Palace. On his father's death (714), he raised the standard 
of revolution, and by his boldness and vigor, attached many 
chiefs to his cause. His title of mayor was disputed, and 
only established after several battles, in which he had many 

6. What caused war among the brothers ? What kingdoms were united ? Who 
reigned as sole king of the Franks ? His character ? 

7. Who became King of Austrasia ? With whom did the glory of the Merovingian 
line end ? What were most of his successors called ? Who virtually became king ? 

8. Who succeeded Pepin d'Heristal ? How was the title of Charles established ? 
What did he display ? 



30 THE MEEOVIKGIAK DYNASTY. [A. D. 752, 

opportunities to display the military talents which subse- 
quently gained for him so brilliant a renown. 

9. When, therefore, the Saracens inyaded France, his 
constant practice in war, joined to his native energy of 
character, pointed him out as the natural leader of the 
Franks in the threatened struggle. Charles acted with 
characteristic courage and dispatch ; gathering an immense 
army, he met the invading host near Poitiers (poi-teerz'), 
and, after a terrific battle, completely routed them, gaining 
by his personal strength and prowess the title of Martel 
(the Hammer), and justly deserving the more distinguished 
title of Savior of Christian Civilization (732).* 

10. This victory also gave him the undisputed possession 
of the kingdom of the Franks, in the strengthening and 
consolidation of which he spent the remaining years of his 
life. Having promised assistance to the Pope, in his strug- 
gle with the Lombards, he was marching to his relief when 
he died (741). After his death, the kingdom was divided 
among his sons ; but the most energetic of these, Pepin 
(styled le Bref, or the short) soon became sole king of the 
Franks (752). 

11. The Mayors of the Palace. — During the Mero- 
vingian dynasty, a new order of men, known as Mayors of the 
Palace, had risen into power and prominence. Their origin 
is lost in obscurity. They are supposed to have been orig- 
inally guardians or stewards of the king's estate ; and, after 
the fall of the Koman empire, this estate being vastly in- 
creased, the office became much more important. The mayor 
was chosen from among the feudatories of the king, and 
soon became his chief adviser. The mayors were the guar- 

*" There ' the young: civilizations of Europe and Asia' stood face to face. There the horse- 
men of the East met the footmen of the West ; the Semitic race made trial of strength with the 
Germanic. The battle was worthy of the cause ; it was Ions and bloody. The chroniclers are not 
sparing of their numbers. Three hundred thousand Arab corpses, say they, marked the point 
at which the flood-tide turned."— Kitchin's History of France. 



9. Who invaded France ? What course did Charles pursue ? When was a hattle 
fought ? Its result ? What titles were conferred on Charles ? 

1 0. What did this victory give him ? When did he die ? Under what circum- 
stances ? How was the kingdom then divided ? Who hecame sole king ? 

11. Who were the Mayors of the Palace ? What was their origin ? "How chosen ? 
What guardianship and powers did they have ? 



A. ». 573.] THE MEKOVINGIAH DYNASTY. 31 

dians of the kings during their minority, and then exercised 
almost full kingly powers. In this way, they finally set 
aside the legitimate prince, and obtained permanent pos- 
session of the throne. 

12. State of Society. — The prospects of civilization, 
during this period, were gloomy in the extreme. The bar- 
barous condition which, for a time, had been changed, by 
the introduction of the arts, science, and literature of the 
Eomans, suddenly returned at the downfall of the empire 
and the invasions of the Germans. Old rivalries were re- 
vived, murders were frequent, and property and the rights 
of the weak were insecure. Only the strong arm ruled. 
One hopeful ray alone illuminates the darkness — the grow- 
ing respect for the Church, which stood between the barba- 
rians and the Eomanized inhabitants of Gaul, and, number- 
ing its adherents in both, lifted up its voice in the interest 
of humanity. 

13. Churches, monasteries, and convents were built, pre- 
serving to some extent, in their construction, the architec- 
tural beauty of Greece and Italy, and affording, by the awe 
which attached to their sanctity, a refuge to the oppressed 
against violence and wrong. In the leisure and seclusion 
of their service, also, the literary models of a higher civiliza- 
tion were preserved. 

14. Among the names which have come down to us from 
this period is that of Gregory of Tours, whose History of the 
Franks though showing traces of the childish superstition 
common in that age, has been an invaluable source of infor- 
mation to students and historians. He was born in Auvergne 
in 539, and chosen bishop of Tours in 573. In all the strug- 
gles and disorders of the troubled time in which he lived he 
discharged the duties of his high office with firmness and 
discretion, acting always in that spirit of humanity which 
forms the distinctive feature of the religion he professed. 

12. What was the state of civilization during this period? What was the only 
hopeful feature ? 

13. What were huilt ? What did they preserve ? 

14. What distinguished personage is referred to? What is said of Gregory of 
Tours ? 



32 



THE MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY. 



[A. B. 752, 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

A.D. 

511. Death of Clovis. 

558. Clotaire I., king of the Franks. 

613. Clotaire II., king of the Franks. 

687. Pepin d'Heristal becomes king. 

714. Death of Pepin d'Heristal. 

732. Defeat of the Saracens by Charles Martel. 

741. Death of Charles Martel. 

752. Accession of Pepin le Bref. 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE 

Clovis. 
1 


MEROVINGIANS. 


1 1 
Theodoric. Clodomir. 


1 
Childebert. 


~~1 
Clotaire. 

1 


! I 

Charibert. Gontran. 


1 
Sigebert. 


1 
Chilperic. 

1 
Clotaire II. 

1 
Dagobert. 

1 


1 
Sigebert II. 




1 
Clovis II. 

1 


[ 1 
Clotaire III. Childeric. 
1 




1 
Theodoric. 

1 


Chilperic II. 

I Clovis III. 
Chilperic III. 

(742-752) 
Deposed by Pepin le Bref. 


1 
Childebert. 

1 
Dagobert III, 

1 
Theodoric IV, 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Why was the reign of Clovis important ? 26 

2. Mention the chief events of his reign 26 

3. Describe the feudal system 27 

4. What was the Salic law ? 28 

5. What assemblages were held by the Franks ? 28 

6. Mention some of the successors of Clovis 28, 29 

7. How was the French territory divided at different times ? 28, 29 

8. What was the office of Mayor of the Palace ? 30 

9. Who were the most distinguished of the officers ? 29, 30 

10. Who obtained the title of Savior of Christian Civilization ? In what way ?. . 30 

11. What was the state of society under the Merovingians ? 31 

12. How many centuries did this dynasty last ? : 30 

13. Give an account of Gregory of Tours 31 



A. B. 752.] THE CARLOYIN/GIAN DYNASTY. 33 



section ii. 

The Carlovingian Dynasty. 

Extending from the Accession of Pepin le Bref (752) to that of Hugh 
Capet (986). 

y- 2 1. Pepin le Bref was the first king of the Car- 
to loyingian line. His surname le Bref {the Short) was 
768 given him on account of his stature, which was such 
that he appeared almost like a dwarf among his stalwart 
warriors.* Nothing could have saved him from the con- 
tempt of these men but his undoubted physical strength 
and courage, and his ability to command. He gave ample 
proof during his life that he possessed all these qualities, f 
The influence of the Church at this time was very great, 
and hence an alliance with it was eagerly sought by kings 
who were at war with each other. Winifred, or St. Boni- 
face, archbishop of Mayence, had devoted himself to the 
spread of Christianity, and aided by Pepin's father, had 
gone as a missionary into the wilds of Germany. He had 
also anointed Pepin with holy oil at his coronation. Influ- 
enced largely by Winifred, therefore, Pepin enlisted on the 
side of the Pope, who was then attacked by the Lombards. \ 

* He is said to have been only four and a half feet high, while his son Charlemagne was seven 
feet in height. 

t An incident which happened at the beginning of his reign will serve to illustrate his strength 
and courage. While watching a fight between a lion and a bull one day— the spectacle of com- 
bats of wild animals being an amusement common in that rude age— the king asked his attend- 
ants who among them dared to rescue the bull, which was being strangled by the lion. No one 
answered. Pepin himself, it is said, then leaped down into the arena, and with one blow of his 
sword struck off the head of the lion, and even gashed the neck of the bull. Then turning to his 
nobles, he said, " Now am I worthy to be your king ? " 

t The Lombards were a race of barbarians who in the sixth century entered Northern Italy 
and founded a powerful kingdom there. 



Map Questions.— (See Progressive Map, No. 1.) How far did the empire of Charle- 
magne extend from east to west ? What river was its eastern boundary ? How far 
did it extend toward the south ?— Ans. To Gaeta. in Italy. How far did it extend 
toward the north 1—Ans. To the Baltic Sea. What stale occupied the northern part 
of France ? Eastern part ? The south-eastern part ? What the southern part ? The 
north-western part ? The south-western part ? What monarchy occupied both sides 
of the Lower Danube ? What people dwelt in the districts of the Upper Danube ? 
What people occupied the country near the Elbe ? 

1 . Who was the first king of the Carlovingian line ? His surname ? Why e;iven to 
him ? His physical strength, etc. ? What is said of the influence of the Church ? Of 
Winifred or St. Boniface ? What cause did Pepin espouse ? 

2* 



34 THE CAKLOVIKGIAK DYKASTY. [A. B. T71. 

2. He made two expeditions against the Saxons, but his 
principal victories and conquests were in Italy and in the 
countries south of his own. Pope Stephen II. fled to Gaul 
(754) to ask the aid of Pepin against the Lombards, who 
had seized the exarchate* of Ravenna and marched on 
Rome. Pepin, therefore, crossed the Alps with his army, 
attacked and defeated the Lombards, and regained posses- 
sion of Ravenna. The Lombards then promised to give to 
the Church the lands they had taken in northern Italy, 
but their promise was not fulfilled. Pepin, therefore, 
marched against them the following year, and wrested 
from them the exarchate, which he gave to the Pope 
(755), who thus assumed the office and power of a temporal 
monarch. 

3. Three years after, the country lying between the Ce- 
vennes and the Gulf of Lyons was conquered by Pepin, and 
the kingdom of the Franks was thus extended to the Pyr- 
enees (759). Still warring in the name of religion, he de- 
manded of the Duke of Aquitaine a return of the property 
he had taken from the Church, and the surrender of Frank- 
ish fugitives who had found shelter in his dominions. This 
demand was refused, and Pepin entered upon a war which 
lasted nine years, during which the rich dukedom of Aqui- 
taine was ravaged with remorseless cruelty. The duke was 
finally assassinated, and Aquitaine was attached to the 
kingdom of the Franks (768). The same year Pepin died, 
leaving his kingdom to his sons, Carloman and Charles, 
afterward entitled Charles the Great, or Charlemagne 
(shar'le-mahn). The former died at the end of three years, 
and the Franks, who, according to their old law, were per- 
mitted to choose their king, set aside the two infant sons of 
Carloman, and chose Charles (771). 

* Exarchate, a portion of country ruled by an exarch, an officer appointed by the Emperor of 
the East. . 

2. What expeditions did Pepin make ? Why did he attack the Lombards ? What 
was the result ? 

3. What was Pepin's next conquest ? Why did he invade Aquitaine ? What ended 
the war ? Who succeeded Pepin ? How came Charlemagne to be king ? 



A. ». 776.] THE CARLO VINGIAN DYNASTY. 35 

y 68 4. Charlemagne was called to rule over a king- 

to dom larger than that of any of his predecessors, 
coinciding nearly with modern France. The de- 
posed children of his brother, Car 'Ionian, had taken refuge 
with Des-i-de'ri-us, the king of the Lombards, who was an 
enemy of the Franks. The daughter of Desiderius had 
been the wife of Charlemagne for a single year, but at the 
end of that time Charlemagne had divorced her and re- 
turned her to her father, who felt himself grossly insulted 
by this act. 

5. Desiderius, therefore, besought the Pope (Adrian) to 
consecrate the children of Carloman as kings ; but the Pope 
informed Charlemagne, who immediately marched against 
the Lombards, conquered their territory, except the cities 
of Pavia (pah-ve'ah) and Vero'na, to which he laid siege, 
and went in person to Rome, on Easter day (774), where he 
confirmed the Pope in his title to the possessions given him 
by Pepin. The Lombards in Verona surrendered after a 
short siege, but the defense of Pavia was more obstinate. 
It was finally reduced by famine, Desiderius and his family 
were imprisoned in a monastery, and Charlemagne assumed 
the title of King of Lombardy, the Pope placing on his head, 
at his coronation, the famous iron crown of the Lombards. 
Shortly afterward he appointed his second son, Pepin, to 
rule over Lombardy (776). 

6. The kings of the Franks had now been for many years 
the special champions of the Church. So accustomed had 
they become to do battle in its defense that its quarrel was 
easily assumed by them, often on slight pretexts. The 
Saxons, taking advantage of the absence of Charlemagne in 
Italy, rose in arms, threatened the Christian missionaries 
in their midst, and burned the church at Dev'en-ter, which 

4. Over what kingdom was Charlemagne called to reign ? What became of the 
children of Carloman ? Why was Desiderius hostile to Charlemagne ? 

5. How did Desiderius show his enmity? What did Charlemagne do? What 
were the results of this war ? 

6. What acts of the Saxons brought on a war with Charlemagne ? Where is 
Deventer ? (See Progressive Map, No. 1.) Why was Charlemagne absent in Italy ? 



36 THE CARLOVTXGIAX DYNASTY. [A. D. 111. 

had been built by the Franks. Charlemagne marched 
against them, and reduced them to subjection (775).* The 
following year he returned with his army to Italy, con- 
quered the Lombards who had again risen, and hurrying 
back to Germany assembled the Field of May at Paderborn 
(777). 

7. The Diet of Paderborn. — This council was held 
in the ravaged country of the Saxons. Along the frontier 
seyeral strongly-fortified places had been built, and Charle- 
magne, hoping on this occasion to bind the Saxons by an 
oath too solemn to be broken, spared no pains to make the 
ceremony imposing. All the Saxon tribes were summoned 
to attend, many nations which were anxious to remain on 
terms of friendship with Charlemagne were represented, 
eyen the Saracens from Spain sent deputies. The Saxons 
professed allegiance under the seyerest penalties in case of 
disobedience, and many were baptized. \ 

8. As the defender of the Church, but more perhaps to se- 
cure the southern frontier of his kingdom, Charlemagne now 
gathered his forces to attack the Saracens in Spain. Cross- 
ing the Pyrenees in two divisions, his army united before 
Saragossa, which surrendered. While the army of the Franks 
was crossing the Pyrenees on its homeward march, a band of 
Basques fell upon the rear guard in a high and gloomy pass 
called the gorge of Poncesvalles (ron-ses-val'les), and over- 
whelmed it with an avalanche of rocks and trees. Among 
the killed was Poland, the nephew of Charlemagne. This 
disaster, from the suddenness of the onset, the almost total an- 
nihilation of the force attacked, and the romantic character 
of the spot where it occurred, has been lifted into a singular 
and undue prominence. So many different accounts have 

* One of the act- of the Franks, at this time, which roused the anger of the Germans, was the 
destruction of the statue of Hermann, which had been erected on a high rock overlooking a 
narrow pass where Hermann, or Arminius, the great German chief, dad defeated tue Komans 
many years before. This statue had always been regarded as sacred by the Germans. 

t One chief, however, Witikind, a leader of the Westphalians, refused to attend the assembly 
or to be bound by the terms there. made. 

7. When was the Diet of Paderborn h<>ld ? Describe it. 

8. Why did Charlemagne invade Spain? Describe the invasion and its results. 
Who was Koland ? 



A. ». 781.] THE CARLOVIKGIAK DYNASTY. 37 

been given concerning it, in poems and legends, that the 
very spot where it happened has become a matter of dispute, 
and the actors in it have taken rank with the heroes of fable.* 
9. A revolt again broke out in the north (781). Through 
the energy and eloquence of Wit'i-Mnd, f the Westphalian 
chief who had refused to attend the diet of Paderborn, the 
rule of the Franks in Saxony was again threatened. Gath- 
ering together an army composed of Danes, Saxons, and war- 
riors of the neighboring tribes, he pillaged the Christian 
churches in Saxony, and killed or expelled the priests and 
officers appointed by Charlemagne. The latter marched to 
attack Witikind ; but the battle was fought before his arri- 
val, and the Franks had been defeated. Witikind, pursu- 
ing his customary policy, had made his escape into Denmark, 
beyond the pursuit of the Prankish monarch. Charlemagne, 
therefore, to satisfy his thirst for vengeance, determined upon 
an act of ferocious cruelty, which must ever be an indelible 
stain upon his memory. Gathering together at Werden all the 
Saxons he had captured (4,500), he ordered them to be behead- 
ed, j; This atrocity served only to inflame the Saxons, who 
left their retreats in the woods and marshes and determined to 

* " The disaster of Roncesvalles and the heroism of the warrior who perished there be- 
came, in France, the object of popular sympathy, and the favorite topic for the exercise 
of the popular fancy. The Song of Roland, a real Homeric poem in its great beauty, and 
yet rude and simple as became its national character, bears witness to the prolonged im- 
portance attained in Europe by this incident in the history of Charlemagne. Three cen- 
turies later, the comrades of William the Conqueror, marching to battle at Hastings for 
the possession of England, struck up The Song of Roland to 'prepare themselves for 
victory or death.' . . . The political genius of Charlemagne comprehended, more fully 
than would be imagined from his panegyrist's brief and dry account, all the gravity of the 
affair of Roncesvalles. Not only did he take immediate vengeance by hanging Duke 
Lupus of Aquitaine, whose treason had brought down this mishap, and by reducing his 
two sons to a more feeble and precarious condition, but he resolved to treat Aquitaine 
as he had but lately treated Italy, that is to say, to make of it ' a special kingdom,' an 
integral portion, indeed, of the Frankish empire, but with an especial distinction, which 
was that of resisting the invasions of the Andalusian Arabs."— Guizotfs History of 
France. 

t Witikind was the great hero of the Saxons— the representative of Saxon patriotism 
and Saxon valor. Discouraged by no disaster and incapable of yielding, as often as he 
was defeated he took refuge in the forests and wilds of Denmark or Scandinavia, to re- 
appear as soon as an opportunity presented itself with new forces, and again to make a 
stand against the invaders of his country. But no energy or courage could successfully 
withstand the determined skill and vaior of Charlemagne and his Frankish warriors ; and 
at last Witikind was obliged to submit to the conqueror ; but this he only did at the sup- 
plications of the people for whose liberties he was waging a desperate war. 

X This dreadful massacre was perpetrated on the banks of the river Aller— at a spot a 
short time previously consecrated as the site of a Christian place of worship, and the resi- 
dence of a Christian bishop. The arbarous and heathen Saxons had thus a terrible illus- 
tration of how far a so-called Christian monarch's acts could be at variance with the 
sublime precepts of the faith he professed. 



9. What did Witikind do ? What act of cruelty did Charlemagne commit ? Where 
did Charlemagne establish his capital, and why ? Where is Aix-la-Chapelle ? (See 
Progressive Map, No. 1.) 



38 THE CARLO VIXGIAX DYNASTY. [A. D. 800. 

give battle to Charlemagne in the open field. The latter 
now established his capital at Aix-la-Chapelle (akes-lah- 
sTtali-peV), for the purpose of watching the Saxons and at- 
tacking them more readily. This place had long been a 
favorite one with him, on account of its warm springs, 
bathing being a recreation in which he specially delighted.* 

10. During the three years which followed the massacre 
at Werden, the country of the Saxons was ravaged without 
mercy. The war had now lasted, almost without interrup- 
tion, for thirty-two years. Moved at last by the sufferings 
of his people, Witikind sued for peace. Trusting to the gen- 
erosity of Charlemagne, he went to meet him in his palace 
at Attigny (at-teen-ye), and returned loaded with presents. 
He was afterwards baptized, and, resigning the leadership, 
entered a convent where he spent the remainder of his days. 
By an ingenious, and, to some extent, merciful treatment of 
the Saxons after this, Charlemagne succeeded in preventing 
any general uprising for several years. His army, however, 
was not permitted to rest. The Avars, a tribe inhabiting 
the country east of that of the Franks, invaded his kingdom, 
and Charlemagne marched against them with three armies, 
and expelled them. 

11. Charlemagne as Emperor. — The signal service 
which Charlemagne had rendered to the Church was now 
rewarded in a striking manner. Leo III., the successor of 
Pope Adrian, had solicited the aid of the king against his 
enemies, and Charlemagne had gone to Eome to confer with 
him. \Vkile attending service in the Vatican on Christ- 
mas day (800), the Pope, in the presence of a multitude of 
people, advanced toward the king, and, placing a crown of 

* Aix-la-Chapelle is said to owe its foundation to an incident which happened on one of the 
hunting: excursions of Charlemapne. While chasing a stag, the emperor attempted to urge his 
horse across a brook. The animal, however, hesitated, and the emperor, on inquiring into the 
cause, discovered that the water was hot. He caused a chapel in the shape of a horse's hoof to 
be built on the spot, and this is thought to be the origin of the rotunda under which the hot 
springs there are now found. 



1 0. What was the fate of Witikind ? Who were the Avars ? 

1 1 . What title was conferred on Charlemassie ? Describe the ceremony. What 
followed ? What project did Charlemagne entertain ? What prevented its accom- 
plishment ? 



A. D. 814.] THE CARLOYINGIAN" DYNASTY. 39 

gold on his head, saluted him as Emperor of the Eomans. 
This act revived the Empire of the West, which had been 
extinct since the time of Augustulus, three hundred and 
twenty-four years before. His uniform success now led 
Charlemagne to entertain the project of re-establishing the 
ancient Eoman Empire, and, to this end, he offered his 
hand to the Empress I-re'ne, the ruler of the Byzantine Em- 
pire. The news of this intended union, however, provoked 
a popular insurrection at Constantinople which led to her 
dethronement, and the marriage never took place. 

12. Charlemagne now began to feel the approach of age. 
He divided his empire, therefore, between his three sons, 
reserving all his titles for the youngest, Louis, whom he 
presented to his people at a great diet assembled at Aix- 
la-Chapelle (813). A crown similar to that worn by Char- 
lemagne was made ; and Louis, on this occasion, by his 
father's direction, took it from the altar and placed it on 
his head. This was one of the last public acts of Charle- 
magne. The following year he died at the age of seventy- 
two (814). He was buried in the chapel which he had built 
at Aix-la-Chapelle. He was dressed in his imperial robes, 
and placed in a sitting posture on a throne of marble, with 
all the symbols of his power about him. 

13. The figure of Charlemagne is one of the most impos- 
ing in history. Standing between the era of barbarism and 
that of civilization, his character partakes of both. His 
long reign of forty-six years was an almost ceaseless warfare ; 
and, at its close, he left an empire more than double the 
size of that over which he had begun to reign. It comprised 
all of modern France, Belgium, and Switzerland, the greater 
part of the German States and Italy, and a part of Spain. 
Sprung from a race of warriors, and excelling in arms, he 
turned from the battle-field with eagerness to follow the arts 
of peace. He built churches, founded schools and semina- 

12. How did Charlemagne divide his empire ? Where and how was he buried ? 

13. What was the size of the empire of Charlemagne ? What did it comprise ? 
What benefits did he confer on it ? Who aided him ? 



40 THE CARLO VLKGIAK DYNASTY. [A. D. 814. 

ries, established libraries, invited eminent men of letters 
from other countries to his court, sent missionaries into all 
parts of his dominions, and strove in every way to encourage 
among his people a love for learning and religion. The 
famous Alcuin, one of the most learned men of his time, was 
for many years a resident of his household and the tutor of 
his family; and Charlemagne himself did not disdain to be- 
come a learner with his children. 

14. His ability as a civil ruler is no less remarkable than 
his talents as a warrior and a patron of learning. He di- 
vided his empire into kingdoms, over which he placed his 
sons to enforce his decrees, which were called capitularies. 
The empire was also divided into counties governed by 
grafen, or earls. He created special officers who visited 
the counties four times a year, holding courts of justice 
for the redress of grievances, and supervising the accounts 
of the collectors of public money. He fostered trade 
and commerce, regulated the currency, and suppressed 
beggary ; in all his measures showing a wisdom and fore- 
sight beyond that of any monarch of his time. The ancient 
assemblies of the Franks — the Fields of March — changed 
at a later time to Fields of May, were continued by Charle- 
magne, but in an improved form. Two of these assemblies 
were now held, however, one in the spring, the other in the 
autumn. * 

§14 15. Louis I. (le Debonnaire — da-lon-air ') , the Easy, 

to or Good-natured — was thirty-six years of age when he 

was called to the throne (814). He was amiable and 

pious, but lacking in that firmness and severity necessary 

* Originally these meetings had been held in the open air, and every free man had a voice in 
their deliberations. They were still held out of doors, if the weather was pleasant; if not, they 
were convened in buildings specially constructed for the purpose, and only men of rank took 
part in the deliberations. These buildings were divided into rooms for the use of the several 
councils, some of which were composed of the great lords, others of the bishops, and others of 
both. The emperor attended in person, and submitted the new laws he had resolved upon to 
the consideration of a superior council, which met in secret session, and was intrusted with spe- 
cial powers. 

14. What did he do as a civil ruler? What change was made in the Fields of 
March ? 

15. How old was Louis le Debonnaire when he began to reign ? His character? 
How did he undo the work of Charlemagne ? 



A. D. 829.] THE CARLOYIKGIA^ DYNASTY. 41 

successfully to complete the great work begun by his father. 
Charlemagne had deprived the tribes of some of their pecu- 
liar rights and privileges, because these were at war with that 
centralism necessary to the unity of his empire. Louis per- 
mitted them, in many cases, to resume these powers, and 
thus aided, by his own act, in the dismemberment of his 
dominions. He permitted the Church, also, to increase its 
powers at the expense of the crown. For the more con- 
venient government of the country, he divided it among 
his three sons (817). 

16. Pepin became King of Aquitaine (Aquitania), and 
Louis King of Bavaria, while the eldest, Lothaire, remained 
with his father. By this partition, Bernard, the nephew of 
Louis, whom Charlemagne had made King of the Lombards, 
considered himself released from his allegiance, and endeav- 
ored to set up an independent kingdom. Louis marched 
against him with such a powerful army, however, that he 
submitted before a battle was fought. Many of his accom- 
plices were severely punished ; Bernard himself having his 
eyes put out, and dying shortly after. For this punishment 
Louis afterward did public penance ; and this act, which, at a 
higher stage of civilization, would be regarded as meritorious, 
was considered, in that rude age, a sign of weakness, and 
gave renewed hope to his enemies. 

17. The 'emperor now became less a ruler, and more and 
more a monk. His advisers, fearing that he would relin- 
quish the kingdom for the convent, persuaded him to marry 
Judith, the daughter of a Bavarian count, hoping, in this 
way, to divert his mind from excessive devotions, and re- 
claim him to society. On the birth of a son, Charles, a new 
kingdom, called the kingdom of Alemania, was created for 
him, comprising the present Switzerland and Wurtemberg 
(829). His other sons now conspired against him, Lothaire 
striving to make himself emperor. This exposure of the 

16. Who was Bernard? Why did Louis march against him? What was Ber- 
nard's fate ? 

17. Whom did Louis marry? What was the kingdom of Alemania? (See map, 
page 43.) Who conspired against Louis, and with what result ? 



42 THE CAKLOVINGIAK DYHASTY. [A. ». 841. 

ambition of Lothaire, however, broke up the conspiracy, the 
most powerful subjects gathering to the support of Louis, 
who became once more emperor in fact, as well as in name. 
The offending sons were thus at their father's mercy, but 
through his weakness were pardoned. 

18. He again attempted to make his youngest son, 
Charles, king, deposing Pepin from the kingdom of Aqui- 
taine and making Charles its ruler. The sons again com- 
bined against him, and induced the Pope, Gregory IV., to 
excommunicate all of the emperor's soldiers who should 
take up arms against Lothaire. By this act, his army dis- 
appeared on the very day of battle. The spot where it took 
place (near Colmar) was known, from that time, as the Field 
of Lies. The sons now subjected their father to a pub- 
lic humiliation, but this only created a feeling in his favor 
in the minds of the people ; and the three brothers being 
still unable to agree, Louis and Pepin conspired against the 
third, Lothaire, and releasing their father from the mon- 
astery iu which he had been confined, again seated him on 
the throne (834). 

19. No sooner was Louis in power than he attempted for 
the third time to make provision for his youngest son 
Charles, by bestowing upon him the kingdom of Aquitaine, 
in addition to those of Burgundy, Provence, and Septima- 
nia, previously given in 837. The elder brothers again 
leagued together, and a battle was on the eve of being 
fought, when Louis died, his last message to his rebellious 
son being, "I pardon him, but tell him he has caused my 
death." A general war for the succession now broke out 
between the brothers. Charles and Louis joined their 
forces against Lothaire, and a battle was fought at Fonte- 
naille (fon-te-neV) (841). In it 300,000 men were engaged, 
and 80,000 dead were left on the field. Lothaire withdrew, 
but the battle was not decisive. 

1 8 . What act of Louis produced a new conspiracy ? What did the Pope do ? 
What were the consequences ? 

19. Describe the next conspiracy, its cause and results. Give an account of the 
battle of Fontenaille. 



A. ». 843.] 



THE CARLOVINGIAN DYNASTY. 



43 



20. The horror of the victorious brothers at the carnage 
of the battle of Fontenaille was followed by a three days' 
fast, but the scene threatened to be renewed. Lothaire again 
appealed to arms, and Charles and Louis bound themselves 
by a solemn oath at Strasburg (842) to make common cause 
against him. The new league appeared so formidable that 
Lothaire consented to a treaty. Commissioners were ap- 
pointed, and met at Verdun (843), where the empire was 
formally divided. Lothaire retained the title of emperor, 




his empire consisting of Italy and a strip of land extending 
from it to the North Sea ; Louis became King of Germany ; 
and Charles, of Gaul, or Francia (France). This was the 
first great treaty of modern Europe. 



20. What followed the battle of Fontenaille ? How was the empire divided at 
the treaty of Verdun ? Where was Verdun ? (See map.) 



44 THE CARLO VINGIAN DYNASTY. [A. ». 879. 

21. The oath taken by Charles and Louis at Strasburg 
is doubly interesting from the fact that a rude form of the 
modern French language is there distinctly seen. In all 
treaties and councils, up to this time, Latin had been used ; 
but, on this occasion, each king repeated before the army 
of the other, and in the language of that army, the vow he 
had taken. The German oath, also, being publicly used at 
this time, and the country which was bound by it having 
now a separate existence, the development of German as a 
distinct language became more marked. Italy, Germany, 
and France, in fact, became, from this time, separate na- 
tions. 

843 22. Charles the Bald thus became the first King 
to of France (843). A new enemy, however, now made 
his appearance. The Northmen, a fierce tribe of sea- 
warriors inhabiting Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, had, 
for many years, threatened the kingdom. Charlemagne 
had watched with misgiving their growing power, though 
their incursions had not been serious during his vigorous 
reign. Under the weaker rule of Louis the Debonnaire, 
however, they had become more bold. In repelling these 
invasions, King Charles committed the fatal error of assign- 
ing portions of his territory to local chiefs upon whom he 
called to defend his kingdom, raising up, in this way, pow- 
erful competitors. At the same time, he did not hesitate 
to engage in foreign wars. During one of these he died, 
and was succeeded by his son Louis, the Stammerer (877). 
23. Louis the Stammerer {Louis le Begue) reigned 
only two years, and after his death his two sons, Louis III. 
and Carloman, divided the kingdom between them (879). 
During their reign the struggles of the nobles with the 
crown continued ; but the power of the former was now so 

21. Describe the oath of Strasburg? How did it affect the language and nation- 
ality of the countries interested ? 

22. What distinguishes Charles the Bald ? Give an account of the Northmen. 
What error did the king commit in his contest with the Northmen ? By whom was 
Charles succeeded ? 

23. How long did Louis the Stammerer reign? How was the kingdom divided 
at his death ? What occurred during their reign ? How long did each reign ? Who 
was elected to succeed Carloman ? 



A. D. 884.] THE CARLO VINGIAK DYNASTY. 45 

great that the result was no longer doubtful. Duke Boson, 
brother-in-law of Charles the Bold, revolted, and set up an 
independent government as King of Burgundy and Pro- 
vence, making Aries his capital. This kingdom maintained 
a separate existence for more than one hundred and fifty 
years, being annexed, in 1033, to the German Empire, un- 
der Conrad II. Louis gained a signal victory over the 
Northmen, and compelled their leader to sign a treaty of 
peace. He survived this event but a short time, dying at 
the age of twenty, after a brief reign of about three years 
(882). His brother continued to reign only about two years 
longer, being killed while hunting (884). By the law of 
succession the crown devolved upon an infant son of Louis 
the Stammerer, but the circumstances of the kingdom re- 
quiring a sovereign of mature age, the nobles decided to 
confer the crown upon Charles the Eat, Emperor of Ger- 
many, grandson of Louis le Debonnaire. Louis gained a 
signal victory over the Northmen, and made a treaty with 
them. He died after a short reign of about three years, and 
his brother survived him only two years. Neither left sons, 
and the nobles, therefore, elected as their king Charles, Em- 
peror of Germany (884). 

§§4 24. Charles the Fat was the ruler over Ger- 

to many and Italy as well as France. During his reign 

Erance was again invaded by the Northmen * under 

Eollo, a famous chieftain of powerful frame, who boasted 

* "In November, 885, under the reign of Charles the Fat, after having for more than 
forty years irregularly ravaged France, the Northmen resolved to unite their forces, in 
order at length to obtain possession of Paris, whose outskirts they had so often pillaged 
without having been able to enter the heart of the place. On the 25th, all the forces 
formed a junction: seven hundred huge barks covered two leagues of the Seine, bring- 
ing, it is said, more than thirty thousand men. The chieftains were astonished at sight 
of the new fortifications of the city; a double wall of circumvallation ; the bridges 
crowned with towers ; and, in the environs, the ramparts of the Abbey of St. Penis iind 
St. Germain well defended. Paris had for its defenders two heroes : one, Bishop Gozlin, 
of the Church, the other, Count Eudes, of the empire. The siege lasted thirteen months ; 
whiles pushed vigorously forward -with eight several assaults ; whiles maintained by 
close investment, and with all the alternations of success and reverse, all the intermix- 
ture of brilliant daring and obscure sufferings, that can occur when the assailants are 
determined and the defenders devoted. Not only a contemporary, but an eye-witness, 
Abbo, a monk of St. Germain des Pres, has recounted the details in a long poem, 
wherein the writer, devoid of talent, adds nothing to the simple representation of events. 
We do not possess, in reference to these continued struggles of the Northmen with the 
Gallo-Frankish populations, any other document which is equally precise and complete." 
— GuizoVs History of France. 



24. Of what countries was Charles the Fat ruler? Who invaded France during 
the reign of Charles the Fat ? What was the result ? 



46 THE CARLO VINGIAK DYNASTY. [A. ». 912. 

that lie walked because no horse could carry hiru. Hast- 
ings, one of the sea-kings of the Northmen, joined him, 
and together they besieged Paris. For more than a year 
the city held out, and the emperor finally came to the 
rescue ; but so tardy had been his action that he was de- 
posed by the diet of the empire (887). He died the next 
year in a monastery in which he had sought shelter. 

25. France was now a loose collection of many prov- 
inces, equal powers being claimed by each. The influence 
of the Church, however, steadily increased, and, its aid 
being solicited by both the crown and the nobles, it now, 
for the first time, took part openly in civil affairs. The 
Count of Eudes (uhd), who had bravely defended Paris, was 
chosen king, but his authority was not generally recognized ; 
the Northmen, also, continued to invade the kingdom. A 
competitor for the title of king sprang up at this time. 
The right of Charles the Simple, a descendant of the Carlo- 
vingians, was supported by very many, and he was crowned 
in the cathedral at Eheims (893). At the death of Eudes 
Charles was acknowledged king (898). 
g98 26. Charles III. (the Simple). — The reign of this 
to king is memorable on account of the permanent set- 
tlement of the Northmen in France. Fearing their 
power, Charles bought a peace by giving Eollo, their leader, 
his daughter, G-isele (zhis-el'), in marriage, and the province 
of Normandy (911).* He and his followers were baptized at 
Eouen (912), which afterward became the Norman capital. 
Mingling with the natives, the Northmen soon lost the 

* "When the new duke was to receive investiture of Normandy from Charles, his pride was 
startled at the form which required him, in acknowledgment of the favor bestowed onhim,to kneel 
to his liege lord, and kiss his foot. ' My knee shall never bend to mortal,' said the hauarhty Nor- 
man ; ' and I will be, on no account, persuaded to kiss the foot of any one whatever.' The 
French counselors present suggested that this difficulty might be surmounted by Rollo, or Rob- 
ert, appointing a deputy to kiss, in his name, the foot of Charles. Accordingly, the duke com- 
manded a common soldier to perform the ceremony in his stead. The man showed the small 
value he attached to the ceremony by the careless and disrespectful manner in which he per- 
formed it. Instead of kneeling to salute the royal foot, he caught it up and performed the cer- 
emony by lifting it to his mouth. In this awkward operation, the rude Norman well-nigh over- 
turned the simple king, throne and all, and exposed him to the laughter of all around."— Scott. 



25. What was the condition of France at this time ? Who was chosen king ? What 
competitor had he ? When and how did he become king ? 

26. For what is the reign of Charles the Simple memorable ? How was peace 
with the Normans secnred ? What change was then effected in their manners ? What 
city became the Norman capital ? 



A. D. 913.] THE CARLOVIHGIAK DYNASTY. 47 

ferocity which had distinguished them, and under the name 
of the Normans, they reappear among the most intelligent 
and enterprising of the people of France. 

27, The province of Lorraine then declared itself in fa- 
vor of Charles, but the nobles opposed him and chose Rob- 
ert as Duke of France. An indecisive battle ensued, in 
which Robert was killed; but his place was immediately 
filled by Raoul (rah-ool'), Duke of Burgundy, and the contest 
was continued. During its progress the king died in the cas- 
tle of Peronne, where he was confined as a prisoner (929). 
929 ^fo* Louis IV., a son of Charles the Simple, was 

to called to the throne at the death of Raoul. From 
his long residence in England he was called Louis 
outre-mer (beyond the sea). His principal supporter was 
Hugh the Great, Duke of France. The ambition of Louis 
soon involved him in a quarrel with his patron, who con- 
quered him in battle and held him as a prisoner till he gave 
as a ransom the city of Laon. On his release he complained 
to the Pope, who excommunicated the duke. This action of 
the king served only to renew the quarrel, which lasted till 
his death (954). 
954 29. Lothaire, son of Louis IV., now became king, 

to Hugh the Great still remaining the powerful sup- 
porter of the throne. Otho the Great, Emperor of 
Germany, proposed, at this time, to re-establish the Empire 
of the West by a union of France and Germany under his 
sole sway. This project, however, was opposed by many of 
the great lords of France, principally those of Lorraine, 
who, by appealing to the national feeling, rallied to the 
support of Lothaire a large following. The son of Hugh 
the Great meantime had succeeded his father as principal 
defender of the throne. Otho the Great died (973), but his 
successor, Otho II., continued the war with France, which 
was waged with varying fortunes for several years. On 

27. What happened in Lomine ? Where and when did the king die ? 

28. Who was Louis IV.? Who was Hugh the Great? What was the result of 
their quarrel ? 

29. What did the Emperor of Germany propose to do ? How ? What was the 
consequence ? When did Lothaire die ? Who succeeded him 1 



48 



THE CARLOVIKGIAK DYKASTY. 



[A. D. 987. 



the death of the king (986) his son, Louis V v , succeeded 
him. 

30. Louis V. died after an uneventful reign of a single 
year (987). With Louis V. ended the Carlovingian line. 
Shorn of their possessions and resources, having neither an 
army to enforce their claims, nor even to defend them, the 
last representatives of the great race founded by Charle- 
magne were reduced to insignificance by the side of the 
powerful lords who should have been their subjects ; and 
when, in their weakness, they called in foreign aid for their 
defense, the national feeling was roused ; and, turning from 
them in contempt, their people sought some stronger hand 
to guide the destinies of the nation. 

State of Society duki^g the Carlovingian Dynasty. 

31. The Feudal System. — The feudal system was now 
firmly established. The encroachments of the lords, begun 
under the shape of presents of land made to them during 
the reign of Clovis, had gradually increased for nearly five 
hundred years. The most prominent feature in the land- 
scape, at this time, was the castle, strongly built, always on 

a rock or steep hill, and 
commanding the country for 
miles around. Hundreds of 
retainers, attaching them- 
selves to its chief from a 
sense of common danger, 
gathered within its walls, 
and passed the time in sports 
then deemed fit for people of 
rank, or in listening to the 
songs of minstrels, who sang 
a feudal castle. of the beauty of woman or 

the deeds of their chief on the 
field of battle. A swarm of menials was necessary for the 

30. How long did Louis V. reign ? Why did the Carlovingian line end with this 
king? 

3 1 . Describe the feudal system. 




THE CARLOVI^GIAK DYNASTY. 49 

comfort and pleasure of the inmates, and these thronged 
the inclosure, filling the various offices required, and dis- 
pensing their master's bounty with a lavish hand. Each 
lord was a petty king, whose castle was his fort, from which 
he sallied with his army of retainers to wage war with a 
neighboring lord, or to pillage like a robber on the highway.* 

32. Condition of the People.— The waste produced 
by constant war had reduced the people of France to a con- 
dition of want and misery. They were divided into four 
classes. The lowest was that of the serfs, who cultivated 
the soil, and formed the great majority of the people. Their 
rude huts were situated on the plains they tilled, but to 
which they had no title. Their condition was one of abject 
slavery. Above them were the villains, or small farmers, who 
rented their land from the lords. The condition of these 
was but little better than that of the serfs they employed. 
The freemen, or nobles, constituted the next rank. Each of 
these had his separate fief or estate, on which he lived and 
from which he derived his title. The number of these 
estates is reckoned at 70,000 ; the number of nobles they 
supported, 1,000,000. These separate fiefs were again com- 
bined into about 100 or 150 sovereign states, whose lords 
exercised the highest powers. They made laws, adminis- 
tered justice, coined money, and imposed taxes, f 

33. The state of- society, at this time, was wretched in the 
extreme. The greater part of every monarch's time was 

* The furniture of the castle was very simple. Bare stone walls, or walls whitened with mortar 
and decorated with flowers and leaves, were the rule, except in the rooms of state, where tapes- 
try, ornamented with scenes in ancient history or romance, was hung. The capitals of the pillars, 
and the panels of the walls, were adorned with arms, armor, and banners. For a long time the 
windows were entirely open ; but, at a later date, they were closed with heavy curtains, oiled 
paper, or thin horn. The dining-hall was a prominent feature of the castle, with its great oak 
table and benches. At the end was a massive chair, overhung with a canopy of tich silken stuff 
often embroidered with gold thread. This was the chair of the lord of the cattle, and was never 
given up by him except to a superior in rank. The floors were of stone and generally plain, 
though some were covered with enameled tiles. They were strewn with scented herbs in sum- 
mer, and straw or rushes in winter. The bedrooms were usually in the towers, and their furniture 
was exceedingly plain, the large curtained bed being the most noticeable. 

t "To understand the practical operation of the feudal system, it is best to fancy what took 
place in a country either threatened with war, or about to undertake a war. The king summoned 
his vassals or retainers to appear in the field at a certain time, with a certain military retinue ; 
these vassals, generally the chief nobles of the kingdom, made a similar claim upon their follow- 
ers—the smaller proprietors ; and they, in their turn, summoned the farmers and yeomen, who 
stood to them in the relation of feudal obedience. The army thus consisted of hands of freemen, 
each armed at his own cost, or at the cost of his feudal superior, and each following the band 
of his chief." — Chambers's Information for the People. 



32. What was the condition of the people ? Into what ranks were they divided ? 

33. What is said of agriculture ? Of famine and pestilence ? 



50 THE CAELOYINGIAK DYNASTY. 

occupied in the work of destruction : the arts of peace, 
which contribute to the welfare of mankind, were utterly 
neglected. Agriculture was rude, and its results uncertain. 
Between the years 987 and 1059, forty-eight famines are 
recorded. Disease, produced by unwholesome living, was 
alarmingly common, and medical skill was unable to arrest 
it : pestilence swept over the land, and vied with war in the 
number of its victims. The sure result of such a depth of 
want was constantly apparent : men engaged in a struggle 
for existence ; deeds of violence were frequent, accompa- 
nied often with acts of ferocity and even cannibalism. 

34. The Church. — During all this period, when the will 
of the strongest was the only civil law, the rights of the 
weak found their only defender in the Church. Its tem- 
poral power had steadily increased. With one hand, the 
great lord wrested from his weaker neighbor the possessions 
which he coveted, only to bestow a portion upon the bishop 
as a remission of his sins. The latter participated in the 
administration of civil affairs, everywhere speaking with 
an authority which was respected. Kings, who, for many 
years, had sought the consecration of the Church as aTon- 
firmation of their claim to royalty, now held their crowns 
at its pleasure ; and, in some cases, its power had been 
invoked with success to depose them. In the schools, also, 
which were attached to the churches, were preserved the 
rudiments of that literature which Charlemagne had done 
so much to foster. 

34. What is said of the Church, and of schools ? 

/ 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

752. Pepin le Bref. Reigned 12 years. 

755. Ravenna given to the Pope. 

768. Aqnitaine annexed to the kingdom of the Franks. 

768. Charlemagne. Reigned 46 years. 

775. Lombardy snbjugated. The Saxons subdued. 

777. Diet of Paderborn. 



THE CARLOVIKGIAK DYNASTY. 



51 



800. Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Eomans. 

814. Louis I. (le Debonnaire). Reigned 26 years. 

841. Battle of Fontenaille. 

843. Treaty of Verdun. 

843. Charles the'Bald. Reigned 34 years. 

877. Louis the Stammerer. Reigned 2 years. 

879. Louis III. and Carloman. 

884. Charles the Fat. Reigned 3 years. 

898. Charles the Simple. Reigned 31 years. 

911. Normandy given to the Normans. 

929. Louis IV. (Outre-Mer). Reigned 24 years. 

954. Lothaire. Reigned 32 years. 

986. Louis V. Reigned 1 year. 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE CARLO VINGIANS. 

Pepin d'Heristal. 

I 
Charles Martel. 

I 
Pepin le Bref. 

I 

Charlemagne. 

I 

Louis le Debonnaire. 



I 
Lothaire. 



I 
Louis III. 



Louis the German. 

I 
Charles the Fat. 



I 
Carloman. 



I 
Lothaire. 

I 
Louis V. 



Charles the Said. 

I 

Louis the Stammerer. 

I 



I 

Charles the Simple. 

I 

Louis IV. 

I 



Charles, Duke of 
Lorraine. 



52 THE CARLOVIXGIAN DYNASTY. 

QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL REVIEW. 

PAGE 

1. Give the history of Pepin le Bref 33, 34 

2. State what you can of Winifred or St. Boniface 33 

3. Of the Lombards, during the reign of Pepin le Bref 33, 34 

4. Of the Duke of Aquitaine and his dukedom during the same period 34 

5. Who was Charlemagne, and how was he made king ? 31 

6. Give an account of his difficulties with Desiderius 35 

7. Give an account of his difficulties with the Lombards 35. 36 

8. Of the uprising of the Saxons and the consequences 35. 36 

9. State what you can of Roland, the nephew of Charlemagne 36, 37 

10. Give the history of the Witikind revolt and its consequences 37, 38 

11. Give the facts in relation to the crowning of Charlemagne as emperor 38, 39 

12. Who was Irene, and what facts are stated of her ? 39 

13. What did Charlemagne do for learning and religion ? 39. 40 

14. How did he divide and rule his empire ? 40 

15. What facts can you give respecting Alcuin ? 40 

16. Now give the principal events in the reign of Charlemagne 35 to 40 

17. Who was Louis I., and by what ceremony did he become emperor ? 39, 40 

18. By what arrangement did Louis undertake to govern his empire ? 41 

19. Give an account of the revolts and plots of his sons 41, 42, 43 

20. State what you can of Bernard, the nephew of Louis 41 

21. What can you state of the treaty of Verdun ? 43,44 

22. Give the history of Charles the Bald 41, 42, 43, 44 

23. Of Louis the Stammerer, and his brother 44, 45 

24. Give the facts in relation to Rollo (see also note) 45, 46 

25. In relation to Charles the Fat, and Charles HI 45, 46, 47 

26. In relation to Louis IV 47 

27. In relation to Lothaire, son of Louis TV 47, 48 

28. How did the Carlovingian dynasty come to an end ? 48 

29. Describe fully the Feudal System 26, 27, 48, 49 (note) 

30. The condition of the people during the Carlovingian dynasty 49 

31. The state of society during the same period 49-50 

32. The conditiou of the Church during the same period 50 

Note.—" The Carlovingians did not, as the Merovingians did, end in monkish retire- 
ment or shameful inactivity ; even the last of them, and the only one termed sluggard, 
Louis V., was getting ready, when he died, for an expedition in Spain against the Sara- 
cens. The truth is that, mediocre or undecided or addle-pated as they may have been, 
all of Charlemagne's successors succumbed, internally and externally, without initiating 
and without resisting, to the course of events, and that, in 987 the fall of the Carlovin- 
gian line was the natural and easily accomplished consequence of the new social condi. 
tion which had been preparing in France under the empire." 

"For five centuries, from the invasion of the barbarians to the fall of the Carlovingians, 
France presents the appearance of being stationary in the middle of chaos. Over this 
long, dark space of anarchy, feudalism is slowly taking shape, at the expense, at one 
time, of liberty, at another, of order ; not as a real rectification of the social condition, 
but as the only order of things which could possibly acquire fixity ; as, in fact, a sort of 
unpleasant but necessary alternative. ~No sooner is the feudal system in force, than, with 
its victory scarcely secured, it is attacked in the lower grades by the mass of the people 
attempting to regain certain liberties, ownerships, and rights, and in the highest by roy- 
alty laboring to recover its public character, to become once more the head of a nation. 
. . . Thus, in spite of the servitude into which the people had sunk at the end of the 
tenth century, from this moment the enfranchisement of the people makes way. In spite 
of the weakness, or rather nullity, 6f the regal power at the same epoch, from this mo- 
ment the regal power begins to gain ground."— GuizoVs History of France. 

\ 



A. D. 996.] THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. 53 



section iii. 

The Capetian Dynasty. 

Extending from the Accession of Hugh Capet (987) to that of Philip VI. 

(1328). 

os ,y 1. Hugh Capet. — The king's power was now so 
to far reduced that nothing was needed but the act of 
996 some lord of sufficient power and ambition to extin- 
guish it forever. Such a lord now existed. Hugh Cap'et 
(or kapet), the son of Hugh the Great, was Duke of France 
and Count of Paris and Orleans. From his great wealth 
and influence, he was known as the Grand Duke. The only 
lineal descendant of Charlemagne was Charles, Duke of Lor- 
raine, a son of Louis IV. At a great assembly of the lords 
and bishops of France at Senlis (song-le), Charles was set 
aside and Hugh Capet was chosen king. By this act the 
house of Charlemagne disappeared forever. This has always 
been regarded as the beginning of the history of modern 
France. Hugh Capet was the first native French king who 
succeeded in binding the provinces of France together into 
a single kingdom. 

2. Opposition to the new king sprang up at once. The 
great lords had not all attended the meeting at Senlis. 
Among these were many of the counts of the south of 
France,* who made the most stubborn resistance to the 
pretensions of Hugh. These declared for Charles of Lor- 
raine, and in the contest which followed, he was captured 

Map Questions.— What was the situation of Normandy ? Brittany ? Maine ? 
Flanders ? Auvers^ne ? Languedoc, or Toulouse ? Guienne ? Poitou ? 

1 . Who was Hugh Capet ? How was he made king ? What was the special work 
done by him ? 

2. What did the enemies of Hugh Capet do ? How did the war end ? 



* The spirit of the southern lords is well illustrated in the answer of Adelbert, Count of Peri- 
gord, who, on being reminded of his duty by the king, with the question, " Who made thee 
count ? " proudly retorted, "Who made thee king? '» 



54 



THE CAPETIAN" DYNASTY. 



[A. 



1000. 



by Hugh, who confined him in the tower of Orleans, where 

he died the following year. The war continued, however, 

but resulted in a compromise. 

996 3. Robert.— On the death of Hugh Capet (996), 
his son Robert, who had been consecrated by his 
father in the first year of his reign, ascended the 

throne. Robert was more of a monk than a king, and spent 



to 
1031 




4iong. West 



long. East 4, fronLlLoiMloiL 8 



the greater part of his time in acts of devotion and penance. 
This excessive attention to the requirements of the Church 
was partly justified by a superstitious belief, current at that 
time, that the world would be destroyed in the year 1000. 

4. Robert had taken as his wife his fourth cousin Bertha, 
widow of Count Eudes I., to whose child he had been god- 

3. When did Hugh Capet die? Who succeeded him ? What was believed con- 
cerning the year 1000 ? 

4. Why did the Pope excommunicate Robert ? What was the result of this act ? 



A. U. 1010.] THE CAPETIAN" DYNASTY. 55 

father. This relationship was not recognized by the Church, 
and the Pope commanded him to discard her. Robert re- 
tained her, however, and the Pope excommunicated him. 
So great was the fear of this ban that his people entirely 
deserted him. Two servants only remained with him ; his 
touch was considered infectious, so that the dishes which 
he used were daily purified by fire. Robert was compelled 
to yield. He divorced Bertha and married Constance of 
Aquitaine, the beautiful daughter of the Count of Toulouse. 

5. The court of the monkish king was greatly changed 
by the entrance of this new wife and her followers, who 
brought with them the luxury and licentiousness of the 
south. The simplicity of the northern dress and usage now 
gave place to artificial manners and excessive ornament. 
In the north, the long hair and beard of ancient times had 
always been worn ; the followers of Constance had short 
hair and shaven chins. They wore also hose, and shoes with 
long, curling toes. The courtiers imitated the new fashion, 
but the clergy opposed it. 

6. The ambitious and revengeful character of the queen 
was a source of great trouble to the pious king, all the 
latter years of his life being troubled by civil war incited by 
her and his sons. During his reign, also, several new and 
significant movements took place which added to the gen- 
eral disquiet. One of these was the rebellion of the Nor- 
man vassals and serfs against their masters (997). This 
was the first uprising of the oppressed against the oppressor 
in France, and was soon crushed out under circumstances 
of great barbarity ; but the protest then uttered we shall 
often find repeated in the later history of the kingdom. 
Another outrage was the cruel persecution of the Jews in 
revenge for the destruction of the church of the Holy Sep- 
ulcher by the Caliph of Egypt (1010). 

7. During his life-time Robert had caused his youngest 

5 . What changes were Drought about by the entrance of the new queen into Rob- 
ert's court ? 

6. What occurred to disturb the peace of France during Robert's reign ? 

7. Describe the contest which be^an at Robert's death. 



56 THE CAPETIA^ DYNASTY. [A. D. 1041, 



son Henry to be crowned king, while another son, Eobert, 
was made Duke of Burgundy.* When King Eobert died 
(1031), his son and successor, Henry, was attacked by his 
brother, Eobert of Burgundy, who was urged on by his 
mother, Queen Constance. Eobert, Duke of Xormandv, 
sided with the young king, and in the struggle that ensued, 
the name of the Norman duke became a terror in the north 
of France. Peace was finally declared, one of the conditions 
of which was a large addition to the territory of Xormandy. 
Queen Constance died a few months after. 
1031 8. Henry I.— The misery of the people at this 
to time was incredible, and to their other sufferings was 
1060 added that of famine. For three years (1030-1032) 
no crops were raised in the south of Europe, and thousands 
died of hunger. Cannibalism was common, and, in some 
cases, human flesh was sold in the market. In 1036 the 
Church promulgated the famous Peace of God. By this, . 
the people were bound by a solemn oath to forget old quar- 
rels, and to do no violence to any one who traveled upon 
the highway accompanied by a priest, a monk, or a woman. 

9. Five years later (1041), a modification of this decree 
was issued, and proved more effective. The new measure 
was called the Truce of God. All persons were prohibited 
by it from engaging in any warlike occupation from Wednes- 
day evening to Monday morning of each week ; on all feast 
days of the Church ; in Advent and in Lent. This truce 
was first observed in the south of France, and from there 
it spread over the north, and, for two hundred years, ex- 
erted a most salutary influence. 

10. The First Pilgrimage. — During the reign of Hen- 
ry I., the first pilgrimage to the Holy Land was undertaken 

* The Duke of Normandy was Kobert, called by his lords the Magnificent, but by his vassals. 
Robert the Devil, he haying won his dukedom by poisoning his brother and several" of his barons, 



8. What is said of the condition of France at this time ? What was the Peace of 
God? 

9. What was the Trace of God ? Where was it first observed ? What influence did 
it exert ? 

10. What was the origin of the first pilgrimage ? Who succeeded Eobert of Nor- 
mandy '? 



A. D. 1060.] THE CAPETIAN" DYNASTY. 57 

(1035). Robert of Normandy, stricken with remorse for his 
many sins, called together his barons and vassals, told them 
of his intention to visit the sacred places of the East, and 
presented them his only son, William, to be acknowledged 
by them as their chief, in case he himself should not return. 
The barons accepted him, and Eobert set out, but never 
came back. . On his return from Jerusalem, he died, either 
of natural illness or of poison, at Mcaea, in Asia Minor. 
The child that he had left as his successor was immediately 
proclaimed Duke of Normandy, and afterward became fa- 
mous as William the Conqueror. 

11. William found himself involved at once in a war with 
several of his barons, who disputed his right to the succes- 
sion. With the aid of the king, he conquered them (1046), 
only to find his right still disputed by the Count of Anjou 
(ahn'joo), who invaded his territory at two points. In this 
invasion, the count was aided by the king, who, fearing the 
growing power of the Norman duke, turned against him. 
By rapid movements, William drove off the invaders and 
established his right to Normandy (1054). 

12, This alliance of the house of Anjou with the king 
lasted many years, the increasing pretensions of the house 
of Normandy making it necessary. On the death of his wife 
(1051), King Henry married a Russian princess, she being 
thought a lineal descendant of Philip of Macedon. Their 
eldest son was, on this account, named Philip ; and Henry, 
according to the custom of his family, caused him to be 
crowned during his own life-time, though Philip was only 
seven years old at the time of the ceremony. 

1060 13 « Philip I.— The following year (1060), Hen- 

to ry I. died, and Philip became king, under the title 

of Philip I. He was insignificant in character, 

and his reign is worthy of notice only on account of certain 

1 1 . Give an account of the quarrel between William of Normandy and his enemies. 
How did it result '? 

12. Whom did the king marry ? 

13. When did Henry I. die ? Who succeeded him ? What is said of the reign of 
Philip I.? 

3* 



58 THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY. [A. !>. 1066. 

great events which were the result of forces set in motion 
either before his time or without his aid, and over which 
he had no control. 

14. The Conquest of England. — The Normans, who 
had established themselves in Normandy during the time of 
Charles the Simple, now began to be a power in France. 
Many years before, they had become possessed of southern 
Italy, where they remained as the special defenders of the 
Pope against the Saracens, whose fleets and armies were a 
constant menace to the Christians on the northern shore 
of the Mediterranean. They now laid claim to the throne 
of England. Edward the Confessor, who became King of 
England in 1042, had been brought up in Normandy, and, 
being childless, had promised William, it is said, to make him 
his heir. A powerful competitor for the throne existed, how- 
ever, in Harold, the son of Earl Godwin, who was Edward's 
principal supporter. 

15. Harold happening to visit Normandy, William seized 
him, and refused to free him till he had taken an oath to 
aid him in his claim to the English throne. Harold took 
this oath with his hand on the altar, beneath which William 
had concealed the sacred relics of some of the most revered 
martyrs. So solemn an oath could not be broken, Avith- 
out incurring the severe displeasure of the Church. When, 
therefore, Edward died (1066), William organized an ex- 
pedition to take possession of the throne, and summoned 
Harold to fulfill his vow. The latter refused, on the 
ground that his oath had been taken under circumstances 
of compulsion and deceit. William determined, however, 
to enforce his claim, but feared that Normandy might be in- 
vaded if he should leave it to enter England. 

16. He made peace, therefore, with the dukes who were 
his immediate neighbors, and besought the king to aid him 

1 4. What had been the career of the Xormans ? On what ground did William of 
Normandy lay claim to the English throne ? 

15. Relate the circumstances under which the oath of Harold was taken. What 
steps did William take to assert his claim ? 

16. What further measures did he take ? Give an account of the invasion of Eng- 
land and the battle of Hastings. What was the result ? 



A. ». 1094.] THE CAPETIAl* DYNASTY. 59 

in his scheme of foreign conquest ; but the king refused. The 
power of the Church was then invoked. Harold, who had 
been chosen king by the English, was excommunicated by the 
Pope, who, on the other hand, sent William a banner and 
a ring, and commanded him to take possession of England, 
and hold it in the name of the Church. William landed,* 
and, marching inland, met the forces of Harold at Senlac, 
near Hastings ; and, after a battle which lasted all day and in 
which Harold was killed, defeated the English and marched 
to London, where he was crowned in Westminster Abbey 
(1066). William of Normandy thus became king of Eng- 
land, being afterward known as William the Conqueror. 

17. The result of Philip's refusal to aid William in his 
ambitious designs was soon apparent. The latter invaded 
and conquered Maine and added it to Normandy (1073). 
Three years after, they were again at war ; but this time tho 
Normans were defeated, and a peace more advantageous to 
Philip was declared. The zeal of the people in the cause 
of religion, now manifested itself in a striking way. In 
Spain, the King of Castile, who was threatened by the 
Arabs, appealed to Philip for help. To this the king paid 
no attention. An army of his subjects, however, fired with 
the thought of delivering a Christian king from the hands 
of the infidels, crossed the Pyrenees, and drove the Arabs 
back (1094). Henry of Burgundy, and Eaymond, Count of 
Toulouse, were specially prominent in this expedition, and 
the King of Castile gave them his two daughters in mar- 
riage, f 

18. The First Crusade.— The following year a still 
greater proof of the religious fervor which had been kindled 
in the hearts of the Christians of Europe was given. The 

* "The king was the last to leave the vessel. As he stepped upon the shore, he tripped and 
fell. His followers regarded it as a bad omen, and said as much in William's hearing. 'Not so,' 
said he ; ' by the glory of God I swear that by this act I have seized the very earth of this country 
with my strong hands ; what there is of it shall be ours.' "—Guizot. 

t The small territory which Henry of Burgundy received with his wife, he afterward enlarged 
by conquest till it became the kingdom of Portugal. 

17. What events in France followed? What expedition was undertaken at this 
time? 

18. What events led to the first crusade? What council was held? What was 
the effect of the Pope's address ? 



60 THE CAPETIAK DYKASTY. [A. D. 1095. 

Turks had invaded Syria and captured Jerusalem (1076). 
More than once the Pope had called the attention of the 
Christian world to the outrages which had been committed 
on pilgrims, and to the danger which threatened the Holy 
City ; but without effect. A great council was at length 
called at Clermont, at which the Pope was present (1095). 
Here he preached a sermon exhorting all men to take up 
the cross and march to the rescue of the Holy Sepulcher. 
With a great cry of " God wills it," the people entered 
upon the work. 

19. The success of the movement, however, was due 
chiefly to Peter the Hermit, who, filled with a frenzied enthu- 
siasm, had aroused the common people by his fervid appeals. 
Short and mean of person, barefoot, with a coarse robe girt 
about him and a crucifix in his hand, he rode through the 
country, everywhere kindling the zeal of the masses. Ordi- 
nary business was forsaken, and great crowds followed his 
footsteps. Old men, women, and even children accompanied 
the army, the advance guard and main body of which num- 
bered 115,000.* 

20. They left France an unorganized rabble under the 
nominal command of Walter the Penniless, a poor but 
valiant knight, and entered Germany in great disorder, 
pillaging on all sides. The people of Thrace rose against 
them in self-defense, and on their arrival before Constanti- 
nople only a small fraction of their original number was 
left. The emperor Alexis, fearing such raw troops, gave 
them instant passage into Asia Minor, where they perished 
miserably, their bones forming a great pyramid, which their 
successors used to fortify their camp against the attacks of 
the Turks. 

* " Some sewed the red cross on their shoulders, others took a hot iron and branded them- 
selves—even women did so— and loudly declared that they had received the sign on their persons 
from Heaven. Monks fled their cloisters, some with leave, many without, and swelled the rab- 
ble. The poor farmer sold his land or his produce for such few pence as lie could get, yoked to his 
oxen, and set forth, driving wife and children eastward. When they came in sight of the tall 
pinnacles and towers of any city, the children would cry aloud, and eagerly ask the bystanders 
if this was Jerusalem."— Kitchiti's History of France. 

19. Who caused the success of the movement? Give a description of Peter the 
Hermit. What was the effect of his preaching ? 

20. Under whose command did the first army leave France ? What was the fate 
of this army ? 



A. ». 1099.] 



THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY. 



61 



21. A second arm}', more numerous, composed of better 
elements, and more strictly disciplined, followed in the 
footsteps of the first. It marched in three divisions. The 
first was composed principally of German subjects — men of 
Flanders, Lorraine, and northern France — headed by God- 
frey de Bouillon (boo-eel-yong'), Duke of Lorraine ; Hugh 
the Great, brother of Philip I.. King of France ; Eobert, 
son of William the Conqueror of England ; Count Robert 
of Flanders ; Bo'hcmond, Count of Tarentum, with his 
cousin the celebrated Tancred ; and Count Eaymond of 
Toulouse. The entire force numbered about 600,000 men. 

22. They marched direct 
to Constantinople, and then 
crossed into Asia Minor, 
where they formed a vast 
army, numbering 600,000 
foot soldiers and 100,000 
horse. After frightful suf- 
fering from disease and 
famine, they captured suc- 
cessively Nicsea (1097), 
Antioch (1098), and Jeru- 
salem (1099). A feudal 
kingdom was then found- 
ed in Palestine, Bohemond 
being Prince of Antiochia, 
Baldwin of Edessa, Eay- 
mond of Tripolis, and 
Godfrey of Jerusalem. 
The last refused the title 
of King of Jerusalem, 
choosing only that of Ba- 
ron and Defender of the 
Holy Sepulcher. Of the host which had entered Asia 




;rias r -f/ . / christian kingdoms 



SYRIA 

AND 

j PALESTINE 

AD. 1142 



\ ^> 



2 1 . What was the character of the second army ? Who were its commanders ? 
What was the number of the entire force ? 

22. What did the first crusade accomplish ? What kingdoms were founded ? De- 
scribe the situation of each. (See map.) What is said of the number of lives lost ? 



62 THE CAPETIAX DYXASTY. 

Minor, only 50,000 remained to take part in the capture 
of Jerusalem; and so frightful was the waste of human 
life that more than a generation elapsed before a second 
crusade could be gathered to march to the aid of the Chris- 
tians in the Holy Land. 

23. The enthusiasm which animated the great armies of the 
Crusaders, though productive of untold suffering and misery 
to them, was attended with many beneficial results to Eu- 
rope. Asia was opened to the commerce of the West, trade 
revived, new industries were created, and money began to 
find its way into the hands of the masses. The beginning 
of heraldry, and the organization of great military orders, date 
from this period. Of the latter, the two most famous were 
the Knights Hospitallers, afterward known as the Knights 
of Malta, and the Knights Templars. Large numbers of 
men, also, being assembled together for long periods, hun- 
dreds were found bearing the same name, and some mark of 
distinction was necessary. These marks took the form of 
badges worn on the dress or the shield, and, becoming asso- 
ciated with great deeds of arms, were cherished by the de- 
scendants of those who had first worn them, becoming the 
coats of arms, crests, and mottoes of later times. To the 
name of the individual, also, was added a surname, taken 
from his occupation, or from some personal trait or natural 
feature of his estate. 

24. Of greater moment, however, than any of these were 
the social changes which were set in motion. Knight, vil- 
lain, and serf, men of different and often warring nationali- 
ties, had been brought together by a common suffering and 
a common danger. The result was seen in the establishment 
of two institutions, which either had their origin or re- 
ceived a powerful impulse at this period : Knight-errantry* 

* The institution of knight-errantry gave rise to two diversions, which, for several centuries 
•were very popular. These were the joust and the tournament. The former was an encounter of 
two knights on horseback, armed with lances and shields, both horse and rider being covered 
■with armor. Mounted heralds summoned the combatants by name, and, when everything was 



23 . What were the results of the crusade ? What great military orders were estab- 
lished ? What is the origin of coats of arms, etc. ? 

24. Give an account of the institution of knight-errantry. Describe the education 
and career of a knight-errant. 



THE CAPETIAX DYNASTY. 63 

and the Commune. The nobles, on their return to the ways 
of peace, wished to perpetuate the memory of their valorous 
deeds. The order of knighthood was, therefore, established. 
It was open only to nobles, the preparation for the career of 
a knight being long and severe. It began at the age of seven, 
and ended at twenty-one ; at which time the candidate was 
initiated into the order with impressive ceremonies, and then 
entered upon a career of adventure in fulfillment of his vows. 
A life of truth and purity, a special obligation to aid the op- 
pressed, and a marked courtesy to women, were the distin- 
guishing features of knight-errantry.* 

25. The Commune. — Protected by the Church, the serfs 
and villains now began to assert their rights. Up to this 
time, the former had been bought and sold with the land 
they cultivated, and the condition of the latter was hardly 
better. The quiet, however, which France had enjoyed for 
several years, while the more turbulent part of the popu- 
lation was at war in the Holy Land, was favorable to the 
foundation of homes and the growth of family ties. The 
laboring man could now live with his wife and children. To 
this succeeded the habit of association ; small villages began 
to be formed. The strong religious feeling then prevalent 

ready, sounded the charge on their trumpets, when the two knights, spurring their horses from 
opposite sides of the arena or lists, met midway, each receiving the thrust of his opponent's lance 
onhis shield. The sho k was so great that lances were splintered, and one, and sometimes both 
knights were unhorsed and thrown to the ground. Great danger attended such violent sport, 
the wounds received being sometimes fatal. Originally the joust was a recreation only, but it 
soon became a means for the settlement of quarrels, and the superstitions common in early times 
led the spectators to believe that the knight who was overthrown was in the wrong. The tour- 
nament differed from the .joust principally in the greater number of the combatants. Both were 
held in the open air, the tournament lasting several days. Outside the lists were pitched the 
tents of the knights, decorated with their coats of arms, while immediately surrounding the lists, 
seats were arranged for spectators, who attended in large numbers. Special canopies of silk and 
other rich stuffs were erected for the ladies, who thronged to the spectacle arrayed in their cost- 
liest dresses. At the close of the performance, the victorious knights were publicly crowned by 
the ladies of their choice. 

* " The younsr man, the esquire who aspired to the title of knight, was first stripped of his clothes 
and placed in a bath, which was symbolical of purification. On leaving the bath he was clothed 
in a white tunic, symbolical of purity ; a red robe, symbolical of the blood he was bound to shed 
in the service of the faith ; and a black close-fitting coat, of the death which awaited him as 
well as all men. Thus purified and clothed, the candidate observed for four and twenty hours 
a strict fast. When evening came he entered the church and there passed the night in prayer. Next 
day his first act was confession, after which the priest gave him communion, and then he attend- 
ed a mass of the Holy Spirit and listened to a sermon touching the duties of knights. The sermon 
over, the candidate advanced to the altar with the knight's sword hanging from his neck. This 
the priest took off, blessed, and replaced upon his neck. The candidate then went and knelt 
before the lord who was to arm him. * * Then drew near knights and sometimes ladies to 
reclothe the candidate in all his new array. He was then called whib' ert (that is, adopted). 
The lord rose up, went to him and gave him three blows with the flat of the sword on the shoulder 
or nape of the neck, and sometimes a slap with the palm of the hand on the cheek, saving, ' In 
the name of God, St. Michael, and St. George, I make thee knight! ' "—Guizofs History of Civil- 
ization in France. 

25. What was the commune ? How established ? 



64 



THE CAPETIA1S" DYNASTY. 



soon led to the building of a rude church in every village, 
and this was encouraged by the priests and bishops. The 
next step was the demand of the serfs and villains for the 
possession of a portion of the laud -they cultivated. The 
more prosperous found it easy to buy of the nobles, many of 
whom found the sale of their lands an easy way to meet the 
lavish expenditures made necessary by their journeys to Pal- 
estine. With the possession of property came the demand 
to be represented, in the making and administering of laws 
affecting such property, by magistrates of their own choice. 
26. The right of the great lords to impose oppressive 
taxes soon began to. be questioned. This was particularly 

the case in cities and 
towns which had 
been founded by the 
Eomans, and in 
which remnants of 
the old Eoman laws 
still lingered in the 
shape of special 
grants or privileges. 
Charters were from 
time to time granted 
to them, which af- 
terward could not be 
recalled. This silent 
revolution led to the 
downfall of the feu- 
dal system, and the 
king used all the 
arms or the Hth centurt. means he properly 

could to aid it, since he saw that the decrease of the power 
of the nobles would probably end in the increase of his own. * 




* A striking illustration of the decrease of the king's authority is found in an incident which 
happened about this time. Leading his son Louis to" a window, the kinjr pointed to the castle of 
Montlhery (mon-lay-r(e) , which stood only eight miles from Paris, and said, " My son, watch 
well that castle which has given me so much trouble ; I have grown old in the attempt to cap- 
ture it." 



26, How did city charters come to be granted ? 



A.D.I 119.] THE CAPETIAl* DYNASTY. 65 

27. William the Conqueror died while invading France, 
and William Rufus succeeded to the English throne. The 
war between the king of England and his brother, Eobert 
of Normandy, was continued for several years ; but neither 
in this, nor in any of the great movements which occurred 
during his reign, did Philip I. take any active part. Wearied 
with the cares of royalty, he finally crowned his son Louis, 
then twenty- two years of age, resigned to him the charge 
of the kingdom, and went to live in retirement (1100). 
Eight years afterward he died in the habit of a monk. 
1108 " 28. Louis VI. (le Gros—the Fat).— The first 
to efforts of the new king were directed to checking 
the aggressions of the nobles. In these contests, 
he was aided by the Church and the people. He assailed 
and captured some of the castles, which had become scarcely 
better than the strongholds of robbers. Hugh the Fair, the 
owner of one of these, was especially feared and detested 
by the peasantry, being described as a "hungry wolf who 
ravaged the country of the people of Orleans." In these 
contests with the lords, the king was also assisted by the 
serfs, who at this time began to be formidable as militia.* 

29. While Louis was thus gradually gaining strength, 
he made an attempt to wrest Normandy from the grasp 
of Henry I. of England, by declaring for William Oliton, a 
lineal descendant of William the Conqueror, as the rightful 
heir to Normandy ; but in the battle which followed he was 
defeated (1119). The Pope, who was then holding a coun- 
cil at Rheims, reconciled Henry and Louis ; and Normandy 
was retained by the English king. The strength of Louis 
was next felt in the south, where he was called to act as urn- 



* " It is usual to say that the king was wisely inclined to defend the poor, to side with 
the Church, to encourage the communes in cities. The first and second of these state- 
ments are quite true, hut of the third there are no real proofs. Indeed, it assumes a 
state of things which had as yet scarcely begun to exist."— KitchitVs History of France. 



27. What events occurred at the close of Philip's reign ? To Avhom did he resign 
the crown ? 

28. To what were the first efforts of Louis VI. directed ? By whom was he aided ? 
What did he accomplish ? 

29. What else did he undertake ? What followed ? How were Louis and Henry 
reconciled ? Where else did the king show his strength ? 



66 THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY. [A. B. 1137. 



pire between William of Aquitaine * and the bishop of Cler- 
mont (1126) ; and again in the north, where he avenged the 
murder of Charles the Good of Flanders, and appointed his 
successor (1127). 

30. An accident, which happened at this time, led to an 
alliance which was followed by important results for France. 
The son of Henry I. of England was drowned while at- 
tempting to cross from France to England. Henry's only 
daughter Matilda thus became his heir. She had married 
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and by this mar- 
riage a league was formed between England and the prov- 
inces of Normandy and Anjou, which seriously threatened 
the kingdom of France. 

1137 «*1. Louis VII. (le Jeune — the Young). — The 
to following year, Louis convened a great council at 
Eheims, at which he caused his son Louis to be 
crowned as his successor, Avith the title of Louis VII. ; he 
was also known as Louis the Young. Just before the death 
of his father, and while yet a child, Louis the Young was 
married to Eleanor of Guienne, the daughter of William of 
Aquitaine (1137). The new king did not intend to depart 
from the course marked out by his father ; but his ability, 
both as a soldier and an organizer, was considerably in- 
ferior. 

32. One of his first failures was an attempt to extend his 
authority over Toulouse, f In this undertaking, the Count 
of Champagne refused to aid him. Louis marched into 
Champagne, therefore, ravaged the country through which 
he passed, and burned Vitry (ve'tre), 1,300 persons, who 
had taken refuge in the church, perishing in the flames. 
This act weighed upon the king's conscience ; and news 
reaching France, at this time, that the kingdom founded in 

* Formerly called by the Latin name Aquitania. t Formerly Tolosa. 

30. What important alliance was made at this time ? What caused it ? To what 
did it lead ? 

3 1 . Who succeeded Louis VI. ? To whom was he married ? How did he compare 
with his father ? 

32. In what undertaking did he fail ? What event occurred ? What weighed upon 
the king's conscience ? In what expedition did he embark ? 



A. ». 1147.] THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. 67 

Palestine by the first crusade was in danger, Louis hastened 
to place himself at the head of a second great expedition 
which should march to its defense. 

33. The Second Crusade. — The crime of the king 
was forgotten in the news of a greater which now reached 
Europe from the East. The Christian colony of Edessa was 
captured by the Turks, who followed up their victory by a 
wholesale slaughter of Christians, the children of the first 
crusaders. The fanatical hatred against the infidels broke 
out anew in Europe. A second crusade was organized. 
Louis and his wife enlisted under the banner of the cross. 
St. Bernard * traveled through France and Germany, preach- 
ing to the people and inciting them to follow their sov- 
ereigns, f 

34. At length the armies were ready. The Germans 
marched under the command of their emperor, Conrad III. ; 
the French, under Louis ; Suger (soo-zha') and the Count 
of Nevers (nd-vdre) being intrusted with the care of France 
during the king's absence (1147). The Germans crossed 
into Asia Minor and were almost annihilated by the Turks, 
only 5,000 or 6,000 being left to join the French, who were 
marching along the coast. The king, with his lords and 
special attendants, sailed for Antioch, leaving his army to 
pursue its painful march. The attacks of the Turks were 
incessant; the slaughter was enormous. Of nearly 500,000 
men who set out on the second crusade, scarcely 10,000 
reached the Holy Land. 

* St. Bernard, the founder of the famous Abbey of Clairvaux (cldr-vo'), preached the 
second crusade at the special request of the Pope. He was a religious enthusiast whose 
life had been passed by preference in the most menial offices, and in observances requir- 
ing the strictest self-denial and austerity. His body was worn to a shadow by continued 
fasting, and, being old at the time of the second crusade, he entered upon it with reluc- 
tance, but soon engaged in it with all the ardor of youth. He died in the year 1153, wel- 
coming death as a relief from the infirmities of the body. 

t " The fire was kindled through all France. Once more monasteries grew, churches 
sprang up. At Chartres, for example, there was a complete revival : men yoked them- 
selves to carts and dragged stones, timber, provisions, for the builders of the cathedral 
towers : the enthusiasm spread across Normandy and France : everywhere with the same 
penitential symptoms. Humility and affliction on every side ; penitence and confession 
of sins ; grief and contrition in every heart. You might see men and women drag them- 
selves on their knees through deep swamps ; scourge themselves ; raise songs and 
praises to God ; take part in the working of plentiful miracles. On such sensitive ears 
as these fell that 'heavenly organ,' St. Bernard's voice, 'after its sort pouring forth the 
dew of the Divine Word ; ' and France sprang to her feet."— Kitchin's History of France. 



33. What produced the second crusade ? Who was the principal instigator of it ? 

34. Who embarked in it ? What loss was suffered ? 



68 THE CAPETIAK DYKASTY. [A. D. 1159. 

35. On reaching Antioch, the king pushed on to Jerusa- 
lem, bent only on fulfilling his vow. A feeble attempt was 
made to capture Damascus, but the jealousies of the great 
lords prevented its success. On his way back to France, 
Louis was captured by the Greeks, but was afterward rescued 
by the Normans of Sicily, who landed him on the coast of 
France two years after he had set out (1149). The conse- 
quences of the second crusade were most disastrous to Louis. 
As he had abandoned his army in Asia Minor, so his queen 
now abandoned him, marrying Henry Plantagenet, Count 
of Anjou, and thus depriving him of Poitou and Aquitaine, 
her inheritance (1152). 

36. During the absence of Louis in Palestine, France, 
under the administration of Suger, had been prosperous and 
happy. Louis's want of judgment began at once to unsettle 
everything. His divorce from Eleanor, which caused the 
rupture of his kingdom, had been hastened by his rashness, 
and he now found himself confronted with her new hus- 
band, who was one of the most powerful lords in France, 
and even had pretensions to the throne of England. So 
great was his power, that though the King of England 
entered into a league with Louis against him, he was able 
to dictate a peace which confirmed him in the enjoyment of 
all his possessions (1153). 

37. Henry of Anjou soon became more powerful than 
ever. He crossed over to England and was acknowledged 
heir to the throne by Stephen, who died the following year 
(1154) ; and Henry then ascended the throne under the title 
of Henry II. Enterprising and warlike in disposition, he 
was a constant menace to the French king. Two years after 
his accession (1156), he organized an expedition to subdue 
Ireland, but landed in France instead, without, however, 
accomplishing anything of importance. He returned (1159) 

35. Give an account of the king's adventures. Whom did the queen marry on the 
king's return ? What loss did this occasion ? 

. 36. How had France prospered during the king's absence ? What occurred on his 
return ? What is said of Henry of Anjou ? 

37. Who succeeded to the English throne ? How was France affected by the ac- 
cession of Henry of Anjou ? 



A.D.I 170.] THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. 69 

and attacked Toulouse, but refrained from capturing it ; for 
the homage due from him to Louis, who was in the city, 
prevented him from thus breaking his feudal vow. 

38. The marriage of Henry's son * with a daughter of Louis 
now brought about a peace which the English king skillful- 
ly used to strengthen himself in France. He built castles 
in many parts of his French possessions, particularly along 
the borders ; and, after a ten years' war, conquered Brittany 
(1166). A contest with the clergy, however, was brew- 
ing, and Henry's judgment here forsook him. The repre- 
sentative of the Church was Thomas a Becket, Archbishop 
of Canterbury. The struggle began in an attempt by Henry 
to restrain the Church in its interference in temporal affairs. 
The French king sided with the Church, but no decided 
advantage was gained by either, till at length a startling 
crime deprived Henry of his most powerful support. Becket 
was murdered before the altar of Canterbury Cathedral 
(1170). The dead prelate became at once a martyr, and the 
sympathies of all Christians were enlisted in the cause for 
which he had fallen. Henry hastened to disavow this bloody 
deed, making the most humiliating promises to extenuate it. 
Louis called upon the Pope to avenge the death of the mar- 
tyr, but was unable to take any special advantage of it. 

39. This last attempt to wrest from Henry his French 
possessions was not attended with success, though the op- 
portunity seemed favorable. The inconstant Eleanor of Gui- 
enne left her husband, and returning to France, attempt- 
ed to rouse the Aquitanians against him, while his three 
sons took part in the conspiracy, one of them, Henry, be- 
ing urged on by Louis to demand either Anjou, Norman- 
dy, or England as his portion. Louis attacked both the 
French provinces, but Henry met him with an army of paid 

* This young prince was only four years old, and was betrothed to the infant princes3 
Margaret, daughter of Louis by his second wife, Constance of Castile. 



38. What led to a treaty of peice between France and England? How did the 
English king employ himself in Prance during this peace ? Give an. account of his 
struggle with Thomas a, Becket. 

39. In what new project did Eleanor of Guienne engage ? What was the result ? 
What novel feature was there in the king's army ? What public act did Louis per- 
form just before his death ? 



70 



THE CAPETIAIN- DYNASTY. 




NOTRE DAME, PARIS.* 



f^^^t&gff^fSfSiSSSt^^a^ the pointed Gothic style of 
144 feet, height of vaulting \(KfJwt v*t ^ ss ' Wlth 5 n extreme length of 390 feet wirt"h 
Sf 8"e of I Bom*™^i*g*' ^l™™*™2ft * eel .high ft stands on &Tfo£ 
!n^ hlg ^ a H rwascon secratedinll™. anrl °^n iT$? twp b £^ pe Ale xander III. in 1163; 
in the church. It was not entoeVcom?leted tlu 1^2 e Patncian of Jerusalem officiated 



A. ». 1180.] THE CAPETIAK DYKASTY. 71 

soldiers — the first standing army, it is thought, in the annals 
of Europe — and defeated him. Disease had now brought 
the French king to his deathbed. Calling a council at 
Paris, he caused his son Philip Augustus,* then fifteen years 
of age, to be crowned at Rheims. A few months after, Louis 
died (1180). 

40. The changes which took place in the politics and 
society of Prance, during the reign of Louis the Young, 
were many and of great moment. Chief of these was the 
progress of the communes, f Though it can hardly be said 
that Louis was an advocate of the new movement, since he 
sometimes aided it, and sometimes suppressed it, the fact re- 
mains that twenty-five charters to cities were granted by 
him. Forests were cut down, large tracts of land were 
brought under cultivation, many new cities were built, and 
old ones were improved. He founded many churches and 
abbeys, the corner-stone of Notre Dame (notr dahm) in 
Paris being laid by the Pope during his reign. He con- 
firmed the privileges of the merchants of Paris, and created 
the peers of France. These were twelve in number, and the 
first public ceremony in which they took part was that of 
the coronation of his son. 

41. Suger. — The guiding spirit of the interests of France 
during the reign of Louis VII. was his special adviser, the 
abbot Suger. He was of poor parents, and had been brought 
up by the monks of St. Denis. He was the schoolmate and 
friend of Louis VI., and at his death became the friend of 
Louis VII., and acted as regent when the king left France to 
lead the second crusade. He introduced order and peace into 
France, showing at all times a foresight, skill, and modesty 
which equally adorned the humblest station or the highest. 

* Son of Alice, the third wife of Louis. This princess was sister of the Count of Cham- 
pagne. 

t The commune was a kind of municipality, having its rights secured by royal charter, 
or grants of freedom from the nobles. The people of the towns were very earnest in the 
defense of their chartered privileges. 



40. What were some of the principal changes made in France during the reign of 
Louis VII.? 

41 . What was the character of Suger ? His origin, education, etc.? What did he 
accomplish ? 



T2 . THE CAPETIA^" DYNASTY. [A.D.I 186. 

1180 ^2. Philip II., usually called Philip Augustus, 
to began his reign in 1180, at the age of fifteen. He 
was filled, at an early age, with the idea of raising 
France to the height reached in the time of Charlemagne ; 
and being gifted with much cunning and perseverance, was, 
to a great extent, successful. Circumstances, also, came to 
the aid of his natural abilities. Nearly all the territory 
which Louis the Fat had united into a compact kingdom 
came under his sway. The office of king, also, had now as- 
sumed sufficient importance to be superior to that of the 
most powerful lord. 

43. The young king found himself involved at once in a 
struggle with his relatives, who had hoped to take advan- 
tage of his want of experience. Disregarding their counsel, 
he had, even before his father's death, married Isabella, 
niece of the Count of Flanders ; and they now, at his father's 
death, attacked him. He was aided, however, by the King 
of England, who brought about a peace. The increase of 
the kingly power in such an unsettled time could only be ac- 
complished by the use of arbitrary, and often cruel, power ; 
and of this the young king showed himself capable. For 
many years it had been the custom to persecute the Jews, 
such cruelty being regarded as approved of Cod. A decree of 
banishment was, therefore, issued against them, and they 
were driven out of France, their property being taken by 
the king (1182). 

44. The king then entered upon a career of conquest, the 
first step in which was the possession of some of the cities of 
Flanders (1185). He next attacked the Duke of Burgundy, 
conquered him, and converted him into a friend by suddenly 
releasing him from the penalty which defeat had imposed 
(1186). His next step was the subjection of Normandy, 
which commanded the mouth of the Seine ; but being gov- 

42. When did Philip Augustus commence to reign ? What was his controlling 
idea '? What circumstances aided him ? 

43. Who was the wife of Philip Augustus? In what war was he engaged? Of 
what cruel act was he guilty ? 

44. What conquests did he make ? Who was bis antagonist in the south of 
France ? What was the result of the struggle ? 



A. D. 1190.] THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. 73 

erned by the English king, had been, since 1066, a standing 
menace to the French monarchy. The most promising pre- 
text for this purpose was the qnarrel which had long existed 
between the King of England and his sons. After many 
conferences and compromises, war was finally declared be- 
tween France and England, Philip attacking Richard the 
Lion-hearted, who governed Aquitaine. The want of vigor, 
however, shown by Richard caused his father to suspect 
treachery on his part, and he consented to a humiliating 
peace, by which Philip obtained possession of some of the 
English territory in France (1189). The same year Richard 
became King of England. 

45. The Third Crusade. — Alarming news now reached 
Europe. A second time the Christian kingdom, founded 
and sustained in Palestine by the expenditure of so much 
blood and treasure, was in danger of being swept away. 
The Moslems, under Saladin, had defeated the Christians in a 
bloody two days' battle, and had captured Jerusalem and most 
of the Christian cities. The Emperor of Germany, Fred- 
eric Barbarossa, was the first to march ; and the kings of 
France and England followed (1190). The same frightful 
suffering and loss of life which marked the first and second 
crusades, were now repeated. The King of France, having 
no liking for the dangers of war, soon set out for home, 
having first taken an oath to respect the possessions of the 
King of England. * 

46. The designs of Philip against the English king were 
now greatly assisted by an accident. Richard, on his return 
from Palestine, was shipwrecked, and attempted to cross 
Germany in the disguise of a pilgrim. He was detected, 
however, by his enemy, Leopold of Austria, and delivered to 
the Emperor of Germany, who held him a prisoner. Philip, 
on receipt of this news, invaded Normandy. In this enter- 

* A treaty was at length made with Saladin, by which the seaports held by the Chris- 
tians were secured to them, and a way opened for pilgrims to Jerusalem. 

45. What caused the third crusade ? Who was the leader of the Moslems ? What 
countries engaged in this crusade ? What course did Philip take ? 

46. What happened to Richard the Lion-hearted? How did Philip take advan- 
tage of Richard's misfortune ? What followed ? 

4 



74 THE CAPETIAX DYNASTY. [A. D. 1200. 

prise he was assisted by Richard's brother, John. But the 
sympathy of Europe was enlisted for the captive King of 
England, who had done such brilliant deeds in the name of 
the Church on the plains of Palestine ; and the ransom neces- 
sary for his release was soon paid. * His return put an end to 
the compact between John and the King of Prance, and 
though the just anger of Eichard caused a continuance of 
the war, want of resources on both sides soon brought about 
a peace, by which the crafty Philip became master of 
Auvergne (1196). 

47. The truce, however, was short-lived. By a previous 
cession of territory to the French king, an open path had 
been made for him to Rouen ; and Richard built a castle to 
bar the way. War, therefore, broke out in Normandy with 
renewed violence. Richard defeated Philip, but before he 
could gather the fruit of his victory, the Pope interfered 
and bound both kings in a five years' peace (1199). Only 
two months after, Richard was killed by an archer while 
attacking the castle of one of his vassals in France. Arthur 
of Brittany, a nephew of Richard the Lion-hearted, had been 
chosen by the latter as his successor ; but Richard's brother, 
John, obtained the throne. 

48. A war ensued, in which Philip, under the guise of 
espousing Arthur's cause, entered Brittany, capturing town 
after town, and demolishing their defenses. But he soon 
entered into a treaty with John (1200), and deserted the 

* " On his voyage homeward, Eichard was shipwrecked on the coast of Istria. As he 
had given great offense to the Duke of Austria in Palestine, he undertook to travel 
through Germany in the disguise of a pilgrim to prevent discovery and arrest. He was, 
however, discovered and ' incarcerated in an Austrian castle ; and the business was man- 
aged so secretly that his very existence became a matter of doubt vo his subjects.' Ere 
long, however, Blondel de Nesle, whose minstrelsy Cceur de Lion had patronized, under- 
took to discover him, and traversed Germany with that object. For a time the enterprise 
seemed hopeless ; but one day Blondel, coming to a castle in Tenebreuse, learned that it 
contained a solitary prisoner. He could not learn the name of the captive, but, from the 
description, he was convinced that his search had not been in vain. Seating himself 
under the prison window, he commenced a song which Richard and he had in other days 
composed together. Xo sooner had Blondel finished the first couplet, than, to his joy, a 
well-known voice from the window, in significant accents, sang the second. Blondel, no 
longer doubting that Richard was the solitary captive, hastened to give Queen Eleanor 
information as to the prison which contained her lion-hearted son."— Edgar's Crusades 
and Crusaders. 



47. What led to a renewal of the war ? What was the result ? What caused Eich- 
ard's death ? Who was his successor ? 

48. On what pretext did Philip invade Brittany ? With what result ? What crime 
did John commit ? 



A. ». 1204.] THE CAPETIAlSr DYNASTY. ^5 

young prince. The war was, however, renewed ; but during 
its progress, Arthur fell into the hands of his uncle, who 
caused him to be murdered (1203). 

49. The feeling of anger produced by this act brought on 
a general attack upon Normandy, Philip, as usual, taking 
an active part. His excuse for engaging in this contest was 
that John had not appeared before the peers of France, as 
Philip had summoned him to do, to answer for the mur- 
der of Arthur. Philip, therefore, invaded Normandy, and 
advanced to Eouen. John fled at once to England, and 
Philip completed his victory, ending the war by annexing 
nearly all of the English possessions in France to his king- 
dom. He then summoned John again to appear and answer 
for the death of Arthur, but John again refused. Philip 
then called a council of the twelve peers, declared the Eng- 
lish king guilty of murder and treason, and passed sentence 
of death on him. Thus ended the rule of the English king 
on the soil of France (1204). 

50. The Albigenses. — The persecution of the Albi- 
genses * was a memorable event of this reign. This people 
were a sect of dissenters from the Catholic Church who 
lived in the south of France. This part of the country had 
always differed from the rest, not only in disposition, man- 
ners, and customs, but for some time had not accepted the 
doctrines of the Church. In this they were supported by 
Eaymond VI., f Count of Toulouse, who was excommuni- 
cated, and a crusade was directed by the Pope against them. 

51. Simon de Montfort J gathered together an army of 

* The Albigenses received their name from Albigeois (al-be-shwah) , the district in 
which they first appeared. " Their life," says Kitchin, " was of the utmost purity and sim- 
plicity ; even their opponents allow so much." 

t Raymond VI., the descendant of the rich counts of Toulouse, was, says Michelet, 
"one of the most powerful, and, probably, the richest prince of Christendom." 

t " Simon de Montfort, the true leader of the war against the Albigeois, was a veteran 
of the crusades, hardened in the unsparing battles of the Templars and the Assassins. 
On his return from the Holy Land, he found at Venice the army of the fourth crusade 

49. To what did this lead? What part did Philip take? On what pretext? 
What did he accomplish ? What ended the English rule in France ? 

50. Who were the Albigenses ? How were the people of the south of France pecu- 
liar ? What did they refuse to accept ? Who supported them ? What was done by 
the Pope ? 

51. What was done by Simon de Montfort? What city was taken? What cruel 
deed was perpetrated ? How long did the war last ? What other events are men- 
tioned ? 



76 THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. [A. I>. 1229. 

men from the north and middle of France ; and, in the 
name of religion, entered Languedoc (lon'geh-doc), where 
he captured Beziers (ba-ze-a), the whole population of 
which was put to the sword (1209).* This war, which was 
carried on with great cruelty, lasted till 1215, when it 
ended for a time, the lands of the great lords having been 
seized and given to Simon de Montfort. During its progress, 
the King of Aragon was killed, and the civilization of the 
south almost perished. 

52. Simon de Montfort was afterward killed, and the peo- 
ple of the south appealed to the King of France for protec- 
tion. The result was the addition of a large part of the 
south to the kingdom of France, several years after (1229). 
Philip did not enter into this war in the south, perhaps be- 
cause he was preparing for another danger which began to 
threaten him about this time ; for the great lords of the 
north of France had for a long time watched with fear the 
increasing power of the king, f 

53. An alliance was now formed between King John of 
England and the Emperor Otho of Germany (both of whom 
had been excommunicated by the Pope), and the Counts 
of Flanders and Boulogne. Philip, therefore, espoused the 
cause of the Pope against them, and was preparing to in- 
vade England, when he suddenly learned that King John 
had made his peace with the Pope, and that his kingdom 
was under the special protection of the latter. He therefore 

on the eve of departure, but refused to accompany it to Constantinople, and obeyed the 
Pope. This action rendered Montfort a marked man, and paved the way for his future 
greatness."— Michelet. 

* "One of the superior officers inquired of the Abbot of Citeaux (se-to 1 ), how they 
were to distinguish the heretics from the faithful. 'Slay them all ! ' returned the sav- 
age churchman, ' for the Lord knoweth those that are his ! ' Not a living soul was 
spared, and the city was afterward pillaged and reduced to ashes."— Students'' France. 

t "While this cruel war lasted, Philip Augustus would not take any part in it. Not 
that he had any leaning toward the Albigensian heretics on the score of creed or relig- 
ious liberty ; but his sense of justice and moderation was shocked at the violence em- 
ployed against them, and he had a repugnance to the idea of taking part in the devasta- 
tion of the beautiful southern provinces. He took it ill, moreover, that the Pope should 
arrogate to himself the right of despoiling of their dominions, on the ground of heresy, 
princes who were vassals of the King of France. When Innocent III. called upon him 
to co-operate in the crusade, Philip answered ' that he had at his flanks two huge and 
terrible lions, the Emperor Otho and King John of England.' "— Guizot's History of 
France. 

52. Who was killed? What was the result of the appeal of the people of the 
south ? Why did not Philip enter into the war against the Albigenses ? 

53. What alliance was now formed? What cause did Philip espouse? What 
changed his purpose ? What happened in Flanders ? 



A. J>. 1217.] THE CAPETIAN/ DYKASTY. 77 

turned his army toward Flanders, many cities of which he 
pillaged, though he lost his fleet (1213). 

54. The anger of the English king, however, had not yet 
cooled, and the war was renewed the following year (1214), 
This time France was invaded at two. points. King John 
landed at Eochelle (ro-sheV), and marched inland ; but was 
met by a French army under the king's son, Louis, and 
easily beaten. In the north, the allied army, under the 
command of the Emperor of Germany, came upon the 
French at Bouvines (fioo-veen'), and, after a desperate struggle, 
the French were victorious. The result of the battle of 
Bouvines has always been regarded as the death-blow to the 
hopes of the great lords in their contest with the king. On 
that day Philip and the common people fought side by side, 
the latter being mentioned by him with special honor. A 
national feeling was thus aroused, which placed the French 
monarchy on the strongest foundation — the affection of the 
people. 

55. In England the contest of the king with the great 
lords or barons ended in a victory for the latter. King 
John, on his return from his defeat in France, was com- 
pelled by the barons to sign Magna Charta — the Great 
Charter (1215) ; but he disregarded his signature at the first 
opportunity. The barons then offered the crown of England 
to Louis, the son of the French king, who went to England 
to claim it. But John shortly after died, and the barons, 
deserting Louis, set up as king John's son, Henry, who was 
soon acknowledged under the title of Henry III. Louis, 
after being besieged in London a short time, made terms 
with the English, and sailed for France (1217). 

56. The remaining years of the life of Philip Augustus 
were not occupied in war, but in consolidating his kingdom. 

54. Who invaded France by way of Rochelle ? What was the result ? In what 
respect was the battle of Bouvines of great importance ? What aroused a national 
feeling ? Where is Bouvines ? (See Progressive map No. 3.) 

5 5 . What great act in England made the year 1215 memorable ? How was France 
affected by it ? At John's death what happened ? 

56. How were the remaining years of Philip Augustus occupied? What were 
some of the special reforms introduced by him ? What improvements were made 
in Paris ? 



78 THE CAPETIA^ DYXASTY. [A. ». 1223. 

He had succeeded in placing the royal power on a firm foot- 
ing, by making it independent not only of the lords, but also, 
in great measure, of the Church. He had sometimes resisted 
the demands of the latter, but he was wise enough to uphold 
its cause when it did not threaten any of his own rights. 
Though he was not great, either in mind or heart, he did 
much to improve and strengthen France. * During his reign, 
many provinces were added to it, the common people were 
lifted up to a position of greater influence in public affairs, 
the right of private war between the nobles was abolished, 
and peace and order prevailed. The city of Paris was 
walled, paved, embellished, and provided with markets ; 
the Louvre was begun ; and the University of Paris received 
a royal charter drawn up under the direction of the king, 
who also enlarged its course of study. The greater part of 
the Cathedral of Notre Dame was also finished, f Philip 
died in the fifty-fifth year of his age, after a reign of nearly 
forty-three years (1223). 

1223 &1 • Louis VIII., the son of Philip Augustus, as- 
to cended the throne at his father's death (1223). On 
the side of his mother, he was a lineal descendant of 
the renowned Charlemagne, and thus united in his person 
the Carlovingian and Capetian dynasties. On this account 
he was regarded with especial favor by the French nation. 
He renewed hostilities with England ; but a truce was 

* "Philip Augustus made great changes in France, and converted the separate inter- 
ests of the feudal nobles into a confederation of powers strictly subordinate to the 
crown. A tumultuous republic of knights and barons had become a well-balanced king- 
dom, with local privileges and a centralized authority. The Church, satisfied with its 
progress, and now relying on law for its support in crushing its adversaries, had im- 
bibed a monarchical spirit not known in the davs of its early struggles in defense of the 
helpless people. The communes were rich and flourishing, and had made their voice al- 
ready potential in the State by holding the purse, and even by keeping men-at-arms in 
their pay. The great mass of 'the population were in easier circumstances than before, 
and not so entirelv exposed to the oppressions of their local tyrants. Learned men, even 
from the lower class of the laitv. were admitted into the national councils, and admin- 
istered justice in the kinar's name. The nearest approach to the policy of a modern 
State was made bv this wise and unscrupulous ruler."— White's History of France. 

t " In 1185. as Philip Augustus was walking one dav in his palace, he placed himself at 
a window whence he was sometimes pleased, bv way of pastime, to watch the Seine flow- 
ing by. Some carts, as thev passed, caused the mud with which the streets were filled to 
emit a fetid smell, quite unbearable. The king, shocked at what was as unhealthy as it 
was disgusting, sent for the burghers and provost of the city, and ordered that all the 



5 7. When did Louis VLTI. ascend the throne ? Against what country did he make 
war ? What war was continued ? When did the king's death occur ? Who was his 
successor ? 



A. I>. 1242.] THE CAPETIAKT DYNASTY. 79 

soon concluded, and the king turned his attention to affairs 
in Languedoc. The war against Count Raymond (VII. ) was 
continued ; but during its progress Louis died, after a reign 
of only three years. Before his death, he caused the barons 
and prelates to swear allegiance to his eldest son Louis (1226). 
58. Louis IX., commonly called Saint Louis, was 
to only twelve years of age at his father's death. His 
1270 mo ther, Blanche of Castile, therefore, was made 
regent till he should be of age. She caused the boy-king 
to be crowned immediately at Rheims, but the summons 
sent to the great lords to attend the ceremony was generally 
disregarded. They saw an opportunity to regain a part of 
their lost power, and formed a league against Louis. Their 
plans were thwarted, however, by the courage and ability of 
Blanche, who won over to her side some of the great vas- 
sals ; but the struggle did not end for several years (1231). 

59. During this period, the war against the Albigenses 
was terminated, Languedoc submitting to the crown of 
France ; but Raymond retained a small portion of his ter- 
ritories during his life (1229). The Inquisition was now 
established at Toulouse, under the Dominicans, to complete 
the conquest. People of every age and condition, and of 
both sexes, were thrown into dungeons, and compelled by 
cruel tortures to abandon their religious opinions. 

60. Louis, at the age of nineteen, was married to Mar- 
guerite, eldest daughter of the Count of Provence (1234). 
His mother, however, had great influence over him for many 
years. The plots which the great lords formed against the 
young king were still kept up ; and, in 1242, he found it 
necessary to take up arms against them. He defeated the 
lords and the English under Henry III. allied with them, 
and made a treaty with them. By this treaty the French 

thoroughfares and streets of Paris should he paved with hard and solid stone, for this 
right Christian prince aspired to rid Paris of her ancient name, Lutetia (Mud-town)." — 
Delisle. 

58. What was the surname of Lonis IX.? What action did the lords take when 
summoned to his coronation ? Who thwarted their plans ? 

59. How was the war against the Albigenses terminated? What was estab- 
lished ? What persecution took place ? 

60. Whom did Louis marry ? What war was waged ? With, what result ? 



80 THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. [A. D. 1254. 

acquired possession of the northern part of Aquitaine 
(1243).* 

61. The contest of the Pope with the Emperor of Ger- 
many at this time engaged the attention of Europe. The 
latter had driven the Pope out of Italy. The Pope excom- 
municated the emperor, and strove to engage the Erench 
king in a crusade against him. But Louis, though he was a 
devout believer, was also a prudent king, and refused to up- 
hold the Pope in humbling a monarch who might be a 
dangerous enemy to Erance. Ever since a serious illness 
through which Louis had passed, he had resolved to go on a 
pilgrimage to the Holy Land ; and, on the capture of Jerusa- 
lem by a Tartar tribe (1244), he determined to embark on a 
crusade to liberate the Holy Sepulcher. f 

62. Louis, having received the oriflamme J at St. Denis, 
set out from the port of Aigues Mortes (dg-morf) on the 
Mediterranean, sailed for the island of Cyprus, and thence to 
Egypt (1248). After many delays, and some severe fighting, 
disease broke out in the army of the king ; and he, with his 
knights, was taken prisoner, and was released only after the 
payment of a heavy ransom. He reached Palestine with 
only a hundred of his knights and a fragment of his army, 
and spent four years there, when hearing of the death of his 
mother, he returned to Erance (1254). 

* " He entered into negotiations with the King of England, the King of Aragon, and 
various princes and great feudal lords, and in January, 1243, a treaty was made which 
marked the end of feudal troubles for the whole duration of his reign. He drew his 
sword no more, save only against the enemies of the Christian faith and Christian civili- 
zation."— Faure's Life of St. Louis. 

t A device adopted by him, when he was ready, swelled considerably the number of his 
attendants. It was the custom on Christmas to give to every courtier a new cloak. All 
were bidden, therefore, to be present at early morning mass, and each was presented 
with his cloak, and passed into the church. As the daylight grew stronger they were 
surprised to discover that each cloak had on its shoulder the figure of a cross. But the 
cross, thus worn, was the emblem of a crusader. Eot daring, for the sake of their relig- 
ion, to take off the cloaks and thus appear to decline the service of the cross, they left 
them on, and the king in this way secured many followers in his crusade. 

% The oriflamme. the sacred standard of France, was first carried before the king in 
the time of Louis VI. The word oriflamme signifies (widen flame, and refers to the dis- 
tinguishing feature of the standard, which was red with flames of gold embroidered on 
it. It was kept in the church oi St. Denis, and one of the conditions by which the King 
of France, in 1075. obtained possession of the fief in which St. Denis was situated was, 
that on the breaking out of war, he should repair to the church in person, and, taking 
down the standard, place it in front of his army, and there keep it when engaged in 
battle. 

61. What contest engaged the attention of Europe? Why did Louis refuse to 
take part in it ? What induced the king to undertake a crusade ? 

62. From what port did the expedition sail ? What course did it take ? What was 
the result ? What caused the king's return ? 



A. ». 1270.] THE CAPETIAK DYKASTY. 81 

63. For thirteen years he devoted himself to adminis- 
tering the affairs of his kingdom, establishing order, and 
making laws which should promote the welfare of his peo- 
ple. Notwithstanding his failure in his first crusade, he 
longed, as a loyal son of the Church, to go upon another, 
that being, as he thought, the surest way of showing his de- 
votion. Accordingly, he sailed again, this time directing 
his course to Tunis. There the plague overtook his army 
and carried off the greater part, the king himself being a 
victim. He died at the age of fifty-six (1270).* 

64. The character of Louis IX., his love of justice, his 
devotion to the Church, and the great service he render- 
ed to the cause of the monarchy, have always caused him to 
be ranked among the greatest of French kings. His strong 
sense of right sometimes brought him into conflict with the 
Pope himself, whose subject he was proud to be. The great- 
est service rendered by Louis IX. was, perhaps, his substitu- 
tion, throughout his kingdom, of just laws for those which 
were founded upon brute force. He gathered around him 
able lawyers, and devoted himself to redressing the wrongs 
of his people, f * 

65. Much of this king's time was given to acts of charity, 
and many buildings were erected by him for the comfort of 
the sick and unfortunate. Besides hospitals, asylums, and 
churches, he built the Sainte Chapelle (shah-pel'), a beauti- 
ful chapel in Paris, intended to contain the crown of thorns 
said to have been worn by our Saviour. This had been pre- 
sented to Louis, in return for the aid which he had given 

* " At length King Louis was himself attacked hy the fatal epidemic, and, being already 
in an enfeebled state of health, seems to have perceived at once that his end was ap- 
proaching. He lingered for twenty-two davs, engaged in devotion, givins; wise and 
admirable counsel to his son, consoling his distressed attendants, and exhibiting a per- 
fect model of Christian resignation and equanimity. In his last moments he caused 
himself to be laid upon a bed of ashes, and in this situation peaceably expired." 

t It was his custom to sit under an oak tree at Vincennes and listen to any complaints 
that might be made ; and the sentence passed by him, even upon the nobles, was often 
very severe. In this way the lords became used to his exercise of superior power, and 
the common people learned to look with affection upon a king who did justice without 

63. How were the next thirteen years spent ? Why did he go on another crusade ? 
What caused the king's death ? 

64. What was the character of Louis IX. ? Give some account of the service he 
rendered to France. 

65. What other acts of St. Louis are mentioned? What buildings did he erect? 
What institutions did he assist in founding ? 

4* 



82 



THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY. 



[A. ». 1270. 



to 
12§5 



to the Church in time of need. He also assisted his confes- 
sor, Sorbon, in founding the school, afterward called after 
him the Sorbonne (sor-bori)* Louis was canonized Au- 
gust 11th, 1297, by Pope Boniface VIII. 
1270 6 6. Philip III. (the Hardy).— The successor of 
St. Louis was his eldest son, Philip, who returned 
from the crusade in Tunis to ascend the throne. He 
was devout, but unlearned, and made a weak successor to 

Louis IX. By 
the marriage of 
one of his sons 
to the daughter 
of Henry of Na- 
v a r r e (n a li- 
var'), he laid 
claim to the lat- 
t e r kingdom. 
His claim, how- 
ever, was resist- 
ed ; but, though 
Philip showed 
little ability as 
a soldier, in the 
war that follow- 
ed, he succeeded 
by diplomacy in 
adding Navarre 
to his kingdom. 
67. Another 
war in which 




THE SOEBONXE. 



Philip engaged 



* " Under his patronage, the university drew to itself all the learned of Europe: the 
German Alhertus Ma emus, the Italian St. Thomas Aquinas, the English Roger Bacon, 
studied there. The French language sprang into a new and brilliant life. Poetry and 
history, with wonderful freshness and truth, gave grace and power to the tongue."— 
Kitchin , s History of France. 



66. What was the first war in which Philip IIT. was engaged ? What claim had he 
upon Navarre ? 

67. Give an account of the Sicilian Vespers. Who was the instigator of the mas- 
sacre ? This led to a war with whom ? What was the result to France ? 



A. ». 1285.] THE CAPETTAK DYNASTY. 83 

proTed fatal to him. His uncle, Charles of Anjou, had con- 
quered Sicily many years before. Being a man of great am- 
bition, he formed a project for capturing Constantinople 
under the guise of a crusade. While he was preparing for 
this, however, John of Procida (pro-clie'dali), a Sicilian who 
had been aided by the King of Aragon,* brought about a gen- 
eral massacre of all the French in Sicily. This occurred 
on the evening of March 30, 1282. The signal being the 
ringing of the vesper bell, this massacre has always been 
known as the Sicilian Vespers, f Don Pedro of Aragon was 
then made King of Sicily in place of Charles of Anjou, 
who, on that fatal night, was deprived of all his sup- 
porters. The King of Aragon being an enemy of Philip, 
this massacre of Frenchmen led to a bitter war between 
them, in which the latter met with great reverses ; and while 
returning from it he died (1285). 

68. The weakness of Philip's character, and the shortness 
of his reign, enabled him to do little in the way of strength- 
ening the French monarchy. He was, also, overshadowed 
by his uncle, Charles of Anjou, whose ambitious projects 
drew to his side the most powerful lords of France. The 
kingdom, however, was now so firmly established in law 
that it suffered little loss by Philip's want of energy. A 
fact which shows how much stronger the king was than any 
of his great lords was the granting of a title of nobility to 
Eaoul (rah-ool'), the king's silversmith — such an honor to 
a tradesman being till then unheard of (1272). Three 
years later, persons below the rank of noblemen were per- 
mitted to own large estates ; and this was followed by the 
ennobling of the free citizens of Paris, and the knighting of 
lawyers. 

* A kingdom in the northern part of Spain. 

t This massacre was commenced in resenting an insult to a young Sicilian woman hy a 
French soldier, who was at once disarmed, and slain with his own sword. A cry was 
then raised, " Death, death to the French ! " They were cut down in all directions, their 
houses having been marked beforehand. " Whoever," says Michelet, " could not pro- 
nounce the Italian c (ch) was immediately put to death." About 8,000 persons perished 
by this dreadful event. 



68. In what condition was the king's power at this? time ? How is the increase of 
his power illustrated ? What other incidents confirm it ? 



84 THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. [A. D. 1296. 

12§5 ^» ^Philip IV. — The next monarch who ruled in 
to France was Philip IV., surnamed le Bel (the Fair), 
the eldest son of Philip III. He began his reign at 
the age of seventeen (1285). His grasping disposition soon 
led to difficulties with Edward I., King of England, whoso 
French possessions Philip coveted, and whose quarrel with 
Scotland gave Philip the opportunity he wished. The Duke 
of Brittany and Guy (ghi), Count of Flanders, formed an 
alliance against Philip, with Edward I. , who was also Duke 
of Guienne {glie-en')* The latter was scarcely opposed 
at first, the attention of the English king being occupied 
with his war with the Scots. Philip invaded Flanders and 
conquered it (1300) ; after which the Pope brought about a 
peace between him and Edward, confirming it by a mar- 
riage between Philip's daughter and Edward's son. 

70. The conquest of Flanders brought under the rule of 
Philip one of the richest countries in Europe ; but it gave 
little to the nearly empty treasury of the French king, its 
industry being guarded by special privileges which its new 
master thought it prudent to respect. His want of money, 
however, increased rapidly ; and after plundering the Jews, 
passing laws prohibiting luxury, and imposing taxes which 
tended to destroy altogether certain kinds of industries, he 
debased the coinage till it was worth only about one-fifth of 
its face value. In his great need of money, he finally grasped 
at the property of the clergy, and this brought on a dispute 
with Pope Boniface VIII. (1296), which lasted during the 
remainder of the Pope's life. Philip, after the death of 

* This war had its origin in a quarrel between the crews of an English and a Norman 
vessel, who. happening to go to the same place to fill their water-casks, fell into a dispute, 
in the course of which one of the Normans was slain. This bred dissensions between the 
sailors of both countries, and the sea soon became a scene of constant combat and pira- 
cies between them. At length a fleet of English ships encountered one of the Norman 
vessels, and, after a fierce battle, destroyed or captured nearly the whole (1293). Philip, 
King of France, bein^ then appealed to, summoned Edward, as Duke of Guienne, to 
appear and answer forthese offenses committed by his subjects, and afterward artfully 
persuaded him temporarily to relinquish possession of the duchy, as a satisfaction for all 
injuries. The French king thus obtaining control of Guienne, again cited Edward, and, 
on his refusal to appear, declared the duchy forfeited, and annexed it to his own domin- 
ions (1294). . 

69. Who succeeded Philip TIT ? His surname ? What caused the war between 
him and the King of Ensland ? What ended it ? 

70. What despotic acts did the kiug commit ? What were the results of the war 
thus produced ? 



A. ». 1303.] T1IE CAPETIA^ DYNASTY. 85 

Boniface, succeeded in placing the Archbishop of Bordeaux 
{dor -do'), under the title of Clement V., on the papal throne 
(1305), and transferred the seat of the papacy from Eome 
to Avignon (ali-ven-yong), where it remained for about 
seventy years. 

71. The Battle of Courtray. — The oppressions of 
Philip in Flanders led finally to a revolt in which, in the 
city of Bruges (or broozli) alone, 3,000 French were slaugh- 
tered. An army was immediately sent to suppress this insur- 
rection. The Flemings met it near Courtray. * The Flemish 
army of tradesmen and burghers, to the number of 20,000, 
were drawn up behind a deep canal, with banks so level as 
not to be seen even at a short distance. The French army 
of knights and regular soldiers, more than double the Flem- 
ings in number, charged impetuously without reconnoitering 
the ground. When it was too late to check the speed of 
their horses, they saw the canal, into which they fell before 
striking a blow. The Flemings then crossed over, attacked 
them on both flanks, and routed them (1302). f 

72. Smarting under this defeat of the chivalry of France 
by the tradesmen of Flanders, Philip now raised a new army 
with the intention of punishing them severely. Each side 
made an extraordinary effort to gather a powerful army. 
The French put in the field 70,000 men; the Flemings, 
80,000. The action (1303) resulted in favor of the king, 
and he thought the subjection of the Flemings assured. A 
few days after, however, they returned with an army quite 
as large, and again offered him battle. So great was the 
surprise of the king that he exclaimed, " Does it rain Flem- 
ings then ? " and shortly after made peace with them. 

73. Abolition of the Templars. — Philip now formed 

* Before the battle, the Flemings celebrated mass and confessed their sins, and then 
took a solemn oath to fight to the death for the liberties of their country, by kneeling 
together, each taking up a morsel of earth and pressing it to his lips. 

t From 4,000 to 7,000 gilt spurs were afterward picked up on the field of battle and 
hung in the Cathedral of Courtray. From this incident the battle of Courtray is often 
called the Battle of the Spurs. 

71 . What was the can*e of the battle of Courtray ? Describe it. 

72. Was the battle of Courtray deceive ? What followed it ? 

73. Give au account of the suppression of the templars. 



86 THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. lA. D. 1314. 

a scheme for filling his always empty treasury. This was 
the abolition of the Knights Templars, a military order which 
had originally been formed for the purpose of carrying on 
the crusades. As these had long since become unpopular in 
Europe, the large sums of money which had accumulated 
in the hands of the templars became an object of greed to 
the king. * Some vague rumors which had long been cur- 
rent, concerning the looseness of morals which prevailed 
among the templars at their secret meetings, gave the king a 
pretext for attacking them. He therefore sent a secret 
order to his officers throughout the kingdom to fall upon 
the templars on the night of the 13th of October (1307). 
Great numbers were captured and tortured, several were 
burned at the stake, and the greater part of their treasure 
was seized by the king. 

74. The discontent which the heavy taxes produced con- 
tinued to increase, and ended in a league of the nobles and 
the common people to resist them. So great had the oppres- 
sion become that, at one time, a general uprising was threat- 
ened. The king, however, now thoroughly alarmed, gave up 
his attempted tax, and calling together the leading men of 
several cities promised never again to debase the coinage. 
Domestic trouble, also, came to add to the disquiet of the 
king ; and an accident which happened while he was hunt- 
ing, brought on a sickness from which he never recovered. 
He died at the age of forty-six (1314). f 

75. Among the people of France there was little regret 
at the death of Philip the Fair. He was cold and unamia- 
ble in disposition, and the heavy and constant taxes which 
he levied weighed so heavily upon trade and commerce that 

* Their temple was in Paris, opposite the king's palace. The number of knights alone 
belonging to the order was 15,000. Their treasury contained 150,000 gold florins, besides 
large sums of silver, precious stones, rich vases, etc. 

t The king, Philip IV., ordered two templars, one of them the Grand Master, to be 
burned. " It was probably owing to the last words of the Master—' God will avenge our 
death '—that there arose a popular rumor that the Master, at his death, had cited the 
Pope and the king to appear with him, the former at the end of forty days, and the latter 
within a year, before the judgment seat of God. Events gave a sanction to the legend ; " 
for both Clement and Philip actually died within the time named. 



74. What is said of the taxes at this time ? What did the king promise ? What 
was the immediate cause of the king's death ? 

75. How was Philip regarded by his people ? What addition was made to the ter- 
ritory of France during his reign ? 



A. ». 1312.] THE CAPETIA^ DYNASTY. 87 

his death produced a sense of relief. * During his reign, 
however, the territory of France had been somewhat in- 
creased. The most important of these additions was the 
city of Lyons, which was annexed in 1312. 

76. Throughout the reign of Philip the Fair may be seen 
the gradual change which was being made in France toward 
the increase of the royal authority. The powers which the 
lords had exercised by right of custom gave place to written 
laws, which the cunning king took care should generally be 
attended by some loss to the lords. For the purpose of ex- 
ecuting these laws, he divided the parliament into three 
bodies : one for the administration of justice, called the par- 
liament ; another, called the chamber of finance ; a third, 
for the consideration of political matters, which was called 
the grand council. 

77. The Third Estate. — The most important act in the 
reign of Philip was his creation of the third estate. Up to 
this time there had been only two recognized orders in 
France, the nobles and the clergy. In 1302, however, 
Philip, being then at the height of his quarrel with the 
Pope, and feeling his need of the support of the whole 
people of France, permitted the burghers, or common peo- 
ple, to send representatives to the States- General which he 
had called. In this general council, these representatives sat 
on equal terms with those of the nobles and the clergy ; and 
thus one of the most despotic kings of France was the means 
of bringing about a great political advance in the condition 
of the people. From that time three estates were known in 
France : the nobles, the clergy, and the people, or, as the 
latter were called, the third estate. 

* "This greed is the vice 'which has clung to his name. Not only did he load his sub- 
jects with poll taxes and other taxes unauthorized by law and the traditions of the feu- 
dal system; not only was he unjust and cruel toward the templars, in order to appro- 
priate their riches ; but he committed, over and over again, that kind of spoliation which 
imports most trouble into the general life of a people ; he debased the coinage so often, 
and to such an extent, that he was everywhere called ' the base coiner.' "— GuizoVs History 
of France. 

•76. How was the power of the nobles diminished? How did Philip divide the 
parliament ? 

77. What was the origin of the third estate? What other orders existed at this 
time ? 



88 THE CAPETIA^ DYNASTY. [A. ». 1318. 

1314 **&' Louis X. (Hutin — disorder or tumult *). — 
to Philip the Fair had three sons, of whom Louis, the 

eldest, was proclaimed king (1314). Though he was 
twenty-five years old when he was called to the throne, his 
trifling disposition led him to prefer the sports of the boy 
to the cares of a kingdom. The nobles began to plot at 
once for the recovery of power. The king, however, coun- 
seled by his lawyers, turned to the people for aid ; and he per- 
mitted the serfs to purchase their freedom. The reason of 
this great concession was probably the king's want of money, 
but from it resulted a great change in the social state. 

79. Heavy and unjust taxes were imposed throughout the 
kingdom, for the purpose of carrying on the war in Flan- 
ders ; but in this war the king gained no laurels. He was 
defeated, not however by the Flemings, but by the mud and 
the rain, and losing a large part of his army, returned in 
disgrace to France. The following year he died of a chill 
produced by drinking wine to excess after becoming heated 
in a game of ball (1316). 

1316 80. Philip V. (le Long— the Tall)— -The only 
to child of Louis X. was a daughter, who, by a new 

application of the Salic law, was excluded from 
the throne. Louis's brother Philip, therefore, succeeded 
him as king. He busied himself chiefly in regulating the 
affairs of the kingdom, making laws for the uniformity of 
the currency, and of weights and measures, and many 
others for the benefit of industry, trade, and commerce. 
One of his most significant acts was the exclusion of the 
clergy from the meetings of the parliament ; another was 
the creation of a privy council (1318). He continued the 
practice of granting letters of nobility to tradesmen, and 

* So called because of the tumultuous and refractory conduct of the nobles and clergy, 
who attempted, during the weak reign of this king, to regain the powers of which they 
had been deprived by his artful and despotic father. 



78. What was the name and surname of Philip's successor ? What was his dispo- 
sition ? What measure did the king adopt ? Why ? Its effect ? 

79. Why were taxes imposed ? Was the war against Flanders successful ? Why 
not ? What caused the king's death ? 

80. Why was Louis's daughter excluded from the throne ? Who succeeded him ? 
What were some of the measures he advocated ? What practice did he continue ? 



A. ». 1328.] THE CAPETIAN" DYKASTY. 89 

was tlie first French king to permit the organization of mil- 
itary companies among the laboring people. 

81. Several persecutions, however, took place during the 
reign of Philip the Tall. The religious order of the Fran- 
ciscans, being shocked at the excesses of the papal court, 
protested, and began to preach in favor of a return to the 
simplicity of the early Church. They were at once attacked, 
and with such severity, that they were obliged to flee the 
country. The excitement once begun did not cease imme- 
diately. The next objects of suspicion were the lepers.* 
These were accused of poisoning the wells, and a frightful 
slaughter took place. The Jews were next attacked, as ac- 
complices of the lepers, and similarly persecuted, f After a 
short and unimportant reign, Philip the Tall died at the 
age of thirty (1322). 

1322 82 - Charles IV. (le Bel— the Fair).— Philip 
to the Tall had given a new reading to the Salic law so 
as to make it exclude women from the throne. By 
so doing, he had made himself king. The new law, how- 
ever, was now, at his death, used against his family. He had 
four children, all daughters. These were set aside ; and his 
brother, under the name of Charles, became king. Charles's 
reign, however, was short and unimportant. A feeble show 
of power, against Louis of Bavaria, who had given shelter 
to the Franciscans when they were driven out of France, 
thereby bringing upon himself the punishment of excom- 
munication ; a few laws in regard to commerce ; the expul- 
sion of the Lombard merchants ; and the just execution of 
a powerful baron who had been found guilty of many crimes, 
are the principal incidents of his reign. He died after a 
six years' reign, at the age of thirty-four (1328). 

* The lepers, because afflicted with disease, were supposed to be under the influence 
of sorcery ; but by some they were reported to be accomplices of the Jews, or agents 
of the Moorish King of Granada. 

t At one place in Touraine, a large pit was dug, and one hundred and sixty Jews were 
cast into it and burned. 



8 1 . Mention some of the odious acts of his reign. What is said of the lepers ? 
The Jews ? 

82. For what reason was Charles the Fair named as the successor of Philip the 
Tall ? What were some of the principal incidents of his reign ? 



90 THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY. 

83. Charles the Fair was the last of the Capetian kings of 
the direct line. The hostility which the later descendants 
of the line had shown toward the Pope was, by many devout 
persons, believed to be the cause of their early death ; and 
to this was believed to be added, in the case of the last fonr, 
the cnrse of the templars, whom Philip the Fair had so 
cruelly persecuted. As Charles died without male heirs, 
Philip of Yalois (val-wali), nephew of Philip the Fair, was 
declared his successor. This introduces a collateral line of 
kings, called the Branch of Yalois. 

State of Society dtjbing the Capetian Period. 

84. The most important changes which took place in 
France during the Capetian period were the firm establish- 
ment of the monarchy, the elevation of the common people, 
and the temporary decline in the secular power of the Pope. 
A result of the first two was the slow decay of feudalism. 
Attacked from above by the king and from below by the 
people, it yielded gradually in the contest. With the weak- 
ening of feudalism and the papacy, the institution of chivalry 
slowly passed away and crusades became impossible. 

85. A new power rose into prominence during this period 
— the power of the people. The working-man became a 
soldier, and the tradesmen of the cities, whose friendship 
the king had found useful to him in his struggle with the 
lords, were granted special charters, which protected them 
in their industries. At first the king left to each city the 
conduct of its affairs, being satisfied with appointing a 
royal superintendent. This was followed by other claims, 
from time to time, till, finally, each man, instead of boasting 
as before that he was the inhabitant of a particular city, 
came to pride himself upon being the king's yeoman. 

83. What dynasty terminates with the reign of Charles the Fair ? What helief was 
held in regard to the short reigns of Charles and his immediate predecessors ? Who 
became king ? What new line began with him ? 

84. What great changes distinguish the reign of the Capetians ? What caused the 
decay of feudalism ? Of chivalry ? 

8 o . What new power arose ? Describe the progress of the middle class to in- 
fluence. 



THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. 91 

86. The Reign of Law. — The purchase of their free- 
dom by the serfs, after it was once begun, went on with 
increased rapidity. A great middle class of citizens was 
thus formed whose rights were in constant danger of in- 
fringement from the lords, who watched the growth of the 
new class with suspicion. At this time, however, fortu- 
nately, another agent appeared to place their rights on a firm 
basis. This was the body of written laws for which the close 
of this period is remarkable. Many of the latter kings of the 
Capetian line had been accustomed to fix the changes made 
in the rights and privileges of themselves and the lords, by 
recording them in the shape of laws ; and a respect for these 
laws soon grew up, which made it difficult to change them 
hastily. The rights of all classes were, by this method, 
made more secure. 

87. The existence of free citizens above the rank of serfs 
and below that of the nobles, supplied a condition favorable 
to the existence of trade and commerce. The danger, how- 
ever, which attended all communication between different 
parts of the country checked their growth. Eobbery and 
crime on the public highway were common, and only in the 
immediate neighborhood of towns and cities was property 
secure. This state of affairs was gradually amended by strict 
laws passed by the king as his power increased. The estab- 
lishment also of a uniform currency, and a system of regula- 
tions for the government of the different kinds of trades 
which existed, aided greatly in making them permanent. 

88. Trade, Commerce, etc. — Trade centers soon came 
to be established, which, by means of annual fairs, attracted 
merchants from all parts of Europe. Some of the most 
noted were those of Troyes (trwah), St. Denis {den-ee'), 
Amiens (am'i-enz), Or'le-ans, Eheims (reemz), Eouen, Lyons, 



86. What is said of the establishment of law? For whose especial benefit were 
laws enacted ? What was the general effect upon France ? 

8 7. What aided the development of trade and commerce? What were some of 
the difficulties under which they labored ? What further improvements are referred 
to? 

88. Mention some of the places which became trade centers. What were some of 
the industries of the south ? What new products were introduced by the crusaders ? 



92 THE CAPETIAtf DYXASTY. 

Nimes (neem), Avignon and Marseilles. The wines of south- 
ern France found a ready market in England and the Neth- 
erlands, and were exchanged in Spain for arms, and lea- 
ther fabrics of many kinds. The fisheries of the southern 
ports also yielded a large revenue. Some of the products 
introduced by the crusaders gave rise to entirely new in- 
dustries. Among these were the glass of Tyre and the 
tissues of Damascus. The use of flax and silk, and the em- 
ployment of windmills is also ascribed to them ; and the in- 
troduction of the sugar-cane, the plum-tree, and the cultiva- 
tion of the mulberry. Enameling of various kinds, seal-en- 
graving, and the art of the' goldsmith had also reached a 
high degree of perfection. 

89. Guilds and Corporations. — The tendency of 
tradesmen and merchants to combine for protection and 
support had been very early manifested, and the associations 
so formed had been granted special privileges by the most 
sagacious monarchs of France. At the close of the period 
of which we are treating, they were numerous and well es- 
tablished. One of the most extensive of these was the 
Hansa of Paris, founded for the regulation of imports by 
water. Philip Augustus had befriended it especially, and 
Louis IX. had been its patron. The powers exercised by 
these corporations were great and exceedingly varied. They 
not only prescribed rules for carrying on their particular 
trades and fixed the prices of their goods, but protected 
their workmen, became responsible for their conduct, and 
took care of their aged, their widows, and their orphans. 
Each corporation adopted a patron saint, had its own treas- 
ury, and its feasts at stated times. 

90. The Progress of Learning. — In all parts of 
Prance, at this time, schools existed in connection with the 
Church. The want of books, however, made oral instruc- 
tion necessary. Higher education was afforded in universi- 
ties, five of these institutions being in existence. The most 

89. What is said of guilds and corporations ? What was their object ? 

90. Give an account of the state of learning. What is said of universities ? 



THE CAPETIAH DYKASTY. 93 

noted was that of Paris, the independence of which was 
recognized by Philip Augustus in 1203. This was attended 
by between 15,000 and 20,000 students. Latin was the lan- 
guage employed in instruction, and all civilized countries 
sent students to be educated there. In 1250, Kobert de Sor- 
bon, chaplain of Louis IX,, founded a school of theology, 
afterward called the Sorbonne {sor-bon'). 

91. The French Language, the Trouveres, etc. — 
It was during this period that the French language began to 
be popular and to take definite form. The laws, which had 
always, up to this time, been written in Latin, now began 
to be written in French. The literature of this period, 
also, is interesting. History, poetry, and romance were all 
cultivated. In the middle and north of France, a class of 
poets sprung up whose works, written in French, soon be- 
came models for other countries. These were the Trouveres 
(troo-vclre), who were to the North what the Troubadours had 
been to the South.* The history, also, written at this time, 
is regarded as the beginning of French prose, and is still 
studied, not only for the key which it gives to the formation 
of the language, but as the most truthful record now attaina- 
ble of the events which it describes. 

92. Architecture. — This period is also distinguished by 
a revolution in the church architecture of Europe, caused 
by the introduction of the pointed arch, f A knowledge of 
this is supposed to have been acquired by the crusaders, as 
its presence in the West cannot be traced beyond the twelfth 
century, about which period it made its appearance in all 
the Christian countries of Europe. It was eagerly adopted, 
especially for church edifices ; and the changes and embel-" 
lishments to which it was subjected soon developed it into a 

* The Troubadours were accompanied in their wanderings by minstrels and Jugglers, 
the latter displaying their skill at the close of the poem or recitation. Sometimes the 
minstrels were formed into an orchestra, to the music of which dancing took place. 
Games were also common, such as backgammon, draughts, and chess. 

t The pointed arch is an essential element of the Gothic architecture. 



9 1 . What was the condition of the French language and literature ? Who were 
the Trouveres ? What was the origin of French prose ? 

92. What change took place in architecture ? What is thought to have produced 
this change ? Where are some of the best specimens of Gothic architecture to be 
found ? 



94 THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. 

distinct order of architecture, called the Gothic, which almost 
entirely supplanted the earlier Roman. Many beautiful spe- 
cimens still exist in France, which date from this time.* 

93. Manners and Customs. — Down to the thirteenth 
century, people of the lower classes were not permitted to 
wear the dress or ornaments peculiar to the nobles. An 
edict of Philip the Fair prescribes minutely the number and 
cost of the dresses the tradeswomen may wear. The dress of 
the villain consisted of a blouse of cloth or skin, fastened at 
the waist by a leather belt, a mantle of woolen stuff, trowsers 
of the same, and shoes or large boots. Fastened to his belt 
was a wallet or purse, and a sheath for his knife. Notwith- 
standing the hard condition of the laboring classes, they had 
many holidays, nearly all the festival days of the Church 
being devoted partly to amusement. On these occasions, 
they drank, sang, danced, practiced archery, played athletic 
games, and passed most of the day in merriment. Nearly 
all the occupations now pursued in the rural districts were 
in use in the earliest times. 

94. The desire for luxury, even as early as the twelfth 
century, produced twenty kinds of bread alone. Loaves 
were made into different shapes, and were of different quali- 
ties. There was the Pope's loaf, the court loaf, the peer's 
loaf, the knight's loaf, the squire's loaf, the varlet's loaf, etc. 
There were also fashions in bread as in other things. The 
white bread of Ohailly (shal-ye'), a village ten miles south of 
Paris, attained a wide celebrity, and was found on the tables 
of nearly all the rich people of the fourteenth century. At 
the tables of the great, peacocks, cranes, herons, swans, 
crows, storks, cormorants, and bitterns were considered deli- 
cacies, and were eaten to the sound of music. 

95. The court fool or buffoon formed a part of the royal 

* Of these the church of Notre Dame, in Paris, is an example. (See page 70.) 

93. What is said of the distinction in dress between the nobles and the lower 
classes ? What was the dress of the peasant ? What is said of their amusements ? 
Their occupations ? 

94. What is said of the bread of the twelfth century ? Of the bread of Chailly and 
of the meats used on the tables of the rich ? 

95. Give an account of the court fool. 



THE CAPETIAK DYNASTY. 95 



household from a very early period. These were originally 
dwarfs, and were chosen for their wit, or skill in jugglery. 
They wore a sort of horned hood and a slashed doublet, and 
carried a small wand, terminating in a grotesque head ; and 
sometimes had attached to it by a string an inflated bladder 
filled with peas, with which they struck persons with mock 
violence. They were allowed great latitude in speech, and 
their humorous sayings often contained much wholesome 
advice. They continued to form a part of the king's retinue 
down to the time of Louis XIV. 

96. It was the custom in the middle ages for the nobility 
to send their sons and daughters to serve an "apprentice- 
ship of honor and virtue," at the court of the sovereign. 
There they were assigned positions as squires, pages, varlets, 
maids of honor, etc. The modern court of ladies is said to 
have originated with Anne of Brittany, who requested the 
attendance of the daughters of the nobles at her court ; and 
she took great pains in the formation of their manners, and 
in the direction of their education. 

97. Distinguished Men. — Among the eminent men of 
this period, may be mentioned Abelard (1079-1142), illus- 
trious for his genius as a philosopher and lecturer ; * St. Ber- 
nard (1091-1153), f the famous preacher of the second cru- 

* The story of Abelard and Heloise is a singularly romantic one. The latter, the niece 
of the canon Fulbert, was intrusted to Abelard to be educated ; but the teacher became 
a lover, and she reciprocated his affection. They fled, and were privately married ; but, 
to escape the vengeance of Fulbert, she sought refuge in a convent, while Abelard after- 
ward became distinguished for his learning and eloquence as a public teacher. When 
the nunnery to which Heloise belonged was suppressed, Abelard was enabled to offer her 
and her sister nuns an asylum in the Paraclete, an institution which he had founded ; 
and there, after eleven years of separation, the lovers were, for a time, reunited. His 
death occurred soon after, and Heloise caused him to be buried in the Paraclete, where 
subsequently she was herself interred by his side. After having been several times ex- 
humed, the remains of both now rest beneath a beautiful mausoleum in the Cemetery of 
Pere la Chaise, in Paris. 

t St. Bernard was born at Fontaines, in Burgundy, and was educated for a clerical or 
monastic life, upon which he entered with wonderful zeal and enthusiasm. Rigorous 
bodily chastisement, long continued, is said to have reduced him almost to a skeleton, 
and to have rendered him nearly insensible to bodily pain. In 1115, with a number of 
other monks, he founded a new brotherhood, at a place which he called Clairvaux (beau- 
tiful valley) ; and the community soon acquired a wide-spread reputation for the sanc- 
tity of its members. Multitudes flocked thither to be cured of their diseases by one 
who himself was emaciated by fasting and sickness. Afterward, yielding to the advice 
of physicians, he regained his strength, which he expended in behalf of religion and the 
Church, the cause of which he eloquently defended. He died at the age of 62 ; and his 
body was buried in the church of Clairvaux. In 1165, his name was placed in the calen- 
dar of the Church as a saint. 



96. What is said of the education of the children of the nobility ? Who was the 
originator of the modern court of ladies ? 

97. Mention some of the distinguished men of this period. 



96 THE CAPETIA^- DYNASTY. 

sade, and celebrated not only for his devotion but for his exten- 
sive learning ; Jehan de Joinville (1223-1317), who wrote a 
biography of St. Louis, noted for its graphic description of 
all the minute events of that famous reign ; and the Abbe 
Suger (1085-1152), the most eminent of politicians during 
the reign of Louis VI. and Louis VII. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

A. D. 

987. Hugh Capet. Reigned 9 years. 

996. Robert. Reigned 35 years. 
1000. Year of the predicted millennium. 
1031. Henry I. Reigned 29 years. 
1041. The Truce of God. 
1060. Philip I. Reigned 48 years. 
1066. Conquest of England by William of Normandy. 
1095. First crusade preached. 
1103. Louis VI. (the Fat). Reigned 29 years. 
1108. Enfranchisement of the Communes. 
1137. Louis VII. (the Young). Reigned 43 years. 
1147. The Second Crusade. 
1180. Philip II. (Augustus). Reigned 43 years. 
1190. The Third Crusade. 
1204. End of the English rule in France. 
1209. Crusade against the Albigenses. 
1218. Death of Simon de Montfort. 
1223. Louis VIII. Reigned 3 years. 

1226. Louis IX. (St. Louis). Reigned 44 years. Two crusades under- 
taken. 
1229. The Albigenses subdued. Inquisition established at Toulouse. 
1270. Philip III. (the Hardy). Reigned 15 years. 
1282. The massacre of the Sicilian Vespers. 
1285. Philip IV. (the Fair). Reigned 29 years. 
1296. Contest with Pope Boniface. 
1302. Battle of Courtray. 
1302. Convocation of the States-General. 
1305. Clement V. Pope at Avignon. 
1312. Order of Knights Templars abolished. 
1314. Louis X. (Hutin). Reigned 2 years. 

1316. Philip V. {the Tall). Reigned 5 years. Salic law confirmed. 
1322. Charles IV. (the Fair). Reigned 6 years. 



THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY. 97 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE CAPETIANS. 



Hugh. Capet. 

I 

Kobert. 

I 



I I 

Hugh (died 1026). Henry I. 

I 

Philip I. 

I 

Louis VI. (le Gros). 

I 
Louis VII. (& Jeune). 

I 

Philip II. (Augustus). 

I 

Louis VIII. 

I 



I I 

Louis IX. (St. Louis). Charles of Anjou. 

I 

I 
Philip III. (le Hardi). Robert, Count of Clermont, founder 

j of the House of Bourbon. 

i 

Philip IV. (le Bel). Charles, Count of Valois. 

Philip (VI.) of Valois. 

~\ I I 

Louis X. {Rutin). Philip V. (le Long). Charles IV. (le Bel). Isabella, 

Queen of England. 

I 
Edward HI. of England. 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL REVIEW. 

PAGE 

1. State what you can of the beginning of Modern France 53 

2. Of the contest between Hugh Capet and Charles of Lorraine 53, 54 

3. Name the principal events in the reign of Robert Capet 54, 55, 56 

4. Give the particulars of his troubles growing out of his marriage with his 

cousin 54, 55 

5. Of his troubles growing out of his second marriage 55, 56 

6. Of the rebellion of his Norman vassals 55 

7. Of the persecution of the Jews ....:. .- 55, 72, 84, 89 

8. By what contest did Henry I. gain the throne ? 56 

9. Name the principal events in the reign of Henry 1 56, 57 

10. State what you can of Robert of Normandy 56, 57 

11. Of the contest his son William had to secure to himself the province of 

Normandy 57 

12. Give the account of William's invasion of England 57, 58, 59 



98 THE CAPETTAN DYNASTY. 

PAGE 

13. Give the facts in relation to Harold, son of Earl Godwin 58, 59 

14 What contest did "William have with Philip I. ? 59, 65 

15. Why was the first crusade undertaken ? 59, 60 

16. What preparations were made for it ? 60, 61 

17. Describe Peter the Hermit, and give an account of his agency 60 

18. Give an account of the expedition under Walter the Penniless 60 

19. How was the second army organized and commanded ? 61 

20. Give an account of its march, sufferings, and successes 61, 62 

21. Of the result of its operation 61 

22. Of what benefit to Europe did the crusade prove ? , 62, 63 

23. State what you can of the two orders of knights 62, 85, 86 

24. Of the institution of knight-errantry 62, 63 

25. Give the origin and description of the Commune 63, 64, 71 

26. Now name the events in the reign of. Philip 1 57 to 65 

27. Of those during the reign of his son Louis 65, 66 

28. Of those during the reign of his son, Louis Vn 66 to 69 

29. What forces and commanders composed the second crusade ? 67 

30. Give an account of Louis's expedition 67, 68 

31. Of his domestic troubles 68, 69, 70 

32. State what you can of Louis's adviser, Suger 71 

33. What were the important events during the reign of Philip Augustus ?. .. 72 to 79 

34. Why was the third crusade undertaken ? 73 

35. Give an account of it 73, 74, 75 

36. Give an account of King Eichard of England 73, 74 

37. Give the history and persecution of the Albigenses 75, 76, 79 

38. What were the important events in the reign of St. Louis ? 79 to 82 

39. State what you can of the Inquisition 79 

40. Give an account of St. Louis's first crusade 80 

41. Give an account of his second crusade 81 

42. What was his character and what his works ? 81, 82 

43. State all you can of Philip in 82, 83 

44. What were the important events in the reign of Philip IV. ? 84, 85, 86, 87 

45. What were the great changes of the Capetian period ? 90 

46. How were they effected? 87, 89, 90,91 

47. What is stated of trade, commerce, etc. ? 91, 92 

48. Of guilds and corporations ? 92 

49. Of the progress of learning ? 92, 93 

50. Of architecture ? 93, 94 

51. Of the manners and customs ? 94, 95 

52. Of the distinguished men of the period ? 95, 96 

Note— " The history of the Merovingians is that of barbarians invading Gaul and settling 
upon the ruins of the Roman empire. The history of the Carlovingians is that of the 
greatest of the barbarians taking upon himself to resuscitate the Eoman empire, and of 
Charlemagne's descendants disputing amongst themselves for the fragments of his fabric, 
as fragile as it was grand. Amidst this vast chaos and upon this double ruin was formed 
the feudal system, which, by transformation after transformation, became, ultimate- 
ly, France. Hugh Capet, one of its chieftains, made himself its king. The Capetians 
achieved the French kingship."— Guizofs History oj France. 



ProgressiveMapsJv?? 2 and3. 




THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. 99 



SECTION 1^. 

The House oe Valois. 

Extending from the Accession of Philip VI. (1328) to that of Louis XII. 

(1498). 

1328 1. Philip VI. — Philip of Valois, grandson of 
to Philip III. (see Genealogical Table), now ascended 
the throne of France. He had a competitor for the 
regency in Edward III. of England, who was a grandson of 
Philip IV. Louis, Count of Flanders, was at that time en- 
gaged in putting down a revolt of his subjects. Philip col- 
lected an army immediately, and marched to his assistance. 
In the battle which ensued, Philip routed the Flemings com- 
pletely ; and the Count of Flanders being now fully rein- 
stated, Philip entered Paris amid great rejoicings, and with 
the good will of most of the feudal lords, who believed that 
by him, who was one of their number, their interests would 
be protected. 

2. Eobert of Artois (ar-twah') at this time laid claim to 
the county of Artois, which had been for many years in 
the hands of the females of that house.* Philip, however, 
was not disposed to acknowledge his claim. The lawyers, 
also, declared that the papers which appeared to establish 
his claim were false ; and to this was added a charge that 
he had attempted to poison his aunt and her daughters, 
and had even used magic to produce the death of the king 
himself. On learning of this last charge, Eobert fled to 

* "Robert, Count d'Artois, was the man above all others who had most assisted Philip 
to gain possession of the crown: he was one of the wisest and greatest barons in 
France, of the highest birth, being descended from kings. His wife was dister-german 
to Philip, whose special companion and friend he had been in all his fortunes ; and for 
the space of three years he managed everything in France— so that nothing was done 
without his knowledge."— Froissart's Chronicles. 

1 . Who was Philip of Valois ? Who fought at the battle of Cassel ? What was 
the result ? 

2. What is said of Eobert of Artois ? Where did he finally find safety ? How did 
he use his influence there ? 



100 THE HOUSE OP YALOIS. [A. D. 1337. 

Brussels, the charge of sorcery being attended with the 
gravest consequences in that superstitious age. A decree of 
banishment was issued against him, all his goods were con- 
fiscated, and he finally fled to England, where he was wel- 
comed by Edward III., whom he encouraged in his design 
on the French throne (1334). 

3. War with England. — Edward III. haying con- 
quered the Scots, in the great battle of Halidown Hill 
(1333), now turned his attention to France. There the des- 
potic course of Philip had for several years been making his 
own people his enemies. He had debased the coin of the 
kingdom, diminished his revenue by imposing such heavy 
taxes on the merchants that trade was driven to other coun- 
tries, and brought industry almost to a stand-still.* 

4. The nobles of Flanders were in sympathy with the 
French ; her merchants and manufacturers, with the Eng- 
lish. From England much of the raw material which gave 
her large cities their importance was derived. The Flemish 
merchants, under the lead of Van Artevelde (ar-ta-veW) of 
Ghent, formed an alliance with Edward. Philip, on the 
other hand, entered into an alliance with Scotland. The 
first action took place on an island at the mouth of the 
Scheldt (slcelt), where a force of Flemish knights lay block- 
ading the ports of Flanders. An English fleet attacked them 
and drove them away. -This was the first action of the 
"Hundred Years' War" (1337). 

5. Each side now fitted out a fleet, and employed it for 
some time in making descents upon the other's coast. The 
French were the first to act. Their fleet constantly threat- 
ened the English ports, making attacks from time to time in 
different places. Edward sailed from London with a force 
of 120 vessels and 16,000 soldiers, and came up with the 

* To such an extent was spurious money issued by Philip, that, in 1342, the value of 
coin is said to have changed every week. 

3. What were some of the unpopular measures of Philip ? 

4. Why were the Flemish merchants in sympathy with England ? What was the 
first battle of the Hundred Years' War ? Describe it. 

5. Give an account of the battle of Sluys. What did the King of England do after 
the battle ? Where is Sluys ? Tournay ? St. Omer ? (See Progressive Map, No. 4.) 



A. I>. 1344.1 THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. 101 

French near Sluys (slots), where they awaited him with 200 
yessels and 40,000 men. The battle lasted more than nine 
hours, and ended in the destruction of the naval power of 
France. Thirty thousand men perished, the greater part of 
them being Frenchmen (1340). Edward landed, hoping for 
the assistance of the Flemings in his land operations ; but 
after making an attempt to take Tournay, and suffering a 
defeat at St. Omer, he consented to a truce and withdrew. 

6. War in Brittany. — A dispute which now arose in 
Brittany, again brought Philip and Edward into the field. 
Duke John died in 1341 without heirs. A contest for the 
succession arose immediately between his half-brother, John 
of Montfort, and his niece's husband, Charles, Count of 
Blois (bliuah). Charles, being the nephew of King Philip, 
received his support. John of Montfort called to his aid 
Edward III., promising to pay homage to him and to recog- 
nize him as King of France. The war began at once, and 
was waged with much cruelty. During its progress, John 
of Montfort was captured and sent to Paris, and Robert of 
Artois was killed. Shortly afterward, the Pope interfered 
and brought about a three years' truce (1343).* 

7. Second Invasion of the English. — Philip's exac- 
tions at home still continued, and he alienated many by an 
unnecessary act of treachery and cruelty. Oliver Clisson 
and fourteen Breton lords were invited by Philip to a tourna- 
ment and banquet at Paris, and while there they were sud- 
denly attacked and beheaded. This act roused all Brittany. 
Peace was declared between the rival factions, and the aid 
of Edward was invoked against the French king (1344), 
and France was invaded at three points. The English, un- 
der the Earl of Derby, entered Guienne and pushed inland 
as far as Angouleme (aJuig -goo-lam') ; John de Montfort, 
with another army, entered Brittany and attacked Aiguillon 

* A striking figure in this war in Brittany is that of Jeanne de Montfort, who put on 
her husband's armor, after his capture, and inspired her troops by her energy and 
daring. 



6. What caused the war in Brittany ? What happened to John of Montfort ? 

7. What was the fate of Oliver Clisson ? What, was the result of his death ? What 
changed the destination of Edward's army ? What course did he finally take ? 



102 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. [A. D. 1346. 

(a-glie-yong r ) ; while Edward himself took command of a 
third army designed to enter Flanders and operate in the 
north of France. The assassination of Van Artevelde, how- 
ever, caused Edward to suspect the friendship of the Flem- 
ings, and he sailed for the south of France ; hut a vio- 
lent storm prevented him from reaching it. He finally 
landed at Cape La Hogue in Normandy with 32,000 men 
(1346). 

8. He captured many towns, and made an attempt upon 
Eouen, hut, finding it too strong, prudently gave it up, and 
marched along the left hank of the Seine toward Paris. 
Sending his couriers in the direction of the capital to burn 
the villages, he crossed the Seine at Poissy (pwah'sy). The 
French king now set out in pursuit with a large but badly 
disciplined army, it having been collected since Edward 
landed in Normandy. The English army, fighting its way 
across a ford of the river Somme (som), halted near the vil- 
lage of Crecy (hres'e). 

9. The Battle of Cr6cy. — The English were drawn 
up on the hillside of Crecy in three lines of battle, the king 
in the rear, and the Prince of Wales (called the Black 
Prince, from the color of his armor) in the front, with a 
strong force of archers. * The French advanced to the attack 
in great confusion. A thunder-shower coming on just be- 
fore the action, and wetting the bow-strings of the French, 
made them useless ; while the English bowmen, who had 
kept their bow-strings dry by putting them under their 
coats, advanced to the attack late in the afternoon, when 
the rays of the setting sun shone full in the faces of the 
French. The result of the battle was a disastrous defeat 
of the French king, who retreated, during the darkness, to 

* " The English archers advanced each one step in silence, and by one volley slaughtered 
•and discomfited the Genoese. The French knights, enraged, drew their swords on the 
unfortunate auxiliaries and cut their wav through to arrive at the enemy. Thev encoun- 
tered the first line of the English under the Prince of Wales ; and here was the heat of 
the battle. Edward was sent to for aid ; but he who saw the strife and knew the mettle 
of his men, refused. 'Let my son win his spurs!' said the monarch; and bravely did 
young Edward earn these symbols of knighthood."— Crowe's History of France. 



8. Describe the line of march of the English. Where did they halt ? 

9. Give an account of the battle of Crecy. 



A. D. 1347.] THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 103 

Amiens, leaving 11 princes, 80 baronets, 1,200 knights, and 
30,000 soldiers dead on the field (1346.)* 

10. The Siege of Calais. — After the battle of Crecy, 
the English king continued his march to the coast, and laid 
seige to Calais (kal'is), which was starved into submission 
(1347). The terms which Edward imposed were, that all 
the inhabitants should surrender, and that six citizens, bear- 
ing the keys of the town and castle, should be sent to him 
stripped, with halters around their necks, to be dealt with 
as he should order. Eustace St. Pierre and five others vol- 
untarily gave themselves up, and were brought into Ed- 
ward's camp as he had directed. He ordered that they 
should be beheaded, but his queen, Philippa, pleaded in 
their behalf, and their lives were saved. All the inhabit- 
ants of Calais, however, were removed, and it was repeopled 
with English, and remained an English town many years. 

11. The Black Death. — The surrender of Calais led to 
a ten months' truce, which both monarchs, being weary of 
the war, willingly signed. Another scourge now came to 
add its horrors to those of war. A pestilence, known as the 
Black Death, or Plague, made its appearance in Asia, and 
swept over Europe, carrying off not only men but beasts. 
It reached Paris in 1348, and raged with such violence that, 
at times, 800 dead were buried daily in that city alone. A 
report made to the Pope asserts that 80,000 persons perished 
in Paris ; and Europe, according to the historians of the 
time, lost one-third of its inhabitants. Among the victims 
was the Queen of France, f 

* The battle of Crecy was fought on the 26th of August, 1346, and is memorable be- 
cause there, for the first time, cannon were used, and the value of the English bowman 
was gloriously established. Notwithstanding the great superiority of the French in 
numbers, the battle lasted but a few hours, and only the first and second lines of the 
English were engaged. In the heat of the action the blind King of Bohemia directed 
two of his knights to tie his horse's reins to theirs and lead him into the battle. They 
were all killed, and their horses were afterward found standing near their bodies. His 
crest and motto,— three ostrich feathers, and the words Ich Dien, "I serve,"— were 
adopted by the Prince of "Wales in commemoration of this victory, and have been used 
by his descendants to the present time. 

t "Many died in the streets; others left alone in their houses— but the fact of their 
death was known by the smell. Often, husband and wife, son and father, were laid on 
the same bier. Large ditches had been dug, in which the corpses were laid by hundreds. 



1 0. What terms were imposed by Edward on the inhabitants of Calais ? How were 
the lives of St. Pierre and his associates saved ? What change was made in Calais ? 

11. Describe the origin and progress of the Black Death. How many persons per- 
ished ? 



104 THE HOUSE OF Y ALOIS. [A. D. 1338. 

12. The Gabelle. — The remaining years of Philip's 
reign were barren of stirring events. The same reckless 
extravagance and love of gayety which the king had always 
shown made it necessary to the last to impose heavy taxes 
upon the people to meet his expenses. One of the most 
odious of these was the salt tax, known as the gabelle 
{cjah-bel), the king's store-house for salt being called by that 
name. These store-houses were established in many parts of 
the kingdom, and all the salt produced was brought to them, 
and sold at whatever price the king chose to put upon it. 
Philip died in 1350, having married only a short time before 
the beautiful Blanche of Navarre, then eighteen years of age. 

13. Annexation of Territory. — Two additions were 
made to the kingdom of France during the reign of Philip 
VI. : the city and district of Montpellier {mong-pel-ya'), in 
Languedoc, and the province of Dauphine. The former 
was bought of the King of Majorca. Dauphine was sold to 
Philip in 1349 for 120,000 florins, by Humbert II., Count 
of Yienne, who was called the dauphin, or dolphin, of the 
Viennese, on account of a figure of that fish which he car- 
ried on his coat of arms. The province was ceded to his 
grandson, Charles of Normandy, who was called, from this 
circumstance, the Dauphin, a title which was always after- 
ward given to the eldest son of the King of Prance. 

14. Taxes. — Use of Gunpowder. — Two important 
events which happened during the reign of Philip VI. re- 
main to be noted. In the early part of his reign (1338), a 
law was passed by the States- General, which provided that 
no extraordinary taxes should be levied by the kings of 
France without the consent of the three estates, the monarch 
to bind himself to obey this law by an oath given at his 
coronation. Though the French kings found means of 

like bales in a ship's hold. Every one carried in his hand strong-smelling herbs. The air 
stank with the dead and dying, or with infectious drugs. Alas ! how many lovely ladies, 
how many amiable young persons, dined in the morning with their friends, who, when 
evening came, supped with their ancestors ! "—Boccaccio. 

12. Whom did the king marry ? What was the gabelle ? Why so called ? 

13. What additions were made to the territory of France ? What is the origin of 
the name dauphin f To whom was it afterwarc applied ? 

14. What important law was passed ? What is said of the use of gunpowder ? 



A. D. 1351.] 



THE HOUSE OF V ALOIS. 



105 



evading this law, the principle there laid down re-appeared 
and became the watchword of liberty in many countries. 
The other important event was the use of gunpowder, already 
mentioned in the account of the battle of Crecy. This 
proved a most effective instrument in hastening the down- 
fall of feudalism, the humblest peasant armed with a mus- 
ket being more than the equal of the proudest knight. 




CANNON OF THE 14TH CENTURY. 

1350 !**• ^°^ in Q e -B° n — the Good). — John of Nor- 
to mandy, who ascended the throne at his father's 
1 364 ^ ea th 3 did not depart from the unwise course marked 
out by Philip of Valois. Prodigal in disposition, and fa- 
miliar with the custom of extorting money from the peo- 
ple to supply the pleasures of the king, he squandered the 
public treasure, sold offices and dignities to his favorites,* 
and continued the practice, long pursued by the kings of 
France, of debasing the coin. So great had his need of 
money now become, that he even formed the plan of openly 
demanding from the people the amount his extravagance 
required, instead of gathering it indirectly in the form of 
taxes. To this end, therefore, he called together the States- 
General (1351). He failed in his purpose, however ; instead 
of getting money as he had hoped, he was forced to listen 

* It was on account of his extravagance and lavish expenditure upon his favorites 
that he was called le Bon, which properly means the good fellow. 

I 5. What was the surname of John of Normandy ? Mention some of his unpopu- 
lar acts. Why did he convene the States-General ? What was the result ? 

5* 



106 THE HOUSE OE VALOIS. [A. D. 1355. 

to complaints concerning his spendthrift ways, and was even 
compelled to make promises of reform. 

18. The long-standing quarrel for the title of King of 
France was now revived by the entrance of a third claimant. 
This was Charles of Navarre, whose meddlesome disposition 
secured for him the surname of Charles the Bad. He was a 
grandson of Louis X., and not only laid claim to the throne, 
but murdered one of the king's favorites who had been pre- 
ferred before him. For this act, the king confiscated a por- 
tion of his estates, and Charles fled to England, where he 
incited Edward III. to a new war against France. 

17. War 'with England. — Edward was easily persuaded 
to undertake a new invasion. He landed at Calais, and laid 
waste the adjoining country ; while his son the Black Prince 
landed at Bordeaux {lor -do), and pillaged the south of 
France without opposition (1355). The treasury of the 
French king was empty, and his people disaffected. Another 
meeting of the States-General was called, at which the rep- 
resentatives of the people spoke more boldly than ever 
against the wasteful excesses of the king. An army and the 
means to support it were promised by. them, provided a 
committee of their number might supervise the expenditure 
of the money, no part of which was to be devoted to the 
king's private use. The bankrupt monarch was compelled 
to yield to these humiliating terms. 

18. An incident which happened at this time gave Ed- 
ward another pretext for action. Charles of Navarre had 
returned to France under a treaty of peace concluded some 
time before. He had again, however, placed himself in 
opposition to the king on account of a heavy tax which the 
latter had levied. The dauphin invited Charles of Navarre, 
his friend, the Count of Harcourfc, and several other lords 
to a great feast at Rouen. "When the banquet was at its 

1 6. Who was Charles the Bad ? What claim did he make ? Why was he forced to 
flee to England ? 

17. At what points did the English invade France ? Who commanded the army 
that landed in the south ? What did the States-General do ? 

1 8 . What act of treachery did the king commit ? What became of Charles of 
Kavarre ? 



A. ». 1356.] THE HOUSE OE VALOIS. 107 

height, the king entered, seized the King of Navarre, and 
ordered him to be thrown into prison ; and the Count of 
Harcourt, with three other lords, were led out to the castle- 
yard (miscalled the Field of Pardon), and beheaded (1356). 

19. The Battle of Poitiers.— Edward III. lost little 
time in taking up the quarrel of his friend, the captive King 
of Navarre. Edward the Black Prince took the field with 
a small army of 8,000 to 12,000 men, and for some time 
ravaged the south of France unmolested. On turning to the 
coast, however, he found his retreat cut off by the French 
king, who had crossed the Loire, and placed his army be- 
tween the English and the sea. King John, in person, com- 
manded the French army, which consisted of 26 dukes, 
140 baronets, and 50,000 men. The Black Prince, seeing 
his danger, chose his battle-ground a short distance north of 
Poitiers (poi-teerz'), on the top of a rough hill, covered with 
vineyards, crossed by hedges, and made difficult of access by 
low shrubbery. The only approach to the top of the hill was 
by a narrow road which could be commanded by a small force. 

20. The French king, in his eagerness to wipe out the 
disgrace of Crecy, forgot all prudence. He ordered his 
horsemen to begin the attack along this road. The English 
bowmen showered their arrows upon them, and, in a few 
moments, the force of the attack was broken, and the horses, 
rendered furious and unmanageable, galloped madly back 
upon the French lines behind them, and threw them into 
confusion. At this moment, with the cry of "St. George 
and Guienne ! " the English charged, and drove the first 
and second lines of the French off the field in disorder. 
Another blunder was now committed by King John. He 
commanded his knights, who were clad in heavy armor, to 
dismount and fight on foot. The Black Prince, on the con- 
trary, ordered his horsemen to mount, and the French, being 
now on the open plain, were ridden down and trampled un- 

19. How did the King of England avenge the wrongs of Charles of Navarre? 
What great battle was fought ? What was the position of the two armies ? Where is 
Poitiers ? (See Progressive Map, No. 4.) 

20. Give an account of the battle. What mistake was made by the French com- 
mander ? What became of John and his son ? 



108 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. [A. ». 1356. 

der foot without help. King John and his youngest son, 
Philip, threw themselves into the midst of the action, and 
strove to turn the tide in their favor, but without success. 
Both were captured, and the French army was beaten back 
upon Poitiers. 

21. The battle began at daybreak and ended at noon, on 
the 19th of September (1356). Eleven thousand French 
were left on the field, among them more than 2,400 nobles ; 
and 100 barons, 2,000 men-at-arms, and many of less rank 
were taken prisoners. The loss of the English was only 
2,500. The Black Prince marched at once to Bordeaux, 
releasing nearly all of his prisoners on patrol, their number 
being so great as to embarrass him. He concluded a two 
years' truce with France, and immediately embarked for 
London, taking with him John and his young son Philip.* 

22. Great dissatisfaction prevailed throughout France on 
receipt of the news of the disaster at Poiters. The army 
was beaten and scattered, and the king a prisoner ; a second 
and greater disgrace was added to that of Crecy. New taxes 
were necessary to equip another army, and to ransom the 
prisoners taken at Poitiers. Still more gloomy was the situ- 
ation made by the absence of any hopeful national senti- 
ment. The people blamed their captive king for the mis- 
fortunes under which they were suffering. 

23. The States-General. — Stephen Marcel. — In the 
midst of this general gloom and anger, the dauphin called a 
meeting of the States-General. So bold were the represen- 
tatives of the people in their demands for better government 
by the king, that the dauphin adjourned the assembly in 
alarm ; but he was forced to call it together again, as the 
treasury was empty. After many stormy debates, in which 

* After the capture of the French king and his son, they were conducted to the tent 
of the Black Prince, who treated them with the utmost respect, waiting upon the king 
at supper as if he had heen his own father, and cheering him by kind and consoling 
words. During his stay in England, John was treated more like a guest than a prisoner. 



2 1 . What was the loss of the French ? Of the English ? 

22. What was the feeling in France in regard to the battle of Poitiers ? 

23. At the meeting of the States-General, what did the third estate demand ? Who 
was their spokesman ? What office did he hold ? What were the principal measures 
passed ? 



A. D. 1357.1 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 109 

the rights of the people were boldly and ably asserted by 
Stephen Marcel, provost of the merchants of Paris, an ordi- 
nance was agreed npon and passed, the principal provisions 
of which were, that taxes should be collected, and the money 
so collected paid out by officers appointed by the States- 
General ; that the defense of the kingdom should be in- 
trusted to a committee of thirty-six, twelve from each estate ; 
that the depreciation of coin should cease ; that all men 
should be armed and form a national guard ; and that the 
States- General should meet twice a year without waiting for 
the call of the king (1357). 

24. This ordinance was the first great check which royalty 
had received, and both ruler and nobles could not fail to 
see that the hand which had given this check was that of 
the people. As soon as the dauphin, therefore, was free of 
the States-General, he began to evade the fulfillment of his 
promises. After several acts which served to increase the 
suspicion in which he was held by his people, he ordered 
again the debasement of coin. 

25, The storm broke at once. Marcel called the trades- 
men of Paris to arms, and marching at their head to the 
dauphin's quarters, demanded that he should dismiss his un- 
wise counselors, and seriously devote himself to the govern- 
ment of the kingdom and the protection of his people. A 
few bitter words passed between them, when Marcel, seeing 
that nothing was to be hoped for from the treacherous dau- 
phin, turned to his attendants and commanded them to com- 
plete the work for which they had come. In a moment the 
marshals of Champagne and Normandy, the counselors of 
the dauphin, were stabbed and fell at his feet, staining his 
robe with their blood. Marcel then placed upon the dau- 
phin's head the cap which he himself had worn, and which 
was made of red and blue, the colors of the city of Paris, 
and the bodies of the murdered marshals were thrown out 
to the people. 

24. Did the dauphin keep his promises to the States-General ? 

25. Give an account of the assassination of the marshals. 



110 THE HOUSE OF T ALOIS. [A. ». 1358. 

26. The inhabitants of Paris applauded the act of Marcel, 
who now fonnd himself ruler of the city and in arms against 
the dauphin. The latter withdrew, taking with him the 
nobles, who saw with dread the rising power of the people, 
and instinctively took the side of the dauphin. Unfortu- 
nately, the situation of the kingdom at this time was such 
that Paris could hope for no aid from other cities or from 
the country. Communication between them was difficult ; 
companies of soldiers called "free lances,*' roamed the coun- 
try, plundering and burning ; and safety was only to be 
found behind the walls of fortified towns and cities. Paris 
stood alone in the bold position which had been taken. 

27. Prompt action was necessary on the part of Marcel, as 
the dauphin was already raising an army, and discontent 
began to appear in Paris itself. In his difficulty, he deter- 
mined to release the imprisoned Charles of Navarre, bring 
him to Paris, and proclaim him king, hoping that his de- 
pendence upon the people, if he were thus raised to power, 
would lead him to deal justly with them. Only a part of 
this plan, however, could be carried out. The King of Xa- 
varre was released and brought to Paris, and Marcel demand- 
ed of the dauphin that his property should be restored to 
him and his rights respected. The dauphin promised, but 
failed to keep his word. 

28. The Jacquerie. — A new danger now appeared, 
which for a time drew the attention of all away from Paris, 
and divided the kingdom into two great parties, the nobles 
and the people. The miseries of the latter had grown so 
great that they could bear them no longer. They rose in 
arms, and forming themselves into bands, marched through 
the country, sacking the castles of the nobles, and pillaging 
without restraint. This rising was called the Jacquerie 
(zhak'e-re), from Jacques Bonhomme {zliak ~bon-om')* the 

* "Froissart imagines that the name 'Jacques Bonhomme ' meant a particular person, 



26. In what position was Marcel placed ? Why was Paris cut off from the rest of 
France ? 

2 7. What did Marcel now do ? Was the plan carried out ? 

28. What was the origin of the Jacquerie? What did the peasants do ? Who 
was their leader ? 



A. ». 1358.] THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. Ill 

name then generally given to a peasant. The nobles leagued 
together to defend themselves, and having captured and hung 
the leader of the peasants, they turned against the cities 
(1358). 

29. Death of Marcel. — Marcel and the citizens of 
Paris soon discovered that the King of Nav.arre was false to 
them ; his fear of the people, and his natural sympathy 
with the nobility leading him into plots with the dauphin. 
Marcel's power was waning fast. In his desire to see a sta- 
ble government in France, he offered the crown first to the 
King of Navarre, and afterward to the dauphin. The lat- 
ter refused to enter Paris while the murderer of the mar- 
shals lived. The former, however, accepted, and secret pre- 
parations were made to admit him into the city and proclaim 
him king. The night of the 31st of July was chosen, 
and Marcel rode down to one of the gates of the city 
with the keys in his hand. His design was suspected, how- 
ever ; and, before he could carry it out, he was killed by 
one of his former associates.* Two days after, the dau- 
phin entered Paris, and for several days the blood of his en- 
emies was shed without mercy. 

30. Charles of Navarre at once retreated to Normandy, 
where he gathered an army and began a new war. The 
dauphin, however, purchased a peace. King John, mean- 
while, had made a treaty of peace with the English king, the 
terms of which were indignantly rejected by the States- 
General ; the voice of the people being that they would bear 
their heavy burdens still longer rather than sacrifice their 

a leader in these risings. But we must not credit Froissart with any accurate knowledge 
of the peasant and his ways. Jacques Bonhomme was the common nickname, the 
' Giles ' or ' Hodge ' of France, the name of the peasant generally ; and from it such ris- 
ings as this of 1358 came to he called the 'Jacquerie,' or the disturbances of the 
' Jacques.' "— Kite/tin's History of France. 

* "Maillart raised his battle-axe against Marcel. Giffard threw himself before Marcel 
and covered him for a moment with his body ; but the struggle had begun in earnest. 
Maillart plied his axe upon Marcel, who fell pierced with many wounds. Six of his com- 
rades shared the same faith. Thus perished, after scarcely three years' uolitical life, and 
by the hands of his former friends, a man of rare capacity and energy, who at the out- 
set had formed none but patriotic designs, and had, no doubt, promised himself a better 
fate."— GuizoVs History of France. 



29. Why did Marcel break off negotiations with the King of Navarre ? What was 
now Marcel's only object? To whom did he next appeal ? "What was the result ? 

30. What became of Charles of Navarre ? What was the feeling in France in re- 
gard to the treaty with England ? 



112 THE HOUSE OP VALOIS. [A. D. 1360. 

country thus, and that "King John should remain a pris- 
oner in England, leaving the remedy for their ills to Cod, 
who would provide one in his own good time. " 

31. The news of the rejection of the treaty enraged the 
English king, who at once declared the truce hroken, and 
made ready to invade France. In the autumn (1359) he 
landed at Calais. The dauphin did not oppose the English 
king in the field. All troops were withdrawn to the forti- 
fied towns and cities, and the invaders were permitted to 
ravage the open country at their will. The English- king 
even marched to Paris, and challenged the dauphin before 
its walls. Tired at last, however, of a war in which there 
was neither glory nor plunder, and finding that his army 
was gradually melting away by sickness and the attacks of 
the maddened peasantry, he accepted proposals for peace. 

32. The Peace of Bretigny. — A treaty was signed 
(1360) at Bretigny (hre-teen'ye). According to its terms, 
the English king renounced all claim to the throne of 
France ; gave up certain possessions in France while retain- 
ing others, — principally those which had belonged to the 
Plantagenets ; and withdrew from his alliance with the 
Flemish. The dauphin, on the other hand, agreed to pay 
3,000,000 gold crowns for the ransom of his father, and to 
give up his alliance with Scotland. Humiliating as these 
terms were, nothing remained to impoverished France but 
to comply with them. King John was accordingly brought 
over to Calais, and remained there till the first installment 
of his ransom was paid (October 25, 1360).* 

33. King John, on his return to Paris, set about the work 
of reform ; but this was soon interrupted by projects more 
to his taste. The death of Philip of Eouvres {roo'vr) put 

* The money for this was received from the Lord of Milan, who paid 600,000 florins for 
the honor of an alliance between his son and Isabella, the king's daughter, then only 
eleven years of age. 



31 . What effect did the rejection of the treaty have ? How did the dauphin con- 
duct the war ? Was the English king successful ? 

32. What were the terms of the peace of Bretignv ? How was the first installment 
of the money needed for the king's ransom obtained ? 

33. Who was the new Duke of Burgundy ? What attempt did the king make? 
What frustrated it ? 



A. D. 1364.] THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 113 

him in possession of Burgundy, which he gave to his fourth 
son, Philip, who had won his title of le Hardi {the told) 
on the field of Poitiers. He made an attempt, also, to 
cheek the ravages of the free lances, or free companies, but 
was defeated. He had just formed a project for ridding 
France of these roving companies by sending them on a cru- 
sade, when he learned that one of his sons, the Duke of 
Anjou, who had been left at Calais as a hostage for the pay- 
ment of the king's ransom, had escaped. He immediately 
made his son Charles regent, left Paris, and gave himself up 
in his son's place. * He was taken to London, where he 
was hospitably received ; but, after a brief illness, he died 
(1364). f 

1364 34. Charles V. {le Sage — the Wise). — Charles, 
to the regent, now became king. He was in every respect 
his father's opposite. Pale and sickly, religious and 
much given to study, he had no taste for the rude sports of 
the feudal barons, and proved himself in time their bitterest 
enemy. The wasted country expected no relief from the 
studious young king ; but so great were the results pro- 
duced by him that, before many years had passed, witchcraft 
was the only name which his superstitious people could find 
for his achievements. He saw that a king, to be powerful, 
must be at peace with his people ; and his own experience 
had taught him that advantages gained by war must not be 
thrown away from any false sense of honor. 

35. His first measure was to establish a fixed money 
standard, and to forbid all tampering with the coin of the 
realm. His next was to get possession of two cities belong- 
ing to Charles of Navarre, which commanded the Seine, 
and could be used to favor the invasions of the Eng- 
lish. Both these cities were captured by stratagem. The 



* This king nobly said : " If good faith were banished from the earth it ought to be 
still found in the hearts of kings." 

t The king of England gave him a magnificent funeral. His body was afterward car- 
ried to France, and interred in the abbey of St. Denis. # 



34. What was the character of Charles V.? How was he regarded by his people ? 

35. What were some of his first measures? What was done by the King of 
Navarre ? The result ? 



114 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. [A. D. 1365. 

King of Navarre answered this treachery by sending an invad- 
ing army into Normandy. Charles V. sent a few thousand 
men to meet them, under Bertrand Du Guesclin (ga-lclang'), 
a Breton free lance recently taken into his service. Du Grues- 
clin lured his opponent from a strong position he had chosen 
on a hill, by a pretended flight, then suddenly turned and 
routed the army, capturing its leader. This disaster led 
Charles of Navarre to consent to a treaty of peace, by which 
he received, in exchange for his fiefs in Normandy, the bar- 
ony of Montpellier (1365). 

36. Crusade against Don Pedro of Castile. — The 
French king now matured a plan for accomplishing a double 
purpose : the relief of his kingdom from the curse of the 
free companies and the weakening of the English power in 
the south of France. Don Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile, 
had poisoned his wife, Blanche of Bourbon, the sister-in- 
law of Charles V. He had also threatened his brother, Hen- 
ry of Tras-ta-ma'ra, who sought refuge in France. Charles 
Y. consented to aid the young prince to drive Don Pedro 
from the throne of Castile, and offered him for the purpose 
an army of free lances. Du Guesclin was placed in com- 
mand of the new army. To give the expedition the char- 
acter of a crusade, reports were circulated that Don Pedro 
was a Jew ; and the army, on its way to the south, stopped 
at Avignon to receive the blessing of the Pope, the remission 
of their sins, and a sum of money. 

37. Don Pedro fled without a battle, and finally appeared 
at Bordeaux to claim the protection of the Black Prince ; 
while Henry of Trastamara was made king of Castile. The 
free lances flocked back into France and gathered around the 
Black Prince, who was forming an army to restore Don 
Pedro to his throne. A battle was fought and gained by 
the Black Prince at Najera {nd-harah), Henry of Trasta- 
mara was driven out of Spain, and Don Pedro reinstated 

36. What did Charles V. hope to accomplish by attacking Don Pedro ? What had 
Don Pedro done ? Who commanded the French king's army ? How was it made to 
appear a crusade ? 

37. Where did Don Pedro go for safety ? What part did the Black Prince take in 
this struggle ? What was the effect of the battle of Najera ? What followed ? 



A. D. 1367.] THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 115 

(1367).* Sickness, however, now broke out in the camp of 
the victors. The money which had been promised them 
was not given ; and the Black Prince, in attempting to raise 
it by a tax on his subjects in Gascony and Aquitaine, met 
with a refusal, and incurred the anger of his French subjects 
not only on this account, but because he had helped to 
restore to his throne Don Pedro, who was looked upon as a 
monster of cruelty. 

38. The French king's stratagem, therefore, was doubly 
successful. The popularity of the Black Prince among his 
French subjects was fatally shaken, and France was freed 
from the terror of the free lances. Those that returned from 
Spain crossed into Italy, and enlisted in the service of the 
warring states there, especially in that of the Pope, who 
acquired such power by their aid that he left Avignon under 
their protection, and established himself in Eome. The 
quiet produced by this relief, and the wise reforms which, 
the king had carried out in reducing the taxes, soon restored 
order and prosperity to France. He had also fortified the 
cities, organized military companies throughout the king- 
dom, and filled his treasury. 

39. War with England. — When the Gascon lords came 
to complain of the oppressions of the Black Prince, Charles, 
being prepared for war, threw aside all concealment, and 
summoned him to answer the charge. "I will come," an- 
swered the Prince, "but it shall be with my helmet on 
my head, and 60,000 men at my back." Charles then made 
an alliance with Scotland, bound Flanders to him by a mar- 
riage between his brother, Philip the Bold, and Margaret of 
Flanders, and sent a bold declaration of war to the King 
of England, insulting him at the same time by making a 
kitchen servant his messenger. 

* In this battle, Du Guesclin was taken prisoner: and Don Henry, having escaped, fled 
for safety to the papal court at Avignon. Du Guesclin was afterward ransomed. 



38. What became of the freelances? What did the Pope do ? What was the con- 
dition of France ? 

39. W T hat did the king do when petitioned by the Gascon lords ? What was the 
answer of the Black Prince ? How did Charles insult the King of England when he 
declared war ? 



116 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. [A. D. 1373. 

40. Without waiting for an answer, the French king began 
an attack upon the English possessions in France, and with- 
in a week the province of Ponthieu (pong-too')* was in his 
hands. The English invaded France by way of Calais (1369) ; 
and the .defensive policy was again pursued by Charles V. 
His troops were withdrawn into walled towns, and strict 
orders were given to his army not to risk a battle. The 
English, therefore, as before, ravaged the open country at 
their pleasure, but conquered nothing of importance. Mean- 
time, in the south, the Black Prince found himself betrayed 
by his subjects, and forced to enter upon a campaign to sub- 
due them. So ill was he, however, that he was carried on a 
litter at the head of his army. He attacked and captured 
Limoges (le-mozli) ; and, enraged at the opposition he had 
met, ordered the massacre of more than 3,000 men, women, 
and children (1370). f This inhuman act closed his career 
as a soldier. He returned to Bordeaux, and there sailed for 
England, where he died a few years after. J 

41. The force of the English attack being now somewhat 
spent, Charles began to take more decided measures. Du 
Guesclin, who had been made Constable of France, attacked 
and defeated the English under Eobert Knolles (noles), for- 
merly a noted free lance, and Poitou was reclaimed (1373). 
The same year, the English again landed at Calais with 
30,000 men, and marched through France to Bordeaux ; but 
so poor had the country become, that only one-fifth of the 

* Ponthieu was situated in the northeastern part of France, bordering on the English 
Channel, southwest from Calais. 

t "It was a most melancholy business ; for all ranks, ages, and sexes cast themselves on 
their knees before the prince, begging for mercy ; but he was so inflamed with passion 
and revenge that he listened to none, but all were put to the sword wherever they could 
be found, even those who were not guilty ; for I know not why the poor were not spared, 
who could not have had any part in this treason; but- they suffered for it, and indeed 
more than those who had been the leaders of the treachery. There was not that day, in 
the city of Limoges, any hearts so hardened, or that had any sense of religion, who 
did not deeply bewail the unfortunate events passing before their eyes : for upward of 
three thousand men, women, and children were put to death that day. God have mercy 
on their souls, for they were veritable martyrs ! —FroUsarfs Chronicles. 

% The Black Prince, worn out with suffering, closed his brilliant career in the dark 
smoke volumes of burnt and ruined Limoges. From his litter he saw the massacre he had 
commanded, passed slowly among blackened houses, ruins, and corpses of warriors and 
women. From this last act of war— the summary of war's evil, and a blot on his glory 
forever— he returned to Bordeaux, gloomy and sick. From Bordeaux he crossed to Eng- 
land, where he languished out the sad remainder of his da,ys."—Kitchi?i's Ms. of France. 

40. What policy did Charles pursue when the English entered France ? Of what 
cruelty was the Black Prince guilty ? State the situation of Limoges. (See Progres- 
sive Map, No. 4.) 

41. What part did Du Guesclin take ? Was the next English invasion successful .' 



A. I>. 1380.] THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 117 

army reached the south of France. Cities and provinces fell 
into the hands of the victorious French, till in 1380 five 
coast cities were all that remained to the English of their 
possessions in France. 

42. Attempted Seizure of Brittany. — John of 
Montfort having been driven out of Brittany by a strong 
anti-English sentiment, the duchy was, for a time, without 
a ruler. Charles attempted to seize it, and annex it to the 
crown of France. This act united the Bretons, however, 
and they recalled John of Montfort. The Bretons serving 
in the king's army deserted and returned home ; even Du 
Guesclin angrily resigned, and returned his constable's sword 
to the king. They were afterward reconciled, however, but 
Du Guesclin's day was near its close. While besieging a 
little stronghold in Auvergne, he died (1380).* 

43. Character of Du Guesclin. — Du Guesclin, the 
instrument employed by Charles V. to recover the title 
to military glory which France had lost, was short in stat- 
ure, but of powerful build and a hard fighter ; he was at the 
same time cunning, and utterly without fear. Disregarding 
the false notions of honor which prevented the nobles from 
winning battles on so many occasions, he bent all his ener- 
gies toward a single object, victory, f His harshness toward 
the nobility, and his generous dealing with the poor, joined 
to his military glory, have together made him one of the 
heroes of romance. 

44. Charles V. survived his great captain only a few 
weeks. The disease which had always afflicted him gave 

* " It is told that the captain of the castle, who had promised to surrender in fifteen 
days if he were not relieved, kept his word, and Drought and laid the keys on Du 
Guesclin's death-bed. The tale is not improbable. Du Guesclin bad been the pride of 
the free companies, the father of the soldiers. He made their fortunes, and ruined him- 
self to pay their ransoms."— MicheleVs History of France. 

t " Like the other captains of his time, he preferred stratagem to all other means of 
conquest, and always avoided pledging his word and honor. Before battle he was the 
tactician, the man of resources and subtle device. He could foresee and provide. But 
once in the fight, his Breton head hurried him away ; he plunged into the melee, and that 
so far that he could not always draw back again. He was twice taken, and had to pay 
ransoms."— MicheleVs History of France. 



42. What bold attempt did the king now make ? What 'was the effect ? What 
became of Du Guesclin ? 

43. What was the character of Du Guesclin ? 

44. How long did the king survive Du Guesclin ? Give an account of his death. 



118 THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. [A. ». 1380. 

signs of taking a fatal turn, and he was so advised by his 
physicians. He summoned his family, therefore, and com- 
mending his young son to the care of his brothers, the 
dukes of Berri and Burgundy, and to the queen's brother, 
the Duke of Bourbon, died a few days after at the age of 
forty-four (1380).* 

45. The great service rendered by Charles V. to France has 
caused him to be ranked among her great kings. Assuming 
the crown at a time when the country was exhausted by years 
of war, he saw that the kingdom required rest and an oppor- 
tunity to regain its natural strength. To insure victory he 
set aside the nobles, and chose for the commander of his 
army a man who had earned his fame by success in war. 
Finally, he strove to reduce the burdens of his people ; though 
he was sometimes obliged to undo, in this respect, the work 
already done. Clear-headed, crafty^ unscrupulous, prefer- 
ring the seclusion of his cabinet to the clamor of the battle- 
field, he made the aggrandizement of France his only aim, 
and left her at his death restored in great measure to her 
former dimensions, and no longer despised by her enemies. 

46. Important Acts of Charles V. — He conferred 
the privileges and honors which had long been peculiar to 
the nobles among tradesmen and civil officers ; fixed the ma- 
jority of the king at the age of thirteen ; granted pensions 
instead of land to the sons of the king ; and separated the 
office of regent from that of tutor of the king. He also 
made the parliament of Paris permanent ; f made the pur- 
chase by each family of a certain quantity of salt from the 
royal storehouses compulsory ; and claimed as his right the 

* Before his death he gave orders that Du Guesclin should be buried at St. Denis, next 
to his own tomb ; and on the day of his death he abolished every tax not authorized by 
the States-General. 

t The French parliaments were supreme courts of law, established in some of the most 
important cities. That of Paris, the most ancient, was founded in the 12th century, and 
was at first a court of justice which the king took with him wherever he went. By an 
ordinance of Philip IV., it was fixed at Paris, in 1302. The king, to give force to his laws, 
often compelled the parliament to register his decrees, thus assuming all the legislative, 
powers of the government. When summoned for that purpose, it was called a bed oj 



45. How is Charles V. regarded ? What measures did he take to restore France ? 
What was his character ? 

46. Mention some of the most important measures passed during his reign. 



A. ». 1380.] THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. 119 

appointment of certain tax officers which up to that time 
had been elected by the people. 

47, Letters, Arts, etc. — Great encouragement was 
given by Charles V. to literature and the arts. He directed 
the translation of the Bible, and of Aristotle, St. Augustine, 
and Livy ; began the Eoyal Library, with a collection of 910 
volumes ; founded a college of astronomy and medicine ; en- 
larged the city of Paris and the palace of the Louvre (loovr) ; 
and builtmany chapels, churches, and castles. Among these 
the may be mentioned the church of St. Ouen (oo-ahng'), and 
chapel of the castle of Vincennes (yin-senz'). The famous 
prison of the Bastile, in Paris, also was begun by him. 
13§0 ^8. Charles VI. {the Well-Beloved) was little 
to qualified by age or disposition to wield his father's 
scepter. He was less than twelve years old at the 
time of his father's death, fond of pleasure, and showed no 
inclination for the cares of royalty. The Duke of Anjou, 
having once been regent, claimed the same office again. To 
this the dukes of Burgundy and Bourbon consented, pro- 
vided the office should cease at the coronation, which took 
place soon after. Then, taking possession of all the treasure 
and jewels of Charles V., and having stolen several bars of 
gold and silver which had been hidden in the walls of the 
castle of Me-lun' for the use of the young king, the Duke of 
Anjou, after exercising the powers of regent a short time, 
fled to Italy, where he had designs on the crown of Naples. 
49. At the council which was held before the coronation 
Oliver Clisson {hies song) was made Constable of France, as 
the late king had requested, and then followed a division of 
the kingdom. Normandy and Picardy were given to the 
Duke of Burgundy ; Languedoc and Aquitaine, to the Duke 
of Berri. On the accession of the new king, a demand was 
made by the people for a reduction of the taxes, and this 
was promised by the government. Little, however, was 

47. How did he encourage literature and art ? 

48. Why was Charles VL unfitted for the throne? Who became regent ? What 
did the Duke of Anjou do after the king's coronation ? 

49. How was France divided ? What caused a revolt ? 



120 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. [A. D. 1388. 

clone to make the promise good. A tax having been levied 
on all sales of produce and merchandise, a beginning was 
made in the market of Paris, where an officer of the king 
attempted to collect the amount due on some water-cresses 
which had just been sold by an old woman. A riot broke 
out at once, and spread over the city (1382). The people 
ran to the arsenal, broke it open, armed themselves, and for 
a short time ruled the city. The rioters were soon subdued, 
and the leaders executed. * Similar revolts, however, broke 
out in other cities in all parts of the kingdom. 

50. Revolt in Flanders. — Battle of Rosebecque. — 
The trouble which had for a long time existed in Flanders 
between the burghers and their ruler now broke out afresh. 
Count Louis was defeated in a battle near Bruges (1382) by 
Peter Dubois and Philip Van Artevelde. While the Flemings, 
however, were besieging Oudenarde (oo-den-ard'), Charles 
VI., with a powerful army, approached ; and Van Artevelde, 
gathering together a large but ill-disciplined force, went out 
to meet him. A battle was fought at Rosebecque (rose'belc), 
in which Van Artevelde was killed and his army routed 
(1388). f The result of this battle put an end to the revolt 
in Flanders. All the principal cities surrendered except 
Ghent, which kept up a show of resistance for some time. % 

51. In the flush of victory, the king returned to Paris. 
Twenty thousand citizens went out to do him honor, but the 
king was in an angry mood. Instead of entering by the 
gates, all of which were thrown open, he ordered a breach 
to be made in the walls, entered through that, and rode 

* These rioters were called Maillotens (mi-yo-tanq''), from a French word meaning 
mallet, because they had armed themselves with mallets, found in the arsenal. 

t To prevent a retreat, he had caused his men to be tied together, and thus bound, they 
went into battle. This device proved their ruin ; for the French, being far superior in 
numbers, surrounded and slaughtered them without mercy. Twenty-six thousand 
Flemings perished, many of them crushed to death by the weight of the slain. 

t A severe punishment was visited upon Courtrai, where the nobles had met with such 
a crushing defeat eighty years before. Its people were slaughtered or reduced to slavery ; 
the fine clock of its cathedral was carried away by the Duke of Burgundy, who placed it 
in the Church of Notre Dame at Dijon ; and the cathedral itself, an object of special 
hatred on account of the gilt spurs of the nobles, which had hung in it since the disaster 
of 1302, was pillaged and burned. 



50. What occurred in Flanders ? Which side did the king join ? Who won the bat- 
tle of Rosebecque. and what peculiar incident is related of it ? What was the effect of 
the battle of Rosebecque ? 

51. How was the king received by the city of Paris ? How did he treat the people ? 



A. ». 13S5.] THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 121 

through the streets with the air of a conqueror, his helmet 
on his head and his lance in his hand. He deprived the city 
of many of its privileges and executed many persons. Three 
hundred of its richest citizens were drowned, hung, or be- 
headed ; among them, a companion of Marcel, and John 
Desmarets (da-mah-ra), the most eminent lawyer in France. 
The terror which these punishments inspired caused the peo- 
ple to welcome the tax of 960,000 francs which the king im- 
posed instead of such punishments in the future. 

52. The Great Schism. — For many years the Pope's 
capital had been at Avignon, where he was too much under 
the influence of the King of France. At the death of 
Gregory XL, therefore, in 1378, Italy chose a Pope of its 
own, under the name of Urban VI. The new Pope was so 
violent, even toward his own party, that a majority of the 
cardinals who had elected him were obliged to flee. They 
went to France, where they asserted that their election of 
Urban was made under compulsion. The King of France, 
therefore, declared the papal chair vacant, and ordered a 
new election. The choice fell upon Eobert of Geneva, who 
was made Pope under the title of Clement VII. ; and Europe, 
by this act, was at once divided into two hostile parties, 
causing what has been called the Great Schism. 

53. At the age of sixteen, Charles VI. was married to 
Isabel of Bavaria, who was two years younger (1385). The 
same year great preparations were made for an invasion of 
England. Vessels enough were provided to make, it was 
said, a bridge from Dover to Calais. A wooden town, also, 
was built, the intention being to carry it over to England 
for the use of the army while operating there. The expedi- 
tion, however, was kept back by the delay of the king, and 
the boasted invasion ended in failure. 

54. Insanity of the King. — Oliver Clisson, Constable 
of France, was at this time high in the favor of the king. 

52. How was the Great Schism produced ? 

53. Whom did Charles VI. marry ? Give an account of the project to invade Eng- 
land proposed by Charles. 

54. Why did the king invade Brittany ? What was the immediate cause of the 
king's insanity ? 

6 



122 THE HOUSE OP VALOIS. [A. ». 1404. 

Keturning, one evening in June, from a banquet, he was set 
npon by a servant of the Duke of Orleans, and left for dead. 
When the king heard of the outrage, he demanded the deliv- 
ery of the would-be assassin from the Duke of Brittany, with 
whom he had taken refuge. The duke refused, and the 
king collected an army and marched against him. The 
weather was very warm, and the king's health was under- 
mined by excesses. Suddenly from the depths of the forest 
through which he was riding, a wild man, clad in white, 
rushed out, and seizing the king's bridle, exclaimed, " Stop, 
noble king ; go no further, thou art betrayed ! " The sud- 
den fright shocked the enfeebled system of the king ; and, a 
little further on, one of his pages falling asleep upon his 
horse, and dropping his lanee upon the helmet of his com- 
panion, the noise so startled him that he became insane upon 
the spot, and drawing his sword, wounded several of his 
attendants before he could be controlled. He never after- 
ward, except at intervals, recovered his senses. 

55. The insanity* of the king was the source of terrible 
evils ; and for many years the history of France presents 
only a succession of factious broils on the part of the princes 
and nobles contending for the control of the government, 
which the madman on the throne was unable to wield. 
These parties were led by the Duke of Burgundy on the one 
side, and the Duke of Orleans on the other. The former 
favored the popular side ; the latter upheld that of the 
nobles, and were hostile to England. 

56. Philip, Duke of Burgundy, died in 1404, and was 
succeeded by his turbulent and reckless son, called John 
the Fearless. Owing to the unpopularity of the Duke of 

* The king's reason was still further shaken hy an accident which happened at a 
masked ball, given at the marriage of one of the queen's maids of honor. The king and 
five young lords entered the room disguised as satyrs, and wearing close-fitting dresses 
which had heen smeared with pitch and then covered with tow, to imitate the fur of 
animals. The Duke of Orleans, wishing to discover who they were, imprudently ap- 
proached them with a lighted torch, which set fire to their dresses. Four died in great 
agony. One escaped hy jumping into a tub of water which stood near, while the king 
was saved hy the Duchess of Berri, who recognized him and smothered the fire hy wrap- 
ping her mantle around him. 

55. What did the king's insanity cause ? What broils occurred ? By whom were 
these parties led ? What is said of each ? 

56. Who was John the Fearless ? What is said of him ? What reconciliation wa? 
effected? What followed ? 



A. B. 1410.] THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 123 

Orleans, John obtained possession of the French govern- 
ment, and the two princes, through the intervention of the 
Duke of Berri, appeared to be reconciled. They embraced, 
dined, and attended mass together ; but, a few days after, 
the Duke of Orleans was waylaid and assassinated (1407). 
John the Fearless afterward confessed himself guilty of the 
crime. * 

57. The Armagnacs and Burgundians. — At first, 
John took to flight ; but, after a short stay in Flanders, he 
returned to Paris, and soon afterward (1409) received a full 
pardon from the imbecile king. He openly espoused the 
popular side ; but several of the princes organized a league 
against him under the Count of Armagnac (ar 'man-yak), 
the father-in-law of the Duke of Orleans. The new party 
of Orleanists thus formed were called the Armagnacs. 

58. A large force of Gascons f and others was raised, and 
the Armagnacs marched on Paris, and ravaged the country 
up to its very gates. But, for a time, a treaty was made by 
the factions (1410). The next year, however, war was re- 
sumed ; and some of the people of Paris, in self-defense, 
organized a civic guard, consisting of the lowest dregs of the 
populace, led by one Caboche (Jcah-iosh), a butcher, and 
hence called Cabochiens. These soon got possession of the 
city, and perpetrated the most shocking atrocities. 

59. The Armagnacs overpowered this band of brigands, 
and entered the city ; but the Duke of Burgundy, with a 
strong force, attacked their position, slaughtered about 1,200 
of their number, and compelled them to flee to Orleans. A 
dreadful massacre in Paris followed this triumph of the 

* The corrupt state of society in France at this time is shown hy the fact that this 
atrocious murder was allowed to go unpunished. Indeed the Burgundian faction ap- 
plauded it. A doctor of the Sorbonne pronounced a formal apology for the crime. 
"The Duke of Orleans," he said, "was a tyrant, a traitor, and a heretic, and therefore he 
deserved death; and it was a laudable deed to rid the world of such a vile offender." 

t "Armagnac called toward Paris a little army of his Gascon followers, a savage, san- 
guinary race ; in cruelty they far surpassed the Burgundians— murder, torture, every 
species of violence and destruction, marked their steps. The opposite party would not 
be surpassed, and civil war between Burgundians and Armagnacs became marked with 
inhuman ferocity."— Crowe's History of France. 



5 7, What was done by John ? What league was formed against him ? 

58. State the events that followed. What occurred in Paris ? 

59. What conflicts ensued ? The result ? 



124 THE. HOUSE OF YALOIS. [A. ». 1415. 

Burgundians, the Armagnacs being put to death without 
mercy. The latter party, therefore, sought the aid of the 
English king, promising to assist him to recover the former 
English possessions in France (1412).* 

60. The dispatch containing this offer was intercepted, 
and created great excitement. War ensued ; and the Cabo- 
chiens resumed their atrocities, until the dauphin made 
terms with the Duke of Burgundy, on condition that he 
should leave Paris, which thus fell into the power of the 
Armagnacs (1414). 

61. While these things were happening, a great storm was 
brewing for distracted France, f Henry V. had succeeded 
to the English throne, and resolved to improve the oppor- 
tunity offered by the condition of affairs in that country. 
In this resolution he was strengthened by a foolish insult 
offered to him by the dauphin, who sent him, on his acces- 
sion to the throne, a present, in ridicule of his youth, a 
child's plaything— a miniature game of tennis. 

62. Invasion of the English. — To prevent war, Henry 
offered humiliating terms to the French king, which were 
refused. Henry then invaded France, landing at Har-fleur', 
at the mouth of the Seine, with 6,000 men-at-arms and 24,000 
archers (August 14, 1415). Harneur was surrounded and 
captured after a five weeks' siege, the King of France mak- 
ing no effort to come to its relief. Though half of Henry's 
army had melted away in this short time, he determined to 
ride through the country as his predecessors had done. He 
started, therefore, with the small force at his command, on 
a march to Calais. 

* "It is certain that, with whatever intention, Henry IV. listened favorably to the pro- 
posal of the Orleans or Armagnac faction, who offered to surrender all the provinces of 
Gascony to the English, with other advantages. Tempted by these offers, he engaged, 
18th of May, 1412, to send to the assistance of the Armagnacs a thousand men-at-arms 
and three thousand archers. To show himself more serious in their support, the King of 
England's younger son, Thomas of Clarence, was to be appointed general of the auxiliary 
army."— Scott's Tales of a Grandfather. 

+ "Meanwhile, at Paris, the dauphin ruled supreme, and gave himself up to debauch- 
eries. He little recked what a cloud was gathering to shake him from his scandalous 
life ; he cared little for the growing force, so soon about to drag him out to see with his 
own eyes the downfall of his country." — Kitchiri's History of France. 



60. How did Paris fall into the power of the Armagnacs ? 

61 . Why did Henry V. attack France ? 

62. What course did Henry V. then take ? 



A. D. 1415.] THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. 125 

63. Battle of Agincourt. — Between him and Calais 
■was a French army of 50,000 men, commanded by the Dukes 
of Orleans and Bourbon. The position chosen by the French 
was near the little Tillage of Agincourt (aj'in-couri), their 
army being drawn up in three lines of battle across the val- 
ley, with a rising ground on their left and woods on their 
right. The English faced north, and a portion of their line 
was strengthened by a palisade. Between the two armies 
was the plowed ground of the valley, heavy with recent 
rains. The French cavalry began the attack, but were mired 
before they reached the English lines. A shower of arrows 
from the English archers now fell upon the struggling mass, 
maddening the horses and driving them back to carry con- 
fusion into the lines in the rear. The English then ad- 
vanced to the attack, and, with their pikes and battle-axes, 
made short work of the dismounted French knights, weighed 
down as they were with their cumbrous armor. The Eng- 
lish loss was 1,600. The French lost 10,000 men; among 
them three dukes, the Constable of France, six counts, 
ninety-two barons, and many of less note ; while the Dukes 
of Orleans and Bourbon, the Marshal of France, three 
counts, and hundreds of other nobles were taken prisoners 
(1415). 

64. The result of this battle was a terrible blow to the 
Armagnacs. Nevertheless, the Count of Armagnac hastened 
to Paris and took possession of it. He had with him the 
king, and the dauphin, and was himself Constable of France. 
Determined to do something to efface the stain of Agincourt, 
he raised troops to besiege Harfleur, but was compelled to 
exact so much money of the people that they complained. 
John the Fearless took advantage of the general discontent. 
He took Queen Isabel from Tours, in the castle of which 
she had been placed by her son Charles, declared her re- 
gent, entered into negotiations with the English, and ad- 
vancing on Paris, cut off its supplies. 

63. Describe the battle of Agincourt. 

64. What did the Count of Armagnac do ? What did John the Fearless do ? 



126 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. [A. ». 1420. 

65. Second Invasion of the English. — Meantime, the 
English returned (1417). Paris was opened by treachery to 
the Burgundians, who entered in the night, and took posses- 
sion, throwing the Armagnacs into prison, where many were 
afterward murdered. Among those who thus lost their 
lives was the Count of Armagnac himself. A few, how- 
ever, escaped, carrying with them the dauphin. John the 
Fearless now returned to Paris, bringing with him the 
queen ; but nothing was done to check the English, who 
captured many cities and towns, and finally besieged Eouen, 
which was forced to surrender, after a prolonged resistance. 
John the Fearless made proposals both to the English and 
to the Armagnacs, but without success. A conference was 
finally arranged between the dauphin and the duke on the 
bridge of Montereau, and there the duke was suddenly set 
upon and killed in the presence of the dauphin (1419). 

66. The Treaty of Troyes. — The ceaseless quarrels of 
the two great parties in France had brought the country so 
low that the surrender of the crown to the English king was 
viewed by many with favor. The Orleanists and Armag- 
nacs were farther than ever from a reconciliation, on account 
of the recent murder. The dauphin withdrew into the 
south of France ; and the queen and the Duke of Burgundy 
signed a treaty of peace with the King of England, at 
Troyes (trwali), (May 21, 1420). The principal condi- 
tions of this treaty were, that Henry should exchange his 
title of King of France for that of Eegent and Heir of 
France, he to be crowned king at the next vacancy, at which 
time all his conquests in France, including Normandy, 
should be restored ; that he should, in the mean time, aid 
the French king to recover those parts of the kingdom which 
had been wrested from him by the dauphin ; and, finally, 
that he should at once marry Catharine, the king's daughter. 

67. The surrender of Paris and the north of France to 

65. What occurred in Paris ? What happened at the bridge of Montereau ? 

66. What were the terms of the treaty of Troyes ? 

67. How did the treaty of Troyes aid the dauphin? Who became regent of 
France ? What prominent persons died ? 



A. D. 1422.] THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 127 

the English king lifted the dauphin at once into the posi- 
tion of the defender of the nation. Minor differences were 
lost sight of, and all who felt the presence of the English 
king in Paris a humiliation hastened to the standard of the 
dauphin. During the progress of the war which ensued 
Henry V. died, and Charles VI. soon followed him (1422).* 
Henry had left an infant son, and the Duke of Bedford was 
declared Regent of France to act during his minority. The 
dauphin was, at the same time, declared king by his party ; 
and the war was continued. 

1422 ^8. Charles VII- {the Victorious) was nine- 
to teen years old when he was proclaimed king, and 
gave little promise of becoming an able monarch. 
His reign also began under a cloud, two defeats putting an 
end to his sway in the north. A judicious marriage, how- 
ever, with Marie of Anjou brought to him the support of 
that powerful family and province, as well as that of Lor- 
raine ; Brittany was won over by the promotion of Riche- 
mont {reesh-mong') as Constable of France ; Languedoc de- 
clared for him ; and alliances were made with Scotland and 
Castile. The disagreements of the English also worked to 
his advantage. The Duke of Bedford represented the roy- 
alists, but the Duke of Gloucester, who was then Regent of 
England, was the champion of the nobility. In addition to 
the coldness toward Bedford thus produced, enmity between 
Gloucester and the Duke of Burgundy sprung up on ac- 
count of the marriage of the latter with the Countess of 
Hainault (hi-no'), who brought him as her dowry Holland, 
Zealand, and Fris'ia, which were adjacent to the Duke of 
Burgundy's province of Flanders. 

* " Some weeks later died the saddest. of French kings, the much-afflicted Charles VI. 
He had reigned for forty-two years ; long he had be«n but a name, a shadow. His voice, 
heard at rare intervals on some piteous occasion, was as if it came from the tomb ; it 
usually had a plaintive gentleness, a touch of sad forgiveness in it. ' In his days,' says 
Juvenal des TJrsius, ' he was pitiful, gentle, and benign to his people, serving and loving 
God, a great giver of alms.' The people called him ' Charles, the Well-Beloved,' clinging 
to him with a touching helplessness. Their attachment to the crazy king shows how 
oppressive the princes were :— he at least did them no harm."— KUchiii. 



68. How old was Charles VII. when he was made king ? How did lxis reign be- 
gin ? What changes favored the new king ? 



1#8 THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. [A. B. 1428. 

69. The Siege of Orleans. — After some preliminary 
fighting, the English besieged the city of Orleans (1428) ; 
and for a year they lay before it with no decisive result. 
The frightful misery of the people, which had already lasted 
many years, and which now seemed likely to endure many 
more, was charged solely to the English, and France be- 
came gradually united in its hatred of them. How to free 
themselves, however, none could tell. In despair of any 
human aid, the people turned to Heaven ; and a superstitious 
belief became general that the kingdom which had been 
brought to such desperate straits by a woman could only be 
saved by a woman. She who had betrayed France into the 
hands of the foreigner was the queen, who had disinherited 
her son to accomplish it. But who was to be the deliverer ? 

70o Joan of Arc. — In the little village of Domremy, be- 
tween Champagne and Lorraine, lived Joan of Arc, a peasant 
girl, who had been familiar from her childhood with the 
deeds of violence common at that time in France. The 
gloom which had settled down upon her country caused 
her to turn for consolation to the little church of which she 
had always been a devoted member. The belief, every- 
where expressed, that relief for France would come from a 
woman in the humbler walks of life, impressed her strongly, 
and roused in her the daring thought that she herself might 
be the means of accomplishing this great result. The op- 
position of her father, however, prevented her from acting ; 
and for several years she brooded over the thought, till the 
scheme which she had formed in regard to it became the 
object of her life. 

71. During her solitary walks she said she heard strange 
voices, which encouraged her in her project.* These became 
more frequent, till at length she went to the commander of 

*"At first she was frightened, but she recovered herself on finding that 'it was a 
■worthy voice ; ' and at the second call, she perceived that it was the voice of ansrels. 
Tne apparitions came again and again, and exhorted her ' to go to France for to deliver 
the kingdom.' "—GuizoVs Histoid of France. 



69. What feeling was gradually growing up in France ? What was the condition 
of the country at this time ? 
TO. Who was Joan of Arc ? What had been her mode of life ? 
71. What did she at length do ? 



A. D. 1429. THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. 129 

the garrison at Vaucouleurs (vo-coo-lur'), and asked for an 
escort of soldiers, that she might go to the aid of Orleans, 
and, after the victory, conduct the dauphin to Kheims to be 
crowned. He laughed at her at first ; but so strong was the 
belief of the common people in her mission, that he at last 
consented to give her a guard of six men. She then cut her 
hair short, put on men's clothes, and accompanied by her 
escort, went to Chinon (she-nong'), where Charles VII. was 
staying, and asked to see him (February, 1429). 

72. For two days she was refused, but being at length ad- 
mitted to an 'audience, she singled out the king, who had 
attempted to disguise himself by changing his dress and 
mingling with his courtiers, and told him that a voice from 
heaven had sent her to raise the siege of Orleans, to con- 
duct him to Kheims to be crowned, and to restore to him 
his kingdom. The court mocked at her enthusiasm, and 
attempted to puzzle her with difficult questions. This only 
delayed her, however, a short time ; * the voice of the nation 
made itself heard ; and on the 29th of April, she entered 
Orleans with provisions for the garrison. 

73. The starving army to which she had brought relief 
looked upon her as a saint, while the English thought her a 
witch. The besieging army had wasted away by disease and 
desertion to less than 5,000 men ; and the French, inspired 
with new courage, marched out to attack them. After sev- 
eral engagements, in which Joan of Arc fought at the head 
of the troops, Orleans was delivered. The "Maid of 
Orleans," as she was always afterward called, after other 
victorious battles, conducted the king to Eheims, where he 
was solemnly crowned (1429). Joan then declared her mis- 
sion ended, and wished to be dismissed ; but her services 
were still demanded. 

* "A squire -was assigned to her, a page, two heralds, a chaplain, varlets, and serving 
folks. A complete suit of armor was made to fit her. Her sword was marked with five 
crosses. She had a white banner, studded with lilies, bearing the representation of God 
seated upon the clouds, and holding in his hand the globe of the world."— Guizot. 

72. Give an account of her first interview with the king. How did she relieve the 
garrison of Orleans ? 

73. How was she regarded by the opposing armies ? What was the result of her 
mission ? 

6* 



130 



THE HOUSE OF YALOTS. 



[A. ». 1431. 



74. The story of the wonderful raising of the siege of 
Orleans had spread rapidly, and many strong places surren- 
dered when it was known that the king was accompanied 
by the Maid of Orleans. Paris, however, still remained in 

the hands of 
the English ; 
but the king 
gave her only a 
feeble support 
in her efforts 
•to capture it. 
Jealousy of the 
great power 
she was acquir- 
ing led him to 
listen to coun- 
sels which were 
directly oppos- 
ed to his own 
interests. She 
withdrew with 
the army, 
therefore, t o 
C ompiegne 
{Jcong -pyan'), 
which the 
Duke of Bur- 
gundy was pre- 
paring . to at- 
tack. As the 
inhabitants of 

that place had declared for the king, little mercy could be 
expected by them if they should fall into the duke's hands. 
She entered the city to aid in its defense, but, in a sortie, 
was captured. She was delivered by the Duke of Burgundy 




CATHEDRAL OP RHEIMS— (COMPLETED m THE 
15th CENTURY.) 



74. What effect was produced in France by the raising of the siege of Orleans f 
Where was the Maid of Orleans captured, and what was her fate ? 



A. D. 1439.] THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 131 

to the English, who took her to Rouen, where she was con- 
demned as a witch and burned, and her ashes were scat- 
tered in the Seine (1431).* 

75. The Peace of Arras. — The death of Joan of Arc, 
however, brought no success to the English arms. The 
hatred the French felt for them, on account of her cruel 
death, gave renewed energy to their army ; while the Eng- 
lish cause was weakened by the hostility of the Duke of Bur- 
gundy. The English king, Henry VI., had been taken to 
Paris and crowned there (1431), but no enthusiasm was 
awakened for 'him in the hearts of the French. Affairs 
were now ripe for a treaty of peace, both sides being weary 
of the war. A congress of most of the powers of Europe 
was, therefore, assembled at Ar'ras ; and, after much discus- 
sion, the Duke of Burgundy became reconciled to Charles 
VII., and recognized him as king (1435). 

76. The Duke of Bedford had died only a few days be- 
fore, and the English in France were now left without a 
leader. Paris shortly after surrendered, and the English 
left the city.f The king soon after set himself vigorous- 
ly to work to remedy the evils which were destroying his 
kingdom. He assembled the States-General of the south of 
France at Orleans, and took measures to free the kingdom 
from the disorders caused by the petty wars of the nobles, 
by establishing a standing army and levying an annual tax 
for its support (1439). 

77. As this measure placed the entire military force of the 
kingdom in the hands of the king, the nobles objected ; 

» « when she felt the flames rising around ner, sne besought the priest who at- 
tended her to leave her. The cardinal of Winchester, and even the bishop of Beauvais, 
who had been her bitterest enemy, could not conceal their emotion. After her death 
two of the judges who had condemned her exclaimed, ' Would that our souls were where 
we believe hers is ! ' and Fressart, the secretary of Henry VI., said, as he left the place of 
execution, ' We are all lost ; we have burned a saint ! ' "— GuizoVs History of France. 

t The year after their departure, Charles visited the capital, but only to leave it again, 
famine and the plague raging there with such violence as to leave the streets almost 
entirely deserted. So great was the destitution that wolves, it is said, entered the city 
and carried off dogs, and even children. 



75. Was her death of advantage to the English ? What led to the treaty of Arras ? 

76. How were the English in France weakened ? What measures did the king now 
adopt ? 

77. Why did the nobles object to the change ? What was the consequence of 
this ? What is said of the dauphin ? The Duke'of Orleans ? 



132 THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. [A. D. 144S. 

and forming a league with the captains of the free lances, 
which had thriven during the late war, declared the king's 
act revolutionary, and persuaded the dauphin, Louis, to 
allow himself to be placed at the head of a party which 
should oppose his father. The Duke of Orleans, also, who 
had been held a prisoner in England since the battle of 
Agincourt, had just been released, and joined the new party. 
The people everywhere, however, declared for the king, and 
this new rebellion was soon suppressed (1440). The next 
year the war with England was renewed, the dauphin doing 
good service on the side of the king, his father. 

78. Re-organization of the Army. — Steps were soon 
after taken to organize a standing army, according to the 
ordinance of Orleans. Fifteen companies each of one hun- 
dred "lances" was the limit fixed for the size of the army, 
each lance being formed of six men. The army, therefore, 
consisted of 9,000 cavalry. Three years later (1448), an army 
of regular infantry was formed, each parish being required 
to furnish one veteran soldier for the king's service. The 
organization of this army of Charles VIL has always been 
studied with interest, since the standing army of modern 
Europe owes its origin to it. 

79. The Conquest of Normandy. — In 1449, the war 
with England was resumed. An outrage was committed in 
Brittany by a Spanish adventurer in the service of England, 
for which the king and the Duke of Brittany demanded the 
payment of 1,600,000 crowns. This was refused by the gov- 
ernor of Xormandy, then an English province, and hostil- 
ities began at once. Cities and towns surrendered, or were 
captured by the French, in rapid succession ; and, on the 18th 
of October, they attacked Bouen. The inhabitants of the 
city rose against the English garrison, which soon surren- 
dered. The English were driven to the coast, and there 
made an attempt to recover their lost ground, a force of 
6, 000 men being sent over from England to reinforce them. 

78. How was the army now re-oreanized ? Whv is this organization of special 
interest ? 

79. What produced a new war with England ? WTiat became of "Normandy ? 



A. D. 1456.] THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. 133 

After an obstinate battle, the English were forced to retreat ; 
and Normandy, after a year's campaign, became a French 
province (1450). 

80. War in the South. — Guienne and the city of Bor- 
deaux were captured the following year (1451) ; but the 
commerce of the latter had depended for so many years on 
England, that its inhabitants gladly opened their gates to 
an English army, which was sent to recapture it. The king- 
marched again into the south, and captured several cities. 
Bordeaux was surrounded by sea and land, and being threat- 
ened with famine, at length surrendered. A severe punish- 
ment was inflicted by the king. He deprived the city of its 
charter, imposed a fine of 100,000 crowns, beheaded one of 
its citizens who had been most active in the rebellion, ban- 
ished several others, and built two forts, so placed as to com- 
mand the city. The small strip of land which included 
Calais and a few neighboring places were now the only Eng- 
lish possessions in France. The Hundred Years' War was 
ended (1453). 

81. While Charles VII., however, was undisturbed by for- 
eign war, he was annoyed by his son, the dauphin Louis, 
whose crafty disposition led him into constant plots with the 
nobles against his father. He became so troublesome at last 
that the king marched against him, when he fled from his 
estates in Dauphiny to Burgundy, where he placed himself 
under the protection of the duke of that province (1456). His 
intrigues did not cease till 1461, when his father died, leaving 
him the kingdom for which he had been so long plotting.* 

82. The reign of Charles VII. marks the end of the period 
known as the Middle Ages. The changes made by him in 
France were principally the creation of a standing army, the 

* With such terror was Charles inspired from the wicked intrigues of hisundutiful son, 
that he was afraid to take food, lest he might be poisoned. "It was in vain that his 
favorite child offered to taste first the food set before him ; and when, at last, he would 
have made an effort to eat, it was too late." 



80. What course was pursued by the people of Bordeaux ? How were they pun- 
ished ? What celebrated war was now brought to a close ? 

81 . What is said of Louis, the dauphin ? 

82. What period is closed by the reign of Charles VIT.? What great changes were 
made by him ? What two persons aided him ? What was Charles called ? 



134 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. [A. ». 1461. 

levy of an annual tax to meet the expenses of the govern- 
ment, and the organization of local parliaments to assist the 
king in the government of the country. In the first two 
measures, he was aided by Eichemont (reesh-mong'),* Con- 
stable of France, and Jacques Cceur (zhaJc kyur), a wealthy 
citizen of Bourges, whom the king chose as his treasurer. 
The latter had grown immensely rich in the eastern trade, 
and all his ability and wealth were used in the service of the 
king. He afterward lost his favor and was thrown into 
prison, f Charles VII. was, with good reason, called the 
Victorious, for he made himself one of the most powerful 
sovereigns of Europe. 

83. The improvements made in the manufacture and use 
of fire-arms were strikingly shown during this reign. In 
the capture of the fortress of Cherbourg (sher'boorg), in 1450, 
and in the attack on Bordeaux, three years after, cannon were 
skillfully used by the French, and soon became common in 
the armies of Europe. By hastening the downfall of feudal- 
ism, this lifted up the common people, and the same result 
was aided by the invention of printing. Men began to be 
valued for their learning and ability rather than for their 
illustrious birth. A powerful impulse also was given to 
learning by the capture of Constantinople by the Turks 
(1453). The fear of the Turks drove from that city into 
western Europe many scholars who created there a love for 
classical learning, which bore abundant fruit. The reign of 
Charles VII. also saw the end of the great schism of the 
West, which had lasted seventy years, and had been the 
cause of many wars. 

1461 $4. Louis XI. — "When Louis XL ascended^ the 

to throne, his accession was considered by the nobles as 

their success, since he had for years been intriguing 

* "Next to Joan of Arc, Eichemont was the most effective and the most glorious 
amongst the liberators of France and the king."— Guizot. 

t His house at Bourges is still standing, and is considered one of the most perfect 
specimens of the architecture of the fifteenth century. 



83. What is said of the use of fire-arms ? What change did this produce ? What 
gave an impulse to learning? What was brought to an end ? 

84. How did the nobles regard the accession of Louis XI. ? Were they satisfied 
afterward ? Why not ? 



A. D. 1466.] THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. 135 

with them against their most formidable enemy, his father. 
Many of the changes also which he made were so great as 
to produce dissatisfaction and rebellion among the people, 
and this gave renewed hope to the nobles. Their joy, how- 
ever, was of short duration, for new laws were passed im- 
mediately after, which threatened their most cherished priv- 
ileges, 

85. One of his first acts was the purchase, in 1463, of five 
cities on the river Somme, which had been delivered to 
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, by the treaty of Arras, 
with the understanding, however, that the king should have 
the privilege of buying them back. By this act he made the 
duke's son, Charles, the Count of Charolais {sha-ro-la), 
afterward Charles the Bold, his enemy. 

86. League of the Public Good. — When the nobles 
saw that the king intended to pursue his own ends, tram- 
pling on their rights if necessary to reach them, they called 
together all the dissatisfied classes in France to resist him. 
This alliance was called the League of the Public Good 
(1465). The chief of the league was the king's brother, the 
Duke of Berri. In striving to reach Paris, the king's army 
came upon that of the allies, and a severe but indecisive 
battle was fought. The king entered Paris, however, and 
signed a treaty with his enemies. Immediately after, dis- 
turbances in Normandy called him away, and he was forced 
to sign another treaty to quiet his kingdom. In both 
of these, the cunning of the king and the insincerity of the 
nobles are plainly seen. The latter made advantageous 
terms for themselves, without paying much attention to the 
interests of the people, who, by entering the league with 
them, gave them their strength. 

87. By stratagem, the following year (1466), Louis gained 
the greater part of what he had lost by treaty. Normandy 
had been seized by him when Charles the Bold, Duke of 

85. What was one of his first acts ? To what did this lead ? 

86. Why was the League of the Public Good formed ? Who was its leader ? Were 
the interests of the people protected by the League ? 

87. What did the king do in regard to Normandy ? By whom was his right to do 
this questioned ? What was the result ? 



136 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. [A. ». 1468. 

Burgundy, was unable to prevent it. The latter had just 
come into full possession of the province of Burgundy by his 
father's death (1467), and now found allies to question the 
king's right to Normandy, in Francis II. of Brittany, and 
in Edward IV. of England. Louis called together the States- 
General at Tours (1468), and laid before them the question 
whether Normandy should be severed from Erance. They 
objected,, and their answer was sent to the Duke of Bur- 
gundy. In the mean time, Louis had compelled the Duke 
of Brittany to sign a treaty, which prevented him from act- 
ing with the Duke of Burgundy. 

88. Capture of the King — Believing that he could 
gain more from Charles the Bold by negotiation than by bat- 
tle, Louis went to meet him at Peronne (pa-ron), having 
first, as he supposed, made such arrangements that the Duke 
of Burgundy would not dare do violence to his person. 
While he was in his power, however, news was received of a 
revolt in the duke's Flemish possessions, which Louis was 
believed to have inspired. The duke, therefore, detained 
the king, and compelled him to go with him to the attack 
on Liege, which was one of the cities in revolt ; and the king 
was forced to fight on the side of the duke in quelling the 
rebellion he had himself incited. * Liege was taken by storm, 
and given over to all the horrors of rapine and carnage 
(1468). f 

89. The cunning of Louis, and the ease with which he 
broke his promises, caused him to be regarded always with 
suspicion, while his oppressions led to frequent complaints 

* When the king returned to Paris, the contempt of the people was shown in a re- 
markable way. Cages were hung along the route he took containing jays and magpies, 
which saluted him with cries of " Peronne ! " the name of the place where he had been 
duped. Finding that La Balue, one of his counselors, had been a secret adviser of the 
Duke of Burgundy, the king revenged himself upon him by confining him and one of his 
accomplices, the bishop of Verdun, in iron cages in which they could neither stand up 
nor lie down at full length. This confinement lasted more thari ten years. 

t " Everv morning the flames were kindled at a fresh point, and more than seven week3 
elapsed before they were finally suffered to expire. The ruins, as at Dinant, were 
searched, rifled, and leveled. Everything portable and of value was carried off. Not a 
single building which had been used or inhabited solely by laymen was left standing."— 
Kirk's Charles the Bold. 



88. What was the consequence of the meeting of Louis with the Duke of Bur- 
gundy at Peronne ? 

^89. How was Louis regarded by the people? Why did Charles the Bold invade 
Erance ? What was the result ? 



A. ». 1472.1 



THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. 



137 



from his people. He was constantly annoyed, therefore, by 
plots against him, the chief instigator of which was his 
brother, the Duke of Berry. The duke died, however, in 
1472 ; and Charles 
the Bold avenged 
his death by in- 
vading the king- 
dom, on the pre- 
text that Louis 
had poisoned him. 
After a short cam- 
paign, which he 
conducted with 
great cruelty, he 
was compelled to 
make peace. 

90. Charles the 
Bold now applied 
himself to the in- 
crease and consoli- 
dation of his do- 
mains, and with 
such success that 
it was considered 
the richest coun- 
try in Christen- 
dom. He also 
sought to increase 
his power and dig- 
nity by offering 
the hand of his 
daughter to the 
son of the Empe- 
ror of Germany, 
Frederic armor of charles the bold. 




90. What was the position of Charles the Bold, and how did he increase his influ- 
ence ? What result attended his ambitious designs ? 



138 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. LA. D. 14V7. 

who, in return, should proclaim him king. In this pro- 
ject, however, he was thwarted by Louis, who brought 
such influence to bear upon the emperor that the alliance 
between him and Charles the Bold was prevented. Two 
years after (1475), the duke found himself involved in 
a war with the Swiss, during the progress of which Louis 
captured some of his possessions in Picardy and Artois. 

91. Invasion of the English. — The same year, the 
King of England, acting on the advice of Charles the Bold, 
landed at Calais with a large army, with the intention of 
invading France. The Duke of Burgundy, however, was 
not in a condition to give him the aid he had promised ; 
and Edward IV. consented to return to England with his 
army, on the payment by Louis of 75,000 crowns and an 
annual pension of 50,000 more, followed by the marriage of 
the dauphin with Edward's daughter, when they should be 
of proper age. This bargain was called by the people the 
merchants'' truce. Two years after, Louis heard with joy the 
news of the death of his bitterest and bravest enemy, Charles 
the Bold, who was killed at the battle of Nancy * (1477). 

92. Thus far, the king had been singularly successful in 
his project of building up a strong and stable government in 
France. Good fortune, and his own cunning and cruelty, 
rather than prowess on the battle-field, had been his instru- 
ments. Several of his most powerful euemies had died 
within a few years of each other; and, at all times, Louis 
had been able, by the use of bribes, dissensions among his 
foes, or politic marriages, to hold them in check. One of 
his most important plans, however, now failed. 

* " The inhabitants of Nancy, who saw the whole from their walls, were so frantic with 
joy as to hurry forth without precaution ; so that some fell by the hands of their friends, 
the Swiss, who struck without attending. The mass of the routed were impelled by the 
inclination of the ground to a spot where two rivulets met, near a frozen pond, and the 
ice, which was weaker over these running waters, broke under the weight of the men-at- 
arms. Here the waning fortunes of the house of Burgundy sank forever. The duke 
stumbled there ; and he was followed by men whom Campobasso had left for the pur- 
pose,,- Others believe that it was a baker of Nancy who struck him first a blow on the 
head, and that a man-at-arms, who was deaf, and did not hear that he was the Duke of 
Burgundy, dispatched him with the thrusts of his lance."— MicheleVs History of France. 

91 . At whose request did Edward IV. invade France ? Why, and on what terms, 
did he return to England ? What was this treaty called by the people ? 

92. What is said of the king's success in founding a strong government ? By 
what means had he accomplished this ? 



A. ». 1482.] 



THE HOUSE OF VALOTS. 



139 



93. Charles the Bold had left an only child, Mary of Bur- 
gundy, aged twenty years. So rich was the heritage of Bur- 
gundy that fiye suitors for her hand appeared. Among them 
Louis placed his son, the dauphin Charles, then only eight 
years old. Soon discovering, however, that his suit in be- 
half of his son was hopeless, he set to work to dismember 
Burgundy, and add some portions of it to France. Mary of 
Burgundy, disgusted w T ith his treachery, married Maximil- 
ian, son of the Emperor of Germany and Archduke of Aus- 
tria (1477). This marriage laid the foundation of the great- 
ness of the house of Austria, and led to a rivalry which 
lasted nearly two centuries. Five years after, occurred the 
death of Mary of Burgundy and the treaty of peace at Arras, 
in which the Flemings, wearied with their new master, Maxi- 
milian, made proposals to Louis to marry the dauphin to 
Margaret, the infant 



daughter of Mary, who 
was to bring with her as 
her dowry half the pos- 
sessions of the house of 
Burgundy (1482). 

94. Death of the 
King. — Louis was now 
nearly sixty years of age. 
Though he had oppressed 
his people and kept him- 
self almost constantly at 
war with the nobles, such 
was his ability, that the 
territory of France was 
largely increased during 
his reign, and its influence 
was respected throughout 
Europe. Brutal in dispo- 




TOMB OF LOUIS XI. 



93. What is said of Mary of Burgundy ? Why was Louis her enemy ? After the 
treaty of Arras what good fortune came to Louis ? 

94. How had Louis's rule affected France ? What was his character? What is 
said of his fear of death ? 



140 THE HOUSE OF Y ALOIS. [A. B. 1483. 

sition, cold-hearted and grasping, he made treaties only to 
break them when it served his purpose, and conquered his 
enemies by dividing them ; and, when this did not succeed, 
made use of violence and murder. Notwithstanding his con- 
stant wars, he was exceedingly afraid of death. His palace at 
Plessis-les-Tours (ples-see-la-toor) was a castle strongly forti- 
fied and guarded by armed troops ; and during his last years, 
he used extraordinary means to prolong his life. He died in 
1483, and was buried in the church of Notre Dame at Clery. * 
95. In carrying out his selfish plans, Louis made many 
changes which remained as permanent improvements. One 
of the most useful of these was the establishment of a postal 
system, in 1464, which, though used for a long time mainly 
for his own correspondence, gave rise to the modern mail. 
He also granted the right of appeal from a lower court to 
his own, compelled the nobles to take a more active part 
in civil affairs, and extended the freedom of elections. He 
passed laws, also, for the encouragement of industry, opened 
new routes of travel and commerce to the East, fostered the 
art of printing, built many strongholds for the defense of his 
kingdom, and established or re-organized several schools and 
universities. The first silk-mills in France were established 
at Tours during his reign ; and he attracted merchants from 
different parts of France and Europe to the new markets and 
fairs which he opened, by granting them more liberal terms 
than his predecessors. 

1483 96. Charles VIII. (the Affable).— The heir to the 

to vacant throne was Charles, the youngest child of 

1498 Louis, then only thirteen years old. He was ill- 

* The most extraordinary means were taken to protect the king from danger. Man- 
traps prevented the approach of every one to the castle ; beside which he was guarded 
by a band of Scotch archers, and every suspicious person found in the vicinity was im- 
mediately shot or hung. The trees around the castle constantly had such victims hang- 
ing from their branches, and the ground was strewed Avith human bones. The miserable 
wretch sought to beguile the weary hours at first with hunting rats, and afterward by 
watching the dancing of peasants from the castle windows. Tristan l'Hermite, his hang- 
man, Oliver Daim, his barber, and Jacque Cottier, his physician, were his only companions ; 
and yet he sought to prolong his life. He tried to keep off death by all the arts of super- 
stition. He kept various relics about his person, and his cap was stuck around with little 



95. What were some of the changes produced during his reign? What new in- 
dustiies date from his reign ? 

96. Who succeeded Louis XL ? What is said of him? Wbat maxim had Louis 
left him for his guidance ? 



A. D. 1488.] THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 141 

shaped and ignorant, if not feeble-minded ; and the princes 
who had been the enemies of Louis thought that, in his 
youth and weakness, an opportunity was presented them of 
undoing his father's work. Louis had left him a single 
maxim as his guide : "He who knows how to deceive, knows 
how to reign. " The youngest sister of the king was married 
to the Duke of Orleans, who was thus the nearest noble to 
the throne ; but the education of the young king was in- 
trusted to another sister, Anne, who had been chosen for 
this office by Louis on account of her ability. She had been 
married to Peter of Beaujeu (bo-zhuh'), of the house of 
Bourbon, and was known as the "Lady of Beaujeu." 

97. A struggle for the control of the king at once ensued ; 
and this, together with the frightful condition of the coun- 
try, made it necessary to call together the States-General. 
The session began at Tours, on the 15th of January, 1484 ; 
and it was decreed that the king should preside over the 
executive council, when absent his place to be filled by 
the Duke of Orleans, who was thus virtu'ally placed at the 
head of the government ; but the influence of Anne of 
Beaujeu over the king was so great that she was really the 
ruler of France. * She soon found occasion to quarrel with 
the Duke of Orleans, and, ordered his arrest. He saved 
himself, however, by flight, and with the support of the 
Duke of Brittany and other nobles, took up arms against 
the king's forces, but was captured soon after in battle 
(1488), and sent to the castle of Bourges, where he was 
kept a prisoner for three years. Less than a month after 
the battle, Anne signed a treaty of peace at Sable (sah-bla), 
highly favorable' to France. 

leaden images of saints to which he offered his prayers. Holy oil was Drought to him 
from Rheims, and the Sultan Bajazet sent him holy relics from Constantinople. His suite 
of apartments in the castle contained thirty rooms, all connecting, and secured hy com- 
plicated locks ; and the king never slept twice in the same chamber. 

* " When the States-General had separated, Anne, without difficulty or uproar, re- 
sumed, as she had assumed on her father's death, the government of France ; and she 
kept it yet for seven years, from 1484 to 1491. During all this time, she had a rival and 
foe in Louis, Duke of Orleans, who was one day to be Louis XII."— GuizoVs History of 
France. 

97. Who was placed at the head of the government ? Who was the real ruler of 
France ? "What happened to the Duke of Orleans ? What treaty was made ? 



142 THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. [A. D. 1491. 

98. Anne of Brittany. — Hardly had the treaty of Sa- 
ble been concluded when Francis of Brittany died, leaving 
his dukedom to his daughter Anne, a child of twelve. From 
among her many suitors, Maximilian was chosen ; but the 
danger to France from any increase of his power was so 
great, that Charles was sent by Anne of Beaujeu to invade 
Brittany, where he captured the city of Eennes (ren), in 
which the young duchess had taken refuge ; and soon after 
he married her (1491).* By this marriage, Brittany ceased 
to be an independent State ; and its enterprising people, 
whose stubbornness had always caused the kings of France 
so much trouble, became a part of the French nation. 

99. Invasion of Italy. — Anne of Beaujeu now retired 
to her estates, leaving the young king of age, and master 
of a united kingdom. From the moment that Charles 
VIII. , however, lost the support of her guiding hand, he 
began to engage in enterprises which put in peril the safety 
of France. Having drawn around himself a majority of 
the great feudal lords, they inspired him with the romantic 
ideas of their class, urging him to engage in some brilliant 
expedition which should give luster to the arms of France. 
Though the neighboring powers were forming a strong league 
against him on account of his capture of Brittany, he turned 
his back on the dangers which threatened him, and assembled 
an army of 50,000 men, and more than 140 pieces of artil- 
lery at the foot of the Alps, for the invasion of Italy. \ 

100. Capture of Naples. — Charles entered Italy not 
only with the intention of occupying Naples, but of leading 
his army through Greece to the capture of Constantinople, 

* "Anne still held with all the faithfulness of a wife to Maximilian, to whom she was 
nominally betrothed. An ostensible act of compulsion was deemed requisite to over- 
come her reluctance. A royal army besieged her in Eennes. One of the conditions of 
the capitulation was, that she should espouse the King of France. This marriage really 
as well as ceremoniously took place."— Crowe's History of France. 

t The pretext for this invasion was an old claim to the kingdom of Naples bequeathed 
to France by the house of Anjou. 



98 . By what means did Anne of Brittany become the wife of Charles VIII. ? What 
was the result to the province of Brittany ? 

99. What did Anne of Beaujeu now do? What step did the king afterward 
take ? With whar force was this invasion undertaken ? 

100. What designs had Charles in his invasion? What is said of his extrava- 
gance ? Of his success ? 



A. ». 1495.] THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 143 

and even to .that of Jerusalem. In the first steps of this 
modern crusade he was successful. The constant wars of 
the many petty states of Italy had so reduced their power 
that none were strong enough to oppose him. So great was 
the extravagance of Charles, however, that the money set 
apart for this expedition was spent before he entered Italy. 
He continued on his way, meeting the necessary expenses by 
pawning the diamonds of the court ladies with whom he 
danced, and borrowing money at high rates ; while his im- 
proved artillery contributed greatly to his success in arms. 
City after city surrendered ; and, on the 22d of February, 
1495, the French army entered Naples. 

101. During his absence, his enemies had collected their 
forces. * While Charles was amusing himself in Naples f by 
the ceremony of a coronation in which he took the title of 
" King of Naples, Emperor of the East, and King of Jeru- 
salem," the army of the allies was on the march, and meet- 
ing him on his return at Eor-no'vo J (1495), engaged him 
with 35,000 men — a force more than three times as great as 
that of the French. Though the king won a victory, it was 
dearly bought. His success served only to open a way for 
his retreat to France. 

102. Death of the King. — The ardor of the king for 
foreign conquest was cooled by his experience in Italy. Press- 
ing business at home, also, now claimed his attention so 
completely that he neglected the viceroy of Naples, with 
whom he had left 4,000 soldiers for the defense of his new 
kingdom. These had been attacked as soon as Charles had 
left the city; Naples capitulated, and only a remnant of 

* " The King of Aragon, in the mean time, leagued with the Venetians and Ludovico 
Sforza of Milan, to drive the French from Italy. Philip de Comines, then Charles's 
envoy at Venice, warned him of the danger. It was considered most prudent to return 
to France."— Crowe's History of France. 

t " It was while Charles VIII. was wasting his time at Naples that the marriages were 
arranged hetween the royal houses of Spain and Austria, hy which the weight of these 
great powers was thrown into the same scale, and the balance of Europe unsettled for 
the greater part of the following century."— PrescoWs Ferdinand and Isabella. 

t A town in northern Italy about 13 miles from Parma. 



101. What title did he assume in Naples ? How were his enemies employed? 
Was Charles successful at the battle of Fornovo ? 

102. Did Charles retain Naples ? What now claimed his attention? What was 
the cause of his death ? 



144 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. [A. D. 1498. 

the little army returned to France. The distresses of his 
people now became the subject of the king's thoughts, and 
he applied himself carefully to remove them. Death sum- 
moned him, however, at the very beginning of his labors. 
While passing along a gloomy gallery in the castle of Am- 
boise (am-lwahs') one day, he struck his head against a 
door; and, a few hours after, died in convulsions (1498). 
With him ended the direct line of the house of Valois. 

103. The reign of Charles VIII. is principally noticeable 
for the change which it marks in the warlike activities of 
France, and in her policy toward neighboring nations. Up 
to this time, the energy of her kings had been spent at home 
in contests with the great lords, for the establishment of the 
royal power. This was now so secure that another outlet 
was needed, and this was found in foreign war. Charles 
VIII. was the first French king who, with an army organ- 
ized upon the modern plan, entered upon a path of foreign 
conquest. His success was not great, but the example set 
by him was followed by his successors for many years. 

State of Society in Feance during the Valois 
Peeiod. 

104. States-G-eneral. — The grand council of the nation, 
the States- General, was convened in 1357, the year after the 
disastrous battle of Poitiers. The first convocation of this 
assembly took place during the reign of Philip IV. (1302) ; 
and this event serves to mark the predominating influence 
of civil institutions over the military forms of feudalism. 
In this council, were represented the three orders — the no- 
bles, the clergy, and the commons, the latter being called 
the Tiers Mat (third estate).* 

* " Taking the history of France in its entirety and under all its phases, the third estate 
has heen the most active and determining element in the process of French civilization." 
— Guizot. 

103. What marked change dates from the reign of Charles VIII. ? What is said 
of his success in Italy, and the influence of his example ? 

1 04. When were the States-General convened ? What did the States-General con- 
stitute ? When was this council first convoked ? What does this mark ? What were 
represented in it ? 



THE HOUSE OE YALOIS. 145 

105. In the assembly of 1357, the third estate came into 
conflict with the royal authority ; and, at every subsequent 
convention, the proceedings showed a spirit of resistance to 
the corruptions and tyranny of the court, from which re- 
sulted measures of great advantage to the people. The 
States- General of 1484 demanded that these assemblies should 
be called at regular periods, and that taxes should be levied 
equally upon all classes. The effect of these measures, how- 
ever, was not lasting ; the king only convoked the States 
when he pleased, and the nobles and clergy together could 
always outvote the commons. Hence the people, during the 
troubled period of the Hundred Years' War, made but little 
improvement in their political condition. 

106. At the opening of the proceedings, it was the custom 
for the king to be present, and to make a short speech, after 
which the Chancellor of France explained at length the pur- 
poses of the session. The nobles and clergy remained seated 
and covered, while the commons stood up with bare heads. 
After a reply to the chancellor, from the president of each 
order, the three orders retired to their several rooms. When 
the deliberations were complete, they again convened, and 
presented to the king their wishes, demands, or complaints, 
in the form of suggestions. 

107. The king made no reply ; and the assembly, after 
voting a pecuniary tax, separated. Thus it will be seen 
that the States-General was not a legislative body, all laws 
being made by the king, who could listen or not to the de- 
mands of his people. France was thus virtually an absolute 
monarchy, the king's power not being limited by any con- 
stitutional provisions, as the King of England was by the 
Great Charter. 

108. Education, Literature, and Art. — Schools 
scarcely existed at this time. Scholars wandered about, 

105. What is said of the States-General of 1357 ? What of the session of 1484 ? 
What was the effect of this ? 

106. Describe the proceedings at a session of the States-General. 

107. Was it a legislative body ? What was France virtually ? 

108. What is said of the schools of this period? The University of Paris'? 
Astrology ? 



146 



THE HOUSE OE YALOIS. 



giving instruction to such pupils as they could collect.* 
The discipline was brutal, as is shown in pictures of the 
times, the rod being used on all occasions and in the severest 
manner. The University of Paris was attended by students 
from all parts of Europe, but little real knowledge was 
imparted, f Astrology was a favorite science at this period, 




KOAD IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 

the influence of the stars upon human affairs being uni- 
versally believed. Even physicians consulted the stars in the 
treatment of the sick. J 

109. Charles V. founded the Eoyal Library of Paris, § and 

* An old book, entitled the " Scholars' Miseries " (Miseriaz Scholasticorum) , depicts in 
a graphic manner the cruelty and severity of the school-masters toward their poor 
scholars, " whose faces," he says, " were pale and haggard, their hair neglected, and their 
clothes in rags." 

+ About the time of the expulsion of the English, in 1436, when Charles VII. made his 
triumphal entry into Paris, the university numbered about 25,000 students. The study of 
the Greek language was introduced about that time. 

± Master Gervaise. astrologer to Charles V., founded a college in Paris for the express 
purpose of giving instruction in astrology. It was not until the middle of the sixteenth 
century that this pretended science commenced to decline ; and, even as late as the end 
of the seventeenth century, it was practiced in the courts of Europe. At the Erench 
court, in the time of Catharine de' Medici (about 1550), it was in the highest esteem. 

J Xow the Xational Library. It contains at present more than 2,000,000 printed volumes, 
150,000 manuscripts. 300,000 maps, charts, etc., 1,300,000 engravings, and a cabinet of coins 
and medals, containing over 150,000 specimens. 

What works are 



109. What did Charles V. found ? What is said of this library 
referred to ? What is said of the poetry of this period ? 



THE HOUSE OF VALOlS. 147 

was a generous patron of literature and art. From his 
father he inherited a collection of twenty books, which he 
increased to nine hundred. Among these were many transla- 
tions, which he caused to be made, of Latin and Greek 
authors into French ; but they were, of course, very imper- 
fect. Froissarfs Chronicles and the Memoirs of Philippe 
de Comines are the most noted productions of this period. 
Poetry was nothing more than a composition of wretched 
rhymes; and the histories generally were a kind of petty 
gossip, sometimes filled with indecencies. 

110. There were French paintings, but they were usual- 
ly of a yery grotesque character, awkward in design, and 
wretched in execution. Perspective was mainly disregarded ; 
and the figures often had labels in their mouths to show 
whom they represented. This mode of representation was 
yery much in yogue, originating, it is said, with the jesting 
adyice of an Italian artist to a French painter. Architec- 
ture was in a better condition, and many splendid buildings 
were erected during this period. Allusion has already been 
made to the magnificent house of Jacques Coeur. Charles 
VIII. , while in Italy, acquired a taste for architecture ; and, 
on his return, ordered the erection of the palace at Amboise 
(am-bivahs'), which he adorned with splendid statues and 
paintings. 

111. The drama was confined to the Mysteries and Mo- 
ralities, the former being plays representing incidents 
and events in sacred history. In 1385, at the marriage of 
Charles VI. and Isabel of Bavaria, a play was acted before 
the royal pair, entitled "The History of the Death of our 
Saviour," the performers being all monks. The play lasted 
eight days, having eighty-seven characters, the chief of 
whom was St. John. In 1402, the king granted letters- 
patent to some of the citizens of Paris to form an associa- 
tion to represent the Mystery of the Passion. This is the 
origin of the modern tragedy in France ; as the performance 

110. What ig said of Paintin? ? Architecture ? Of Charles VIII.? 

111. To what was the drama confined ? What is said of the Mysteries ? The 
Moralities ? 



148 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 

of the Moralities, or Moral Plays, is of the comedy. As an 
example of the latter, may be mentioned the Exhibition of 
Folly, which attracted great attention at the time. 

112. Inventions. — At the siege of Arras, in 1414, use 
was made for the first time of muskets, then called hand- 
cannons. Playing-cards were improved, games of cards hay- 
ing been introduced to amuse the unfortunate Charles VI. 
during his lucid intervals.* About 1420, painting in oils 
was introduced, before which time all pictures were in water 
colors. Louis XI. favored trade and commerce of every 
kind, encouraged the new art of printing, endowed a school 
of medicine at Paris, and inaugurated a postal system. An 
attempt was also made to light the street of the capital. 

113. Costume. — Various changes occurred in the style 
of dress during this period. Charles VII. revived the fash- 
ion of long and loose garments ; but, during the reign of 
Louis XL, a total revolution took place, the ladies laying 
aside their long trains and sleeves, and assuming in their 
place broad borders of fur, velvet, or silk. In the reign of 
Charles VI. , the head-dress was of extraordinary breadth ; 
subsequently it was very high — sometimes more than three 
feet. Peaked shoes of great length were also a singular fea- 
ture of the costume, f 

114. The houses of the rich were furnished with great 
splendor, the arts of design having made considerable prog- 

* The figures on the cards were the same as on those now in use, each having a distinct 
meaning. The hearts signify the churchmen ; the spades (pike-heads), denote the nobles 
or military; the diamonds (square stones or tiles), the workmen; and the clubs (clover 
leaves), the peasantry. 

t "In the year 1461, the ladies laid aside the long trains to their gowns, and in lieu of 
them had deep borders of fur— of minever, martin, and others— or of velvet and various 
articles, of great breadth. They also wore hoods on their heads of circular form, half an 
ell or three-quarters high, gradually tapering to the top. Some had them not so high, 
with handkerchiefs wreathed around them, the corners hanging down to the ground. 
They also wore silken girdles of a greater breadth than formerly, with the richest shoes ; 
with golden necklaces much more trimly decked in divers fashions than they had been 
accustomed to wear them. At the same time, men wore shorter jackets than usual, after 
the manner in which people are wont to dress monkeys, which was a very indecent and 
impudent thing. The sleeves of their outward dress and jackets were slashed, to show 
their white shirts. Their hair was so long that it covered their eyes and face ; and on 
their heads they had cloth bonnets of a quarter of an ell in height. Knights and squires 
indifferently wore the most sumptuous golden chains. Even the very varlets had jackets 
of silk, satin, or velvet; and almost all, especially at the courts of princes, wore peaks at 
their shoes of a quarter of an ell in length."— Froissart's Chronicles. 

112. What inventions are referred to? What was introduced to amuse Charles 
VI. ? What else came into use ? 

113. What is said of the costume of this period ? 

114. What is said of the houses ? The furniture ? 



THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. \ 



149 



ress at this time. We read of the "fine linen of Kheims," 
which was sold at an extravagant price ; and of fabrics made 
of ''silk and silver tissue." Eich carpets and tapestry, and 
other articles of furniture spoken of, give evidence that 
means were not wanting for luxurious living and for the grati- 
fication of expensive tastes. Stone was used in construct- 
ing the basements of houses, the upper portions being con- 
structed of wood. In the richer kind of houses, the front 
was adorned with projecting corner posts, covered with carv- 
ings of figures — foliage, animals, heads of angels, etc. * 

115. Paris during this period 
was often the scene of dreadful 
tumult ; and, at certain times, 
the mortality in the city was 
fearful. In 1438, there were 
5,000 deaths at the Hotel Dieu ; 
and in the city, 45,000. Wolves 
prowled through the streets, at 
this dreadful time, and carried 
off a number of children. Fam- 
ine and pestilence depopulated 
the city. In 1466, malefactors 
and vagabonds of all countries 
were invited to fill up the broken 
ranks of the population, which, froissart. 

at the close of the reign of Louis XL, numbered about 
300,000. f 




* In the fifteenth century the increase of luxury was plainly shown in the construction 
and furniture of the castle. This became much more extensive, having separate apart- 
ments for the occupations and industries which formed a part of the daily life of its in- 
mates. It had its cellar, wine-vault, bakery, fruitery, laundry, special rooms for glass, 
linen, salt, furs, and tapestry ; while near the entrance was the guard-room, and beyond 
were the porters' lodges and various buildings for the many servants and retainers. 

t The following is a description of scenes in Paris during this period: "At the early 
dawn the death criers, persons clothed in black, and announcing themselves by the tink- 
ling of small bells, gave notice of the death of such persons as had died during the night, 
and called upon all good Christians to pray for their souls. These were followed by the 
people who called aloud that the hot baths were ready for use ; and after these came the 
trades-people hawking their wares— butchers, millers, fishmongers, fruit-sellers, etc., 
besides menders of old clothes, who stood ready, with needles and thread, to repair any 
accidental rent in the garments of passers-by." 



115. What was the condition of Paris 
The population of Paris? 



? What is said of the mortality in 1438 F 



150 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 

116. Distinguished Writers. — During this period, 
there were but few writers whose works were of any perma- 
nent value. The most noted are Jean Froissart (born in 
1337, died in 1410), who wrote the Chronicles, or annals of 
France from 1326 to 1400 ; and Philippe de Comines * (born 
1445, died 1509), for a time the favorite of Charles the Bold, 
who wrote the Memoir es, giving a complete view of the affairs 
of his time, including a vivid picture of the character of 
Louis XL To these may be added Jean de G-erson {zhar- 
song') (1363-1429), surnamed "The most Christian Doc- 
tor," who became Chancellor of the University of Paris. 
He wrote a treatise On the Consolation of Theology, and is 
supposed by some to have been the author of the celebrated 
religious work entitled TJie Imitation of Christ, which is 
usually ascribed to Thomas a Kempis. f Christine de Pisan 
(pe'zan) (1333-1411) was a noted poetess of the period ; and 
Alain Charlier (shar-le-a) (1386-1449), the private secretary 
of Charles VI., and afterward of Charles VII., wrote several 
poems of considerable merit, among them The Boohs of the 
Four Ladies. 

* Comines passed from the service of Charles the Bold into that of his great rival, 
Louis XL of France, in 1472 ; and by the latter he was loaded with honors and favors. 
After the death of Louis, he was banished because he favored the party of the Duke of 
Orleans. He came into favor again under Charles VIII. , whom he accompanied on his 
expedition into Italy. He subsequently wrote the Memoires, which give the history of his 
time from 1464 to 1498. 

t A German writer who flourished during the fifteenth century (died 1471). The weight 
of evidence seems to favor his claim to the authorship of the work referred to, of which 
it has been said that it is "the nearest approach to the divine spirit of Christ which has 
ever emanated from the human mind, and may be considered a benefit bequeathed to 
suffering humanity." 



116. What distinguished writers are referred to ? What is said of Froissart ? Of 
Comines ? Of Jean de Gerson ? Christine de Pisan ? Alain Charlier ? 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

A.D. 

1328. Philip VI. Reigned 22 years. 

1346. Battle of Crecy. 

1350. John (le Bon). Reigned 14 years. 

1356. Battle of Poitiers. 

1357. Meeting of the States-General. 

1358. The Jacquerie. 
1361. The Black Plague. 



THE HOUSE OF TALOTS. 151 



1364. Charles V. (le Sage). Reigned 1G years. 

1370. Capture of Limoges by the Black Prince. 

1380. Death of Du Guesclin. 

1380. Charles VI. (le Bien-Aime). Reigned 42 years. 

1382. Battle of Rosebecque. 

1404. Death of Philip of Burgundy. 

1407. Assassination of the Duke of Orleans. 

1415. Battle of Agincourt. 

1419. Assassination of John the Fearless. 

1420. Treaty of Troyes. 

1422. Charles VII. {le Victorieux). Reigned 39 years. 

1429. The king crowned at Rheims. 

1431. Joan of Arc burned at Rouen. 

1450. Conquest of Normandy. 

1453. End of the Hundred Years' War. 

1461. Louis XL Reigned 22 years. 

1477. Death of Charles the Bold. 

1483. Charles VIII. (I' Affable.) Reigned 15 years. 

1494. Capture of Naples by the French. 

1498. Death of Charles VIII. End of the House of Valois. 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 

Charles, Count of Valois, son of Philip III. 

I 

Philip VI. 

I 

John (le Bon). 

I 



I I I 1 

Charles V. Louis, Duke of Anjou. John, Duke of Berry. Philip, 

| Duke of Burgundy. 

I 1 

Charles VI. Louis, Duke of Orleans, 

(assassinated in 1407.) 



Charles VII. Isabella, married to Richard II. Catharine, married to 

of England. Henry V. of England. 



Louis XI. Charles, Duke of Berry. 



i — r~ i 

Charles VIII. Anne, married to Jeanne, married to 

Sire de Beaujeu. the Duke of Orleans, 

afterward Louis XII. 



152 THE HOUSE OF YALOIS. 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL REVIEW. 

PAGE 

1. What were the important events in the reign of Philip VI. ? 99 to 105 

2. How were the 'territorial limits of France enlarged during his reign ? 104 

3. What were the important events of King John's reign ? 105 to 113 

4. Give an account of his war with England 106, 107, 108 

5. Of the contest with Stephen Marcel 108 to 111 

6. Of King John's capture, return to France and England, and death. ..108, 111, 112, 113 

7. What were the important events in the reign of Charles V. ? 113 to 119 

8. Give the particulars of the crusade against Don Pedro of Castile 114, 115 

9. Give an account of the war with England 115, 116, 117 

10. State what you can of Du Guesclin 114 to 117 

11. What did Charles V. accomplish for France and civilization ? 118, 119 

12. What were the important acts in the reign of Charles VI. ? 119 to 127 

13. Give an account of the revolt in Flanders during his reign 120, 121 

14. Of the Great Schism 121 

15. State the facts connected with King Charles's insanity 121, 122 

16. Those connected with the career of John the Fearless 122, 123 

17. Of the war between the Burgundians and Armagnacs 123 to 126 

18. What were the principal events in the reign of Charles VII. ? 127 to 134 

19. State all you can of Joan of Arc 128 to 131 

20. Give an account of the conquest of Normandy 132, 133 

21. What were the principal events in the war between Charles VII. and 

England ? 127 to 133 

22. What advance was made by France in the arts, manufactures, and learn- 

ing during the reign of Charles Vll. ? 134 

23. When did the reign of Louis XL begin and end ? 134, 140 

24. Give the history of the League of the Public Good 134 to 138 

25. Give the facts in the career of Charles the Bold 135 to 138 

26. State what you can of his daughter, Mary of Burgundy 139 

27. Describe the character of Louis XI 133 to 140 

28. What was accomplished for France during his reign ? 140 

29. When did the reign of Charles VTIL begin and end ? 140, 144 

30. What was the character of Charles VII. ? 140 to 144 

31. Describe the early troubles in his reign 141, 142 

32. Give an account of the invasion of Italy 142, 143, 144 

33. How was the States-General composed in 1357 ? 144 

34. What is said of the times when this grand council might be called ?. . . . 145 

35. How did it come in conflict with the power and will of the king ? 145 

36. Give all the facts in relation to the Assembly of 1357 145 

37. What is stated of education, literature, and art during the Valois pe- 

riod? , 145,146,147 

38. What is said of the inventions of that period ? 148 

39. How did the people dress during the same time ? 148 

40. How were the houses of the rich furnished ? 148, 149 

41. How were the houses built and adorned ? 149 

42. What was the condition of Paris then ? 149 

43. Name some of the most noted writers of the times I 50 

44. State what you can of Philippe de Comines 150 and note 

45. Of Thomas a Kempis, and the book, The Imitation of Christ 150 

46. Name, in chronological order, the kings of the House of Valois 150, 151 



PAET III. 
FRANCE IN MODERN TIMES. 



section" i. 

The Valois-Oeleans Beanch. 

Extending from the Accession of Louis XII (1498) to the death of Henry 

III. (1589). 

1498 *• Louis XII. — He who had been the enemy of 
to France, during the reign just ended, now became its 
king. This was Louis, Duke of Orleans, who as- 
cended the throne at the age of thirty-six, under the title 
of Louis XII. His first acts and sayings gave proof of a 
nobler nature than France had found among her kings for 
many years. His hatred for his former foes was buried for- 
ever in the famous announcement that "it did not become 
the King of France to resent the injuries of the Duke of 
Orleans." This was followed by a refusal to accept the cus- 
tomary gift paid by all who held special privileges from the 
crown on the accession of a king. 

2. His conduct in some respects, however, is open to grave 
censure, though it was justified by the custom of the time 
in which he lived. Anne of Brittany, who had become a 
widow by the death of Charles VIII. , retired to her estates ; 
and there was danger that, by a second marriage, she would 
separate Brittany from France. Louis, therefore, divorced 
his wife, a daughter of Louis XL, and married Anne of 

1 . What was the character of Louis XII. ? How was it shown ? 

2. Give an account of his marriage to Anne of Brittany. What other questionable 
measure of the king's is referred to ? 

7* 153 



154 THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BKAIN T CH. [A. D. 1500. 



Brittany.* Another questionable measure which Louis re- 
solved upon was the invasion of Italy, the path for which 
had been opened by his predecessor, f 

3. He set out, however, on his Italian campaign with 
more discretion than Charles VIII. He made treaties with 
his neighbors, and alliances with some of the powers in the 
country he was about to invade. When the French army, 
therefore, marched upon Milan, its capture was easy. It 
fell in 1499, but was so badly governed by its commander, an 
Italian in the service of Louis, that its dissatisfied citizens 
permitted its re-capture four months afterward. Soon, 
however, another French army advanced against it, and met 
the Milanese at No-va'ra (1500). The majority of each army 
being Swiss, who had entered the service for pay, each com- 
mander was afraid to risk a battle, but set himself to brib- 
ing the army of his adversary. The result was favorable to 
the French, who captured the Italian general, and sent him 
to France, where he remained a prisoner ten years. J 

4. Seizure of Naples. — Louis now formed a plan with 
Ferdinand the Catholic of Spain, to divide the kingdom of 
Naples between them. As before, he made alliances with 
the ruling powers in the north of Italy, and then marched 
upon Naples. Frederick III. of that city called upon Fer- 
dinand the Catholic, who was his cousin, for aid. Spanish 
troops, under the great general Gonsalvo de Cordova, § were 
permitted to enter the kingdom and garrison its fortresses, 
under the pretense of defending them against the French. 
They treacherously gave them up, however, and Frederick 
was forced to flee. He finally sought refuge with Louis, 

* The Pope (Alexander VI.), on the application of the king, granted the divorce ; and 
Louis conferred certain honors and rewards on Cassar Borgia. 

t "Louis XII., on ascending the throne, assumed the titles of Duke of Milan and King 
of Naples, thus announcing his intention of asserting his claims, derived through the 
Visconti family, to the former, and, through the Angevin dynasty, to the latter state."— 
PrescotVs Ferdinand and Isabella. 

X This was Ludovico Sforza. He was immured for life in a dismal cell in the Castle of 
Loches. "When informed that he had been restored to freedom, he expired from the 
effect of the sudden shock upon his wasted frame (1510). 

§ " Gonsalvo de Cordova was, by general consent, greeted with the title of the Great 
Captain, by which he is much more familiarly known in Spanish, and, it may be added, in 
most histories of the period, than by his own name."— Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella. 

3. What city did he capture in Italy ? What followed ? What took place at No- 
vara ? Who was captured? 

4. Into what plot did the king enter ? What was the result ? 



A. I>. 1506.] THE VAL0IS-0RLEAKS BRANCH. 155 

who gaye him the county of Maine for his residence, and a 
pension. 

5. Battle of Grarigliano. — Naples was captured, but 
the captors quarreled oyer the spoils. The French at first 
had the advantage ; but were outwitted by the Spaniards, 
who drew them . into a scheme for a series of personal com- 
bats between the knights of the two armies, after the man- 
ner of the order of chivalry. These encounters were of 
great service to the Spaniards, who thus gained time for 
reinforcements to reach them. They then attacked the 
French and defeated them. Angry at this treachery of his 
ally and the defeat which followed it, Louis sent another 
army into Italy, which was met by the Spaniards at Grari- 
gliano (ga-rel-yah'no), and disastrously beaten (1503). 
Thus Naples was again lost to France. In the knightly 
contests above mentioned, and in the battle at Garigliano, 
the Chevalier Bayard (ba'ard) greatly distinguished him- 
self. 

6. The Treaty of Blois.— The fortunes of the French 
in Italy were now in such peril that Louis wisely decided 
upon a triple treaty of peace with the emperor and the Arch- 
duke Philip. This was signed at Blois (1504). One of its 
conditions provided for the dismemberment of Venice ; and 
it was also proposed to give Naples, which, had been the 
cause of the Italian war, to Charles of Austria, a grandson of 
Maximilian, who should then marry Claude, the daughter of 
Louis. But Charles was already heir to vast possessions in 
Austria, Spain, and Flanders, and might be heir to many 
others. It was unwise, therefore, to increase his power, and 
an early occasion was found for breaking the treaty of Blois. 
It was done openly, however, by an assemblage of the States- 
General at Tours (1506). 

7. Capture of Genoa. — The following year, Louis 

5 . How were the French outwitted by the Spaniards ? Was the result of the battle 
of Garigliano favorable to the French ? Who distinguished himself specially ? 

6. Why was the treaty of Blois objectionable ? How long were its terms observed ? 
How was it broken ? 

7. How was Genoa punished ? Who inspired the league of Cambray ? What was 
its object ? Where is Cambray ? 



156 



THE VALOIS-ORLEAN"S BRANCH. [A. I>. 1509. 



found time to enter Italy again and capture Genoa, which 

had risen against 
him. * The re- 
public of Venice 
was at this time 
rich and power- 
ful, and had in- 
creased its power 
by the recent wars 
in Italy. The 
neighboring pow- 
ers now formed 
a league against 
it at Cambray 
(1508). The ob- 
ject of this league 
was conquest ; but 
a pretext was 
needed for mak- 
ing war upon the 
republic, and this 
was given by the 
guiding spirit of 
the league, Pope 
Julius II., who published an interdict against Venice (1509). 
8. Battle of Agnadello. — The French were the first 
to take the field. Their army came up with that of the 
Venetians at Agnadello (ahn-yah-del'lo), and defeated it 
(1509). The Venetians, however, took refuge in the marsh 
country around Venice, where the artillery and cavalry of 
the enemy could not act. Some of the objects of the league 
being accomplished, the Pope now found it easy to dissolve 
it by presenting new objects of ambition to some of its 

* Its punishment was severe. It was deprived of some of its possessions ; a heavy 
fine was imposed upon its inhabitants, some of the most active and influential of whom 
were beheaded ; its charter was burned by the public hangman ; and a fortress was built 
at the expense of the city to hold it in subjection. 

8. Who were defeated in the battle of Agnadello ? Whv was the league of Cam- 
"bray dissolved ? Who were nest attacked ? Where is Agnadello ? 




POPE JUNIUS II. 



A. D. 1512.] THE VALOIS-ORLEAHS BEAKCH. 157 

members against the others. He absolved the Venetians, and 
united them with Maximilian, Ferdinand, and the Swiss, 
against the French. The French possessions and allies 
in Italy were attacked; and Louis, after some hesitation, 
marched to their defense. 

9. The Holy League. — After much fighting, in which 
the aged Pope engaged in person, and the Chevalier Bayard 
won increased renown, Louis thought to weaken the cause 
of the Pope by degrading him in the eyes of the Christian 
world, for having left his holy office in the Church to soil 
his garments with the dust and blood of the battle-field. A 
council was, therefore, called for this purpose by Louis at 
Pisa (pe'sah) ; but the result was the reverse of what he had 
expected. Instead of humbling the Pope, this attack of 
France united the Christian powers in his defense ; and a 
Holy League was formed (1511) to defend him against 
France, the enemy of the Church. The members of the Holy 
League were Henry VIII. of England ; Ferdinand the Catho- 
lic, Maximilian, the Swiss, and the Eepublic of Venice. 

10. Gaston de Foix. — In the war that ensued, the 
command of the French army was confided to Gaston de 
Foix (fwah), a nephew of the king, twenty-two years of age. 
He attacked the armies of the league before they had formed 
a junction, and after several battles, in all of which he was 
victorious, was mortally wounded * in a battle with the Span- 
iards near Eavenna (1512). f He was succeeded by La Palice 
(pah-lees'), but the tide of victory had turned against the 
French. Pope Julius called another council, in which 
France was publicly denounced; the allies of the French 
deserted them, and, one by one, the cities they had taken 
were recaptured by the enemy. 

* "I would fain," said Louis XII., when he heard of his death, "have no longer an inch 
of land in Italy, and he able at that price to bring back to life my nephew, Gaston, and 
all the gallants who perished with him. God keep us from often gaining such victories." 

t " There are few instances in history, if indeed there be any, of so brief, and at the 
same time so brilliant/a military career as that of Gaston de Foix ; and it well entitled him 
to the epithet, his countrymen gave him, of ' the thunderbolt of Italy.' "—PrescoWs Fer- 
dinand and Isabella. 

9. What novel means did Louis take to defend himself against the Pope? Was 
his device successful ? What powers formed the Holy League ? 

10. Give an account of Gaston de Foix. Who was his successor ? 



158 



THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. 




A. ». 1514.] THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BRAKCH. 159 

11. Spain now became the ruling power in Italy; and 
Julius II. , who had died in 1513, was succeeded by Leo X. 
The Holy League of 1511 was confirmed, and preparations 
for the invasion of France were at once begun. Turning 
his back, however, upon the dangers which threatened him, 
Louis again entered Italy, and attacked the Swiss in Novara. 
He was beaten, and being driven out of Italy, returned to 
France to await the storm which was gathering (1513). At 
Guinegate (gheen-gaht), he met the English, who, with the 
Emperor Maximilian, had invaded France. He was again 
beaten, his army plying their spurs so vigorously in flight, that 
the battle has been known as the Battle of the Spurs (1513). 

12. The Swiss, meantime, had entered France and pene-' 
trated as far as Dijon (de-zhong'), where the French army met 
them. They returned to Switzerland, more, however, on 
account of the gold which was given them than from the 
prowess of the French soldiers. A treaty of peace was signed 
there ; and Louis, weary of war, shortly after signed another 
truce at Orleans (1514). Henry VIII. of England, however, 
refused to be bound by this treaty ; and another was concluded 
with him at London, one of the conditions of which was the 
marriage of Louis, who was now a widower, with Henry's 
sister, Mary, a girl of sixteen. 

13. After a great expenditure of blood and treasure, France 
was now at peace, and the king had leisure to turn his atten- 
tion to the civil affairs of his kingdom. This was the more 
desirable, since his foreign wars had not increased its ex- 
tent, while its industries had suffered by the uncertainty and 
the heavy taxes to which they had been subjected. Unfor- 
tunately, however, Louis did not long survive the treaties he 
had made. The life of gayety upon which he entered with 
his young wife undermined his constitution, which was 

1 1 . What effect had the death of Pope Julius II. on the Holy League ? Was 
T.onis successful in the battle of Novara ? What name has been given to the battle of 
Gni negate ? Whv ? 

1 2. Why was the invasion of France by the Swiss abandoned ? What led the king 
to sign the truce of Orleans ? How was Henry VIII. pacified ? 

1 3. To what did the king now turn his attention ? What was the immediate cause 
of his death ? When did it occur ? 



160 THE VALOIS-OKLEANS BEANCH. [A. ». 1515. 

already shaken by previous illness ; and less than six months 
after his second marriage he died, at the age of fifty-three 
(1515). 

14. Louis XII. has been affectionately called by the 
French the Father of his People. This title was given him 
by the States- General for the great success which attended 
his administration of the internal affairs of France ; and 
here was the field of his true glory. He encouraged agri- 
culture, trade, and commerce, built many public works, and 
brought artists from Italy to aid in that revival of literature 
and art which afterward received the name of the Renais- 
sance [re-nd-sahns'), or new birth. He checked the luxury 
of his court, limited his private expenses to the income from 
his estates, and collected and distributed the public money 
with such strict economy that taxes were reduced one-third. * 

15. Anne of Brittany. — Cardinal Amboise. — In 
all these reforms, Louis had two noble advisers, Anne of Brit- 
tany and Cardinal Amboise. The influence of the former, 
whom the king tenderly loved, was always exerted on the 
side of right and justice. Of a gentle disposition and gen- 
uine piety, her example changed the feasting and revelry of 
a royal court into the quiet of a well-ordered household. 
The king mourned her death sincerely ; and, though he 
shortly afterward married, his marriage was rather a matter 
of policy than affection. In Cardinal Amboise, the king- 
found a minister who sympathized with all his measures 
for the good of his people. So successful was he, so influ- 
ential in the Church, and so popular in France, that Louis, 
who had advanced him to the highest dignities in his power, 
even thought of him as the successor to the papal chair. 
The reverses, however, which the French arms met in Italy 
destroyed his prospects in this respect. 

* So different was his method in this respect from that of his predecessors, that it made 
him the subject of ridicule, which drew from him the famous reply, " I would rather my 
courtiers should laugh at my meanness than that my people should weep at my ex- 
penses." 

1 4. What title has been given to Louis XXI.? Mention some of the benefits con- 
ferred by him on France. What famous saying of his is recorded ? 

1 5 . Who were the king's principal advisers ? How was the influence of Anne of 
Brittany exerted ? What is said of Cardinal Amboise ? 



A. D. 1515.] THE VALOIS-OKLEAKS BRANCH. 



161 



1515 16. Francis I. — The justice and wise economy 
to of Louis XII. had produced in France a condition 
of prosperity which now enabled her to act with 
power in the affairs of Europe. Her territory was compact, 
her people more united than ever, and the authority of the 
king was undisputed. On this solid foundation the new 
king stepped, and for thirty-two years wielded her resources, 
giving France, in many respects, her most brilliant reign 




TOMB OF LOT7IS XII. AND ANNE OF BRITTANY AT ST. DENIS. 

since the days of Charlemagne. Louis XII. having left no 
son to succeed him, the crown devolved upon Francis of An- 
gouleme, a descendant of Louis, Duke of Orleans, who was 
assassinated by John the Fearless in 1407. He was brave 
and handsome, well educated, rash, and fond of luxury and 
pleasure ; but impatient of restraint, and at times cruel. 
His vices and his virtues were extreme. He taxed his peo- 

16. What wns the condition of France at the accession of Francis I.? What was 
the character of Francis ? 



162 THE YALOIS-OELEAXS BEAXCH. [A. D. 1515. 



pie heavily, yet spent their money with such an open hand, 
and guarded the kingdom so successfully against its most 
formidable enemy, that the splendor of his reign has drawn 
attention away from its glaring defects. 

17. Invasion of Italy. — Francis I. was, in many re- 
spects, the exact opposite of Louis XII. His policy, there- 
fore, almost entirely reversed that of his predecessor. The 
court again became the center of gayety and luxury ; and 
following the impulses of his nature, he resolved to lead the 
armies of France once more in a foreign war.- He turned, 
therefore, to Italy, the field of the late reverses to the arms 
of France, and crossing the Alps at a spot till then deemed 
impracticable, descended their southern slopes with a large 
army and an immense number of cannon. Prominent among 
the leaders of this army were the Chevalier Bayard and the 
Duke of Bourbon, recently made Constable of France. * 

18. Battle of Marignano. — So unexpected was the 
French advance that Prosper Colonna, the leader of the 
papal army, was captured at Yillafranca, with seven hun- 
dred of his knights. The king pressed on, and coming up 
with the main army of the Italians and Swiss at Marignano, 
near Milan, defeated it after a desperate struggle, which lasted 
all day and night, and far into the following morning (1515). 
The fighting was so obstinate that the opposing armies be- 
came hopelessly entangled. The king slept through the 
night on a gun-carriage ; and the Chevalier Bayard, lost 
among the Swiss, crept back to his army on his hands and 
knees in the darkness. The admiration of the king for the 
valor of Bayard was so great that he caused himself to be 
knighted by the latter on the field of battle. 

19. Ambition of Francis I.— The king now concluded 

* The wealth and haughty bearing of the constable were such that Henry VIII. said to 
Francis I. on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, " If I had such a subject, his head should 
not stay on his shoulders long." 

17. How does Francis I. compare with Louis XII.? Who commanded the French 
arms when Francis I. invaded Italy ? 

1 8 . What general was first captured by the French ? How long did the battle of 
Marignano last ? Mention some incidents of the battle. 

19". Between what powers was the treaty of Perpetual Peace concluded ! What 
ambitious project did he afterward entertain"? Who was his competitor ? 



A. ». 1519.] THE YALOIS-OKLEA^S BEAKCH. 163 

a treaty of peace with the Swiss at Fribourg, in November, 
1516, which has been called the Perpetual Peace ;* and an- 
other with the Pope, which repealed the Pragmatic Sanction 
of Charles VII., and deprived the clergy of many of the 
privileges which had been granted them by Louis XII. For 
three years, France remained at peace ; but, in 1519, the death 
of Maximilian, Emperor of Germany, filled the mind of the 
king with the daring thought of making himself his suc- 
cessor, and lifting France to the height of glory she attained 
during the reign of Charlemagne. For the high office of 
Emperor of Germany, however, he had a formidable com- 
petitor in Charles of Austria, who, by the death of Ferdi- 
nand the Catholic, in 1516, had become King of Spain. With 
him, Francis signed a treaty of peace at that time, by 
which both were pledged to an alliance offensive and defen- 
sive ; f and, now that an active rivalry had sprung up between 
them for a new dignity, Francis wrote to confirm his pre- 
vious pledge of friendship. 

20. The election was held, and Charles of Austria was 
chosen Emperor of Germany, with the title of Charles V. 
(1519). Before this, he had been King of Spain, Naples, 
Sardinia, Austria, and the Netherlands. With this new 
crown placed on his head, he became the undisputed sove- 
reign of Germany, master of Naples ; and, through his con- 
trol of the commerce of Flanders, could force England into 
an alliance with him at any time. France was almost sur- 
rounded by this new and mighty empire which had sprung 
up in a day, and was filled with alarm at the danger in 
which she was placed. Francis L, therefore, forgot all his 
assurances of friendship, and prepared for war. 

21. The Field of the Cloth of Gold.— The only pow- 
erful nation near enough to be of service to Francis as an 

* This treaty secured peace between "France and Switzerland for nearly three centu- 
ries, being unbroken down to the commencement of the French Revolution, 
t This was the treaty of Noyon, signed in 1516. 

20. Who became Emperor of Germany? What was the extent of his power? 
What course did Francis I. take ? 

21. What was the object of the conference known as the Field of the Cloth of 
Gold ? Describe it. 



164 THE VALOIS-OBLEA^S BRANCH. [A. ». 1520. 

ally was England. He invited the English king, Henry 
VIII., therefore, to a conference in France. The two kings 
met (1520) near G-uines (gheen), where their followers gave 
themselves np to the most costly sports and ceremonies. 
Enormous sums were lavished, each king striving to outdo 
the other in the richness of his apparel, the splendor of his 
retinue, and the costliness of his banquets. Many a courtier 
squandered his whole estate in this single festival of eighteen 
days. So magnificent was the display, that the meeting has 
always been known as the "Field of the Cloth of Gold." 
The object, however, for which this gorgeous meeting was 
called by Francis I. was not attained ; for Charles V. had 
previously visited England,* and won over the king by his 
fiattery, and his powerful minister Wolsey by the promise of 
the papacy ; and now Henry formed an alliance with Charles 
against France. 

22, Deprived of aid from without, the French king now 
made vigorous preparation for a war which he saw must be 
long and bloody. He put his army in motion at once, 
hoping to thwart the plans of his adversaries by the rapidity 
of his movements. | He sent an army to assist in prolonging 
a revolt which had broken out in Navarre, but before it 
reached the scene of action the revolt was suppressed. An- 
other army, under the Duke of Bouillon, marched on Lux- 
embourg ; a third under Bayard entered Mezieres (ma-ze- 
ar'), which was threatened by the army of the Emperor, 
commanded by the Count of Nassau. 

23. Siege of Mezieres. — Battle of Bicoque. — Me- 
zieres was so stoutly defended by Bayard, that the emperor's 
forces, after three weeks, gave up the siege. The French 
arms, however, now met with a serious reverse in Italy. 

* Charles had acted with characteristic promptitude and sagacity. He landed at Dover 
May 26th, 1520 ; and, although Wolsey had previously inclined to the interests of France, 
yet by the nattering distinction with which he treated the cardinal, the costly presents 
which he made to him, and, above all, by the artful intimations which he made use of in 
regard to the chair of St. Peter, he completely gained him over td his own interests. 
The meeting of Henry and Francis took place immediately afterward (June 7, 1520). 



22. What did Francis now do ? Who were the French commanders ? 

23. Who were successful at Mezieres ? What disaster happened to the French 
arms ? What was the result of the battle of Bicoque ? Where is Mezieres ? 



A. ». 1522.] THE VALOIS-OKLEAKS BEANCH. 165 

The Spaniards attacked Lautrec (lo-trek'), the French com- 
mander in Milan, with a superior force. His Swiss soldiers 
were dissatisfied at not receiving their pay ; but, after much 
trouble, were brought to face the enemy at Bicoque (be-holc'), 
where they were beaten and forced to retreat (1522). This 
battle gave Charles V. the undisputed control of Italy. 




24. Treachery of Bourbon.— Death of Bayard.— 

A greater disaster, however, now happened to Francis I. This 
was the desertion to the enemy of his powerful and most 
trusted general, the Constable of Bourbon, who had formed 
a plot with Charles V. for the dismemberment of France. 
This was followed by the invasion of the kingdom at three 
points : in the northwest, by the English ; in the north, by 

24. What course did the Constable of Bourbon now take ? Give an account of 
the death of Bayard. 



166 



THE YALOIS-OKLEAKS BRANCH. 




A. ». 1525.] THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. 167 

the Germans ; and in the south, by way of Gruienne. In all 
these places, the invaders were repulsed ; but in Italy the 
French army, under Bonnivet (bon-ne-vd'), was forced to 
retreat, and suffered a serious loss in the death of Bayard, 
who was killed while attempting to check the enemy.* 

25. Invasion of Italy. — Capture of Francis I. — 
Charles Y. now attacked Marseilles, hoping by an easy vic- 
tory there to become possessed of Provence, and establish a 
foothold in the south of France. The siege, however, was 
more difficult than he had expected, and was finally raised 
by Francis I. , who came in person to its relief. Bourbon 
withdrew with his army beyond the Alps ; and Francis, with 
an army of more than 40,000 men, now found himself be- 
fore Italy with no enemy to oppose him. He invaded it at 
once. Milan fell without a battle, and the king marched to 
the attack of Pavia, having first detached a small army 
to reconquer Naples. Bourbon, however, returned to Italy 
with his army, rallied the allies of the emperor there, and 
hastened to the relief of Pavia. A great battle was fought 
before the walls of the city, in which the French, after des- 
perate fighting, were routed ; and Francis was taken prisoner 
(1525). 

26. Release of Francis I. — The king was at first im- 
prisoned in a castle near Milan, but afterward he was sent, 
at his own request, to Madrid ; and his mother, Louise 
of Savoy, was made Eegent of France to govern it until the 
king's return. After nearly a year's captivity, Francis was 
released, having first signed a treaty by which he ceded to 
the emperor his Italian possessions and a part of France. 
On the banks of the little river Bidassoa (be-das-so'ah), 
on the southwest border of France, the king was set free, 
having first delivered his two sons to the emperor, as hos- 

* The Constable of Bourbon, who was following the retreating French, came upon the 
dying knight, who had been placed at the foot of a tree, with his face to the enemy, and 
sought to console him. " I die an honest man." said the knight, " and need no pity ; you 
nave sore need of it, who are fighting against your prince, your country, and your oath." 

25. Was Charles V. successful in his attack on Marseilles? What conquests in 
Italy did Francis make ? What was the result of the battle of Pavia ? 

26. How lone was the king a prisoner ? On what terms was he released ? Where 
was he released ? 



168 THE VALOIS-OKLEAXS BRANCH. [A. ». 1528. 

tages for the fulfillment of the treaty. Springing upon his 
horse on the French side of the river, with the exclamation, 
" Once more I am a king ! " he started on his return to the 
capital. 

27. The Holy League. — When the king reached 
Paris, the representatives of the people refused to confirm 
that part of the recent treaty which required the cession of 
Burgundy to Charles V. The latter accused the king of 
bad faith. Francis answered him angrily, and began a 
correspondence with Pope Clement VII. and other powers, 
which led to the Holy League (1526), for the rescue of Italy 
from the bands of brigands and free lances which the many 
wars there had produced. Bourbon, with the imperial 
army, besieged and captured Eome the following year, losing 
his life in the attempt ; and for many months the capital of 
the Christian world was given over to his infuriated soldiers, 
who avenged his death with the most dreadful atrocities. * 

28. The king complained bitterly of the sacrilegious ac- 
tion of the emperor's army in the Holy City, and sent Lau- 
trec again into southern Italy to reconquer Naples. Want 
of money for the payment of his troops, and the plague, 
which carried off their commander, reduced the army to 
great straits, and the expedition was forced to abandon the 
prize for which it had suffered so much (1528). f The diplo- 

* "It is impossible to describe, or even to imagine, the misery and horror of the scenes 
which followed. Whatever a city taken by storm can dread from military rage unre- 
strained by discipline ; whatever excesses the ferocity of the Germans, the avarice of 
the Spaniards, or the licentiousness of the Italians could commit, these wretched inhab- 
itants were obliged to suffer. Churches, palaces, and houses of private persons were 
plundered without distinction. No age, or character, or sex was exempt from injury. 
Cardinals, nobles, priests, matrons, virgins, were all the prey of soldiers, and at the mercy 
of men deaf to the voice of humanity. Nor did these outrages cease, as is usual in 
towns which are carried by assault, when the first fury of the storm was over. The im- 
perialists kept possession of Eome several months ; and, during all that time, the inso- 
lence and brutality 01 the soldiers hardly abated. Their booty in ready money alone 
amounted to a million of ducats ; what they raised by ransoms and exactions far ex- 
ceeded that sum. Eome, though taken several times by the northern nations, who over- 
ran the empire in the fifth and sixth centuries, was never treated with so much cruelty 
by the barbarous and heathen Huns, Vandals, or Goths, as now by the subjects of a 
Catholic monarch."— Robertson's History of Charles Y. 

t The defection of the great Genoese admiral, Andrea Doria, also contributed to 
the defeat of the French. Affronted by the French king, he went over with his whole 
squadron to the enemy ; and the French fleet was unable to maintain the blockade of 
Naples. Moreover, on his return to Genoa, Doria excited a revolution, by means of which 
the French were expelled, and the republic was restored. 



27. What caused a renewal of the war ? For what purpose was the Holy League 
formed ? 

28. Why did Lautrec fail to capture Naples ? How did Francis now defend him- 
self against the emperor ? 



A. D. 1533.] THE VALOIS-ORLEAHS BRANCH. 169 

macy of the king now rescued France from the dangers 
which had threatened it, by confining the emperor's atten- 
tion to the defense of his empire, which was menaced on 
the east by the Sultan Soliman. An invasion of the Turks, 
was brought about by the cunning of the king, while he 1 
further weakened the emperor by causing the withdrawal of 
England from its alliance with him. 

29. The Women's Peace. — These dangers disposed the 
emperor to treat for peace. Louise of Savoy and the em- 
peror's aunt, Margaret of Austria, therefore, met at Cam- 
bray ; and a peace was there concluded, by which the emperor 
renounced his claim to Burgundy, while insisting upon all 
the other conditions of the treaty of Madrid. This was 
known as the "Women's Peace, and lasted six years (1529- 
1535). Francis I. applied himself, during the interval, to 
measures for the relief of France from the dangers with 
which his powerful and skillful adversary constantly men- 
aced it. He re-organized and strengthened the army, made 
an alliance with the King of England, and won over the 
Pope by the marriage of his son Henry to the Pope's niece, 
Catharine de' Medici (med'e-che) (1533.)* 

30. League "with Turkey. — As a matter of policy, 
Francis I. made an alliance with the Turks, their friendship 
being the surest guaranty which the king could have against 
attacks from the emperor. This alliance, however, of a- 
Christian king with infidels was also the greatest offense 
which Charles could urge against him in the eyes of Europe 

* An episode in the long struggle between these skillful adversaries happened the fol- 
lowing year, and illustrates their characters in a striking manner. The city of Ghent 
had rebelled against the emperor on account of the heavy taxes imposed upon it, and 
sent an envoy offering to transfer its allegiance to the King of France. The king ad- 
vised the emperor of this proposition, and proposed that he should cross France in or- 
der to reach Ghent by the shortest route. The novel offer was boldly accepted by the 
emperor, and he was sumptuously entertained by the king, who accompanied him the 
greater part of the way. The king used all his arts to impress the emperor with the fact 
that he was entirely at his mercy, hoping that Charles in return would speak in open 
approval of some of the king's ambitious projects in Italy. The wary emperor, how- 
ever, rode luxuriously the whole length of France at the king's expense, and left him at 
last with only vague promises. Two years after they were at war as before. 



29. By whom was the treaty known as the Women's Peace concluded ? How long 
did peace last ? What measures did Francis take for the safety of France ? 

30. Why did the kins; enter into a league with the Turks ? How was this league 
regarded in Europe ? What was the effect of the capture of Nice ? How were the 
emperor's plans frustrated ? 



170 THE TALOIS-ORLEA^S BRAKCH. [A. ». 1544. 

to justify his own constant quarrels with him. In 1543, a 
combined French and Turkish fleet attacked and captured 
the city of Nice. For this act the emperor denounced 
Francis as an enemy to Christianity. He made a new alli- 
ance, also, with the King of England, whose army was im- 
mediately landed in Picardy, and advanced on Paris, while 
the imperial army pushed on through Champagne to meet 
him ; and the Spaniards from northern Italy attempted an 
invasion by way of Piedmont, but were defeated with great 
loss. In the, north, the emperor's plans were frustrated be- 
cause the English failed to co-operate with him. * Thus the 
triple invasion of France failed, and the emperor signed a 
treaty of peace with Francis (1544) ; and two years after, the 
kings of France and England signed another. 

31. On the return of peace, the king turned his attention 
to the Eef ormers, f or Protestants, who had greatly increased 
in number. He was persuaded by evil counselors that his 
difficulties had arisen mainly from his mildness in dealing 
with them ; and the censure he had received from the Pope 
and the Church for his alliances with the Turks weighed 
upon his mind. He now resolved upon severe measures 
against them. Many executions were ordered in different 
parts of France, which were attended with treachery and 
great cruelty. The most infamous atrocity of this nature, 
however, which darkened his reign, was his persecution of 
the Waldenses, or Vaudois (vo-dwah'), who lived in the val- 
leys of Piedmont and Provence. 

32. Massacre of the Vaudois. — This sect arose in 
the twelfth century from the preaching of Peter Waldo. 
Among other religious tenets, they had always insisted upon 
their right to a free reading of the Bible. They were mostly 
peasants of pure life and simple manners ; and, though they 

* The imperial army advanced as far as Meaux, about 25 miles from Paris. 

t These were the followers of Martin Luther, who, in the first part of the sixteenth 
century, opposed the doctrines of the Church of Eome. They had greatly increased in 
France at the time referred to. The change they effected in religious matters is called 
in history the Reformation. 

31. To what harsh measures did the king now resort ? Where- did the Yaudois 
live ? What was their character ? Their principles ? 

32. Give an account of the massacre of the Vaudois. 



A. ». 1547.] THE YALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. 171 

had before been threatened with the king's displeasure, 
had not, up to this time, been seriously molested. In 
1545, however, the soldiers of the king suddenly appeared 
with fire and sword amongst them, and a general massacre 
began. Three thousand were burned or slaughtered, more 
than six hundred were sent to the prison ships, and the 
remainder, scattered in the woods and mountains, died 
of hunger and exposure. Their country was laid waste, 
houses and even trees being included in the general de- 
struction. 

33. Death of Francis I. — Other measures for the per- 
secution of the Reformers were resolved upon by the king, 
but were interrupted by his death (1547). During his latter 
years, he had been gloomy and morose, and bore little resem- 
blance to the handsome young monarch whose boisterous 
gayety shocked the quiet disposition of Louis XII., and drew 
from him, just before his death, while thinking of his plans 
for the future of France, the famous remark that " That boy 
of Angouleme would spoil every thing." A life of pleasure 
and excess had made him prematurely old, and brought him 
to the grave at an age (fifty-two) when he should have been 
in the fullness of his vigor, and at a time when powerful 
agencies were at work in Europe, destined to- influence ma- 
terially the fortunes of his kingdom. It was during this 
reign that Jacques Oartier (kar-te-d') attempted the settle- 
ment of Canada (1534-5). 

1547 34. Henry II., who succeeded his father, was in 
to all respects his inferior except, perhaps, in his fond- 
ness for physical exercises, in which he excelled. Being 
little inclined to assume the cares of state, he permitted the 
affairs of his kingdom to drift along in the dangerous cur- 
rent in which his father had thrown them. His most 
trusted advisers in the administration were the Constable 
Montmorency and the Duke of Guise (giveez) ; while his court 

33. How old was the king at his death ? What is said of the change in his dispo- 
sition ? What settlement was attempted ? 

34. By whom was Frnncis I. succeeded? What is said of Henry II.? By whom 
was he ruled ? What is said of the government ? 



172 THE YALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. [A. ». 1553. 

was ruled by his favorite, Diana of Poitiers.* Corruption 
ruled in every department, offices were openly bought and 
sold, and a swarm of favorites crowded the court and squan- 
dered the public money. 

35. As a consequence of this waste, heavy taxes were neces- 
sary, and the attempt to collect them produced an prising 
in Guienne, the year after the king's accession. The gdbelle, 
or salt tax, became so odious there that the peasants rose in 
a body and marched through the province, killing the king's 
collectors and burning their houses. So strong were they 
that the first troops sent against them were defeated, and 
the Constable Montmorency found it necessary to take the 
field in person. He conquered them ; but after he had pun- 
ished them with great severity the tax was reduced in that 
province, its strong English sympathies making it prudent 
to favor it. A war with England was also entered upon 
in aid of Scotland (1550) ; but the French attack was limited 
to the capture of Boulogne, which had remained in the 
hands of the English since the year 1546. 

36. Henry II. formed an alliance also with the Protest- 
ants of Germany, in opposition to the Emperor Charles V. 
Having secretly won over one of the imperial generals, Maur- 
ice of Saxony, the king marched into Germany, and captured 
the cities of Toul, Metz, and Verdun, in the spring of 1552. 
The emperor returned in the autumn with 60,000 men, and 
laid siege to Metz. It was defended with the greatest valor 
and obstinacy ; and Charles V., after a two months' siege, 
in which his troops suffered incredible hardships from cold 
and disease, was forced to retire, leaving vast numbers of 
dead and wounded in his deserted camps (1553). 

* Diana of Portiers was the brilliant star of the. court, and all other favorites bowed 
before her. She was the widow of the Sieur de la Breze, seneschal of Xormandy ; and 
thousrh several years older than the king, yet by her wit and her beauty, which she re- 
tained to an extreme old age. she so completely captivated him, that he resigned himself 
and his kingdom almost entirelv to her guidance. So wonderful was her influence that 
the people accused her of using sorcery to accomplish her purposes. Catharine de 
Medici, the young queen, remained throughout the reign neglected and without in- 
fluence. 

35. What was the consequence of this ? What is said of the gabdle? What in- 
surrection took place ? What war was undertaken ? What incidents are mentioned ? 

36. What cities were captured by the French ? How did the emperor retaliate ? 
What was the result of the siege of Metz ? 



A. D. 1557.] THE VALOTS-ORLEA^S BRAKOH. 173 

37. Abdication of the Emperor. — The war now 

raged for three years, with increased violence and varying 
success, in the north of France, the Netherlands, and Italy. 
In 1556, however, an unexpected event freed France from 
her great adversary. Charles V. abdicated, leaving Austria 
and the title of emperor to his brother Ferdinand; and 
Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands to his son, who became 
king with the title of Philip II. of Spain. The old emperor, 
weary of his struggle with France, which he had carried 
on with only short intervals for thirty-five years, went to 
seek in the quiet of the monastery of Yuste (yoos'ta) the 
peace for which he had fought so constantly, but without 
success. 

38. The danger to France was not lessened by the abdica- 
tion of Charles V. Though the girdle of hostile states which 
surrounded her was now controlled by two monarchs instead 
of one, its strength was increased by the addition of Eng- 
land, whose queen, Mary, had recently been married to Philip 
II. Henry at once sent an army, under Francis of Guise, 
into Italy, where Pope Paul IV. aided him, hoping in this 
way to drive the Spaniards out of Italy. He was beaten, 
however, by the Spanish commander, the Duke of Alva. 
Another expedition under Montmorency, which had gone to 
invade the Netherlands, was also defeated with great loss at 
St. Quentin, by the Duke of Savoy;* and Montmorency, 
with many other nobles, was taken prisoner (1557). f 

* " By this defeat a deadly blow was struck to the very heart of France. The fruits of 
all the victories of Francis and Henry withered. The battle, with others which were to 
follow it, won by the same hand, were soon to compel the signature of the most disastrous 
treaty which had ever disgraced the history of France. The fame and power of the 
constable faded— his misfortunes and captivity fell like a blight upon the ancient glory 
of the house of Montmorency— his enemies destroyed his influence and popularity, while 
the degradation of the kingdom was simultaneous with the downfall of his illustrious 
name. On the other hand, the exultation of Philip was keen as his cold and stony nature 
would permit. The magnificent palace-convent of the Escurial, dedicated to the saint 
on whose festival the battle had been fought, and built in the shape of a gridiron, on 
which that martyr had suffered, was soon afterward ei'ected in pious commemoration of 
the event."— Motley's Rise of the Butch Republic. 

t " The spoil was enormous, and the plunder of St. Quentin was not unjustly revenged. 
Jewels, plate, and money were deposited on the altars of the churches, and the inhab- 
itants, carrying with them the clothes which they wore, were sent as homeless beggars 
across the channel."— Froude's History of England. 



37. What unusual event took place in 1556? How was the empire divided? 
Whither did the emperor retire ? 

38. Was the power of the league weakened by the abdication of Charles V.? How 
was it strengthened ? With what reverses did the French now meet ? 



174 THE VALOIS-ORLEAXS BRANCH. [A. ». 1559. 

89. The Duke of Guise, howeyer, who had returned from 
Italy, adyanced a few months after upon Calais, which had 
been left with only a small garrison, and captured it ; and 
the English were thus depriyed of their last possession on 
the soil of France (1558).* The same year, the alliance of 
England and Spain fell to pieces by the death of Queen 
Mary, and the accession of Elizabeth, who was a Protestant. 
Philip II. now conceiyed a new project, which he occupied 
many years in carrying out. This was the destruction 
of Protestantism by a union of all the Catholic countries 
in a war against it. He signed a treaty of peace, there- 
fore, with the King of Erance, in which the latter kept the 
cities of Toul, Metz, and Verdun, and a part of Piedmont ; 
but gave up in the Netherlands more cities and castles 
"than could haye been taken from him in thirty years of 
defeat." 

40. To bind this peace, a double marriage was arranged : 
the first, that of Philip II. to the king's daughter Elizabeth ; 
the second, that of Philibert^ Emma nuel, Duke of Sayoy, to 
the king's sister. Before the departure of the princesses, 
Henry gaye a brilliant entertainment in their honor. One 
part of this consisted of a tournament, this being a sport in 
which he excelled. When the combat was almost finished, 
he called for a lance, and entered the lists against Count 
Montgomery, the captain of his guard. Both lances were 
broken by the shock of their meeting ; but, the count failing 
to lower the stump which remained in his hand, it struck 
the king's helmet on the yisor, and a splinter entering his 
eye, pierced the brain. He was carried from the lists mor- 
tally wounded, and eleyen days after died (1559). 

* " Calais was called the ' brightest jewel in the English crown.' A jewel it was— use- 
less, costly, but dearly prized. Over the gate of Calais had once stood the insolent in- 
scription :— 

' Then shall the Frenchmen Calais win, 
When iron and lead like cork shall swim ; ' 

and the Frenchmen had won it— won it in fair and gallant fight."— Froude^s History of 

England. 

39. What successes of the French immediately followed? What great project 
did the Kine of Spain form ? What changes of territory were made by the treaty ? 

40. What was the manner of the king's death ? On what occasion was the tourna- 
ment given ? 



A. D. 1559.] THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BEAKCH. 



175 



1559 41. Francis II. — The oldest son of Henry — a boy 

to of sixteen — now ascended the throne nnder the title 

1»6© ^ j* ranc j s u # He was powerfully influenced by his 

young bride, the beau- 



tiful Mary Stuart, who 
was a daughter of James 
V. of Scotland and Mary 
of Lorraine. Caring lit- 
tle for matters of state, 
she was naturally guided 
by her relatives, Duke 
Francis of Guise, and 
Charles, Cardinal of Lor- 
raine. In opposition to 
the ambitious house of 
Guise, which was thus 
suddenly lifted into powd- 
er, were the equally am- 
bitious houses of Bour- 
bon and Montmorency. 

42. The Hugue- 
nots. — The Reforma- 
tion, which had become 
so formidable in Ger- 
many and the Nether- 
lands, had been acquir- 
ing increased influence in 
France ; and the house of Guise, with the king and queen and 
the king's mother, Catharine de' Medici, determined to sup- 
press it. * The Bourbons and the Montmorencys, therefore, 
took the side of the Eeformers, whose leader was Calvin, a 

* " The Reformation made extraordinary progress in France during the latter years of 
the reign of Henry II. The first Protestant church was established in Paris in 1555; 
others were founded successively at Rouen, Blois, Tours, Angers, Bourges, and La 
Rochelle ; and we are assured that, in 1558, there were no less than 2.000 places dedicated 
to the Reformed worship, and attended by congregations numbering upward of 400,000."— 
Students' History of France. 

41. How old was Francis II. when he became king ? Who was his wife ? What 
nobles were opposed to each other at this time ? 

42. Who were the Huguenots ? On what sides did the nobles range themselves ? 
Who was the Huguenot leader ? 




ANCIENT HOTEL OP GUISE, AT PARIS. 



176 THE VALOIS-OELEAXS BEAXCH. [A. D. 1560. 

Frenchman, residing in Geneva, which, from that fact, be- 
came the center of Calvinism, as the doctrines of the Ref- 
ormation "were called in France. The Calvinists were also 
called Huguenots (Jiu'ghe-nots), from a German word, which 
means confederates. On the side of the Huguenots, the 
most eminent men were Henry of Xavarre, the Constable 
Montmorency, and his nephew, Admiral Coligny (Jco-leen-ye'), 
and the three chiefs of the house of Bourbon — Antoine, 
Charles, and Louis — the last usually called Prince of Conde. 

43. The first open act of the new king against the Hugue- 
nots was his punishment of Dubourg (doo-loorg), a member 
of the king's court of justice, who had declared his sympa- 
thy for the Huguenots in the king's presence. * Dubourg 
was publicly burned. This act placed the Huguenots on 
their guard. Believing that the young king could be influ- 
enced in favor of their party, if freed from the power of the 
Guises, they formed a plot for seizing him at Blois iolwali). 
They were betrayed, however ; and the court was removed to 
Amboise, where a second attempt was made, but again with- 
out success. 

44. The discovery of this plot inflamed the anger of the 
Guises, who revenged themselves by increasing the number 
of their victims. Huguenots in all parts of France were 
arrested, and hung, drowned, or beheaded ; while, in Paris, 
the king and the court gathered daily, as at a play, to wit- 
ness the executions. The arrest of a messenger of the Prince 
of Conde led to the discovery that he was the chief of the 
recent plot. He was, therefore, arrested, tried, and con- 
demned to death ; but his life was saved by the change of 
policv which followed the death of the king (1560). Francis 
II. was then only eighteen years old, having reigned but 
eighteen months. 

* At the session of the counselors CRed of Justice). Dubourg- had spoken very boldly, 
pttacking the rices of the court. " While men." he said. " are conducted to the stake 
for the sole crime of pravin^ for their prince, a shameful license encourages and multi- 
plies blasphemies. perjuries."debaucheries. and adulteries." This remark was conceived 
to be pointed at the king ; and he immediately ordered the arrest of the counselor. 

43. Who wa« Duboursr ? What was his offense ? His punishment ? 

44. What revenee did" the Guises take ? What is said of the executions in Paris ? 
What prevented the execution of Conde ? When did the king die ? 



A. D. 1562.] THE YALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. 177 

1560 ^** Charles EC. — The death of the king was fol- 
to lowed by the departure of his young queen for Scot- 
15 land, where she entered upon that career which led 
to her long imprisonment and tragic death. The second 
son of Henry II., though less than eleven years old, was 
now made king, under the title of Charles IX. Catharine de' 
Medici was made regent till the king should attain his ma- 
jority, and began at once to show those great qualities which 
gave her so commanding a position during the stormy period 
of the Eeformation. Familiar with all the dark ways of the 
Italian court in which she had been educated, compelled for 
many years to yield to the claims of rivals and bide her time 
in patience, she had attained a mastery over herself, which 
now gave her an immense advantage in the difficult path 
which she was called to tread. She had no preference for\ 
either party then struggling for the control of the govern-j § 
ment, but used either according as it advanced the intei 
of her sons. 

46. The Huguenots seeming most likely to further her 
plans, she freed Conde, and appointed Antoine de Bour- 
bon, King of Navarre, lieutenant-general. At the same time, 
she conciliated the Guises by leaving them in possession of 
the offices they held ; and a meeting of reconciliation took 
place, in the presence of the king, between Conde and the 
Duke of Guise. The jealousy of the Catholics and Protest- 
ants, however, was not appeased. Conflicts took place in 
many parts of France ; and the measures which had been 
adopted, in the hope of reconciling the two parties, were 
found to be of no effect. At Vassy, where the Duke of Guise 
had gone on a visit, a riot was provoked, which ended in the 
murder of sixty Huguenots, in their own church, by the 
soldiers of the duke (1562). 

47. Civil War. — A civil war broke out at once through- 

45. Who succeeded Francis II.? Who was Catharine de' Medici ? To what office 
was she appointed ? What was her character? 

46. What course did Catharine de' Medici now take ? Did she succeed in recon- 
ciling parties ? What act led to civil war ? 

47. What did the massacre of Vassy produce ? Where were the principal battles 
fought ? Who were the chiefs of the two parties ? Where and how was Guise killed ? 

8* 



178 THE YALOIS-ORLEAKS BRANCH. [A. ». 1566. 

out France, on receipt of the news of the massacre of Vassy. 
The Huguenots sought the aid of Germany and England ; 
and a battle was fought at Rouen, where the King of Na- 
varre, who was a recent Catholic convert,* was mortally 
wounded ; and one at Dreux (druh), where Conde engaged 
the king's army, commanded by the Constable Montmoren- 
cy (1562.) In the latter battle, 8,000 men were slain, and 
both generals were captured. Guise was made lieutenant- 
general by Catharine, while the Huguenots recognized Co- 
ligny (Tco-leen ye) as their chief. The following year, Guise, 
while besieging Orleans, was treacherously shot by a Hu- 
guenot, who had taken refuge in his camp. The siege of 
Orleans was, therefore, abandoned, and a treaty of peace was 
signed at Amboise (am-bwahz r ) (1563). 

48. Catholics and Huguenots now marched together to 
the attack on Havre, which the English had occupied, and 
captured it after a ten days' siege. Their friendship, how- 
ever, was of short duration. The young king reached his 
majority, which was celebrated at Rouen, and started with 
his mother and the court on a tour through the south of 
Erance, in the hope of reconciling his subjects with each 
other. On this journey, Catharine had an interview at Ba- 
yonne, with her daughter Elizabeth, Queen of Spain, and the 
Duke of Alva, who was then prime minister of Philip II. 
Erom that time, she became the determined enemy of the 
Huguenots. 

49. The Ordinance of Moulins. — In the midst of the 
general disquiet, which the journey of the king and court 
had done little to calm, the new monarch found time to con- 
vene at Moulins (moo-lahng') (1566) an assembly of the nota- 
bles, at which the scheme proposed by his chancellor, l'Hopital 

* " At the present com'uncture, Catharine de' Medici could not have suspected that An- 
thony of Bourhon, unfixed as he was in his religious opinions, could desert his hrother, 
his family, and the Huguenot party, with which he had so long acted. But the promise 
of their restoring that part of Navarre heyond the Pyrenees which Spain had conquered 
was held out by the Guises and Philip ; and the king was dupe enough to trust to it."— 
Crowe's History of France. 



48. How was the treaty of Amboise signalized ? Under what circumstances did 
Catharine become the enemy of the Huguenots ? 
49* What is said of the Ordinance of Moulins ? 



A. D. 1569.] THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. 179 

(lo-j)e-taV), for the reformation of justice, was promulgated. 
It is known as the Ordinance of Moulins ; but its provis- 
ions, in the fierce conflict which was approaching, were for 
a long time disregarded. 

50. Battle of St. Denis. — Peace of Lonjumeau. — 
Fearing the court, the Huguenots attempted, the following 
year, to capture the king and his mother. Both escaped, 
however, and reached Paris, which Conde endeavored to cap- 
ture by cutting off its sources of supply. The Constable 
Montmorency marched out and gave battle at St. Denis, 
where he was mortally wounded. He died in Paris the fol- 
lowing day ; and Catharine caused his place to be filled by 
the Duke of Anjou, a brother of the king, aged sixteen. By 
this act, the command of the army was virtually in her own 
hands (1567). Neither party was victor on the field of St. 
Denis. In the south, however, the Huguenots were so suc- 
cessful that Catharine consented to a treaty of peace, which 
was signed at Lonjumeau (long-zhu-mo') in 1568. 

51. Death of Conde. — The new peace lasted scarcely a 
year. Under the pressure of the great movement which was 
then agitating Europe, the petty rivalries which had dis- 
tracted Prance were gradually hushed ; and the chiefs of the 
great houses were silently ranging themselves on the side of 
the Catholics or the Huguenots, in anticipation of the strug- 
gle which was impending. L'Hopital was dismissed in dis- 
grace ; Conde and Coligny, being threatened with arrest by 
the king, fled to Eochelle, where they were joined by Jeanne 
d'Albret (dal-lra), Queen of Navarre, and the Protestant 
chiefs. A general uprising of the Huguenots followed ; and 
a battle was fought, in which Conde was wounded and taken 
prisoner (1569), when he was treacherously shot by the cap- 
tain of the Duke of Anjou's guard. 

52. The Huguenots were discouraged by the loss of their 

**- _ . 

50. What caused the battle of St. Denis? What officer was mortally wounded 
there ? Why did the regent consent to sign the treaty of Lonjumeau ? 

5 1 . What change of officers was now 'made ? What battle was fought ? How was 
Conde killed ? 

52. What was done by Jeanne dAlbret ? What is said of the young princes? 
What followed ? 



180 



THE VALOIS-OKLEAKS BRANCH. [A. ». 1570. 



great leader ; but, at this juncture, Jeanne d'Albret roused 
their drooping spirits by presenting to them as their chiefs 
her son Henry and the young prince of Conde. The latter 
was sixteen, the former only fifteen. Henry was chosen 

general in chief, with Coligny 
as his lieutenant and adviser ; 
and several battles were fought 
without decisive results to 
either side. 

53, Peace of St. Ger- 
main. — To put an end to these 
useless wars, and rid France 
of the rival chiefs who stood 
in the way of her designs, 
Catharine de' Medici now 
formed a plan which ended in 
an atrocity that stands alone 
in modern history. Coligny 
had written to the king, of- 
fering to bring about a peace 
by leading the Huguenot 
nobles into the Netherlands 
against the Duke of Alva, who was waging a relentless 
war upon the Protestants of that country. This proposi- 
tion was accepted ; and, to throw the Huguenots off their 
guard, a peace was concluded at St. Germain, the terms 
of which were so favorable to them that the Catholics 
were exasperated (1570). Catharine, however, unmoved by 
threats, went even further. She proposed a marriage be- 
tween Henry of Navarre and Margaret, the sister of the king. 
54. Death of Jeanne d'Albret. — Invitations were 
sent to Jeanne d'Albret and Coligny to visit Paris ; the for- 
mer to attend the marriage ceremony, the latter to arrange 
with the king the expedition to the Netherlands. Charles 

53. What was the object of Catharine de' Medici at this time ? What steps did she 
take to further it ? What marriage did she propose ? 

54. Why did Jeanne d'Albret and Coligny visit Paris ? Why were Guise and his 
party angry ? What occurrence alarmed the Huguenots ? 




JEANNE D'ALBRET. 



A. I>. 1572.] THE YALOIS-ORLEAKS BRANCH. 181 

IX. had just reached the age of twenty-one, and was jealous 
of the reputation which his brother was acquiring as com- 
mander of the army. He received Coligny affectionately, 
therefore, and entered with ardor into all his plans. Guise 
and the Catholics were enraged at the sight of the Hugue- 
not chiefs received with such distinction at court, and 
watched the proceedings for the marriage with ill-concealed 
anger. On the 9th of June, 1572, Jeanne d'Albret died 
after a four days' illness. This sudden death excited the 
suspicion of the Huguenots ; but, though it was suspected 
that she had been poisoned, nothing could be proved.* 
Meantime, the hatred of the two parties for each other in- 
creased, and the public mind was inflamed by addresses from 
the pulpit. 

55, Attempted Murder of Coligny. — Catharine de' 
Medici, perceiving that the storm could no longer be de- 
layed, determined to direct it. Unknown to the king, she 
planned the murder of Coligny, believing that when the 
murderer was discovered, a general attack of the Huguenots 
upon the Catholics would take place, during which the 
king's troops, as preservers of the peace, could shoot down 
both indiscriminately, and thus in one general massacre 
free her from all her opposers. The first step was taken on 
the 21st of August. Coligny, on his way from the Louvre, 
was shot by an assassin in the pay of the Duke of Guise. 
Coligny, however, was only wounded ; the king hastened to 
his bedside, placed a guard around his hotel, and swore to 
avenge his attempted murder. The plot was in danger of 
defeat in its first stage. 

56. Catharine's ready invention, however, found a way 

* At the time of her death she was forty-two years old. The writers of the time speak 
of her as " a woman of invincible courage, very great understanding, and bravery far 
beyond her sex." The historian Davila says, " she was poisoned, as it is thought, by 
means of certain gloves, which were presented to her, the poison of which was so sub- 
tle that very soon after she had handled them, she was seized with a violent fever, of 
which she died four days afterward." The surgeons, however, who examined the body, 
declared that she had not died from poison.— See Browning's History of the Huguenots. 



55. What plot did Catharine now form ? Why was the plot in its first stage unsuc- 
cessful ? 

56. What turn did affairs now take ? In what way was the king won over ? What 
did he order ? 



182 THE VALOIS-ORLEAKS BRAHCH. [A. D. 1572. 

out of the difficulty. She went to the king the following 
day with several nobles, and told him that each party was 
bent upon the destruction of the other, and that when the 
struggle came it would be so fierce that he would be power- 
less, and that such an exhibition of weakness would be his 
ruin. She besought him, therefore, to seize the opportu- 
nity then offered by the presence of so many Huguenots in 
Paris to order a general execution of them. The king re- 
fused. She renewed her menaces and supplications, and 
finally threatened to leaye the court with her other son, the 
Duke of Anjou, rather than remain to witness the ruin of 
their house. To this last appeal the king yielded. He gaye 
his consent to the dreadful plot, and ordered the assassina- 
tion of every Huguenot in Paris, that none might remain to 
reproach him. 

57. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. — 
Anticipating this consent, the Duke of Guise had pre- 
viously sent an order to the provost of the merchants to 
have the gates of the city closed during the night, and to 
hold 2,000 men armed and in readiness to move upon the 
Huguenots when the signal should be given by the sounding 
of the bell of the palace. At half -past one on the morning of 
Sunday, August 24, 1572 (St. Bartholomew's Day), the sig- 
nal sounded, and the bells throughout the city repeated it. 
Lights flashed in the streets at once, which were soon 
filled with armed men wearing white badges on the left arm, 
and white crosses on their hats. The Dukes of Guise and 
Aumale, with 300 soldiers, surrounded the residence of Co- 
ligny, who was stabbed by an assassin. His body was then 
thrown out of the window ; and the Duke of Guise, having 
satisfied himself that his prey had not this time escaped 
him, went away. 

58. At daybreak the King of Navarre and Conde were 
called into the room of Catharine and threatened with death 

57. What arrangements were made for trie massacre ? What signal was given for 
the beginning of the massacre ? What was the fate of Coligny ? 

5 8 . What action was taken in regard to the King of ISfavarre and Conde ? What 
part did the king take in the massacre ? How long did it last ? 



A. ». 1574.] THE VALOIS-OKLEANS BEAKCH. 183 

unless they changed their religion. For several weeks they 
refused, but finally consented. Meantime, in all parts of the 
city the massacre went on. The houses of the Huguenots 
had been marked with white, and the names of the inmates 
taken, that none might escape. Neither age nor sex was 
spared by the enraged soldiers. The king himself took 
a position at one of the windows of the Louvre and fired 
upon the flying Huguenots. For three days Paris was 
thus given over to the rage of Guise and his party.* The 
number of the killed, in that city alone, is variously 
estimated at from 2,000 to 10,000 ; in different parts of 
the kingdom, as many as 30,000 are supposed to have been 
' slain. 

59. Orders were given by the king for similar massacres 
in other cities, and in some they were obeyed. In many, 
however, the king's officers refused to execute them. The 
Huguenots outside of Paris were roused instead of dismayed 
by the massacre of St. Bartholomew. The revolution broke 
out everywhere with renewed fury. In Kochelle and San- 
cerre (salin-sdr') especially, the Huguenots, besieged by the 
king's army, fought with determination. In the midst of 
the siege of the former place, Henry, Duke of Anjou, 
who commanded the king's forces, was called away to as- 
sume the crown of Poland, which his mother had secured 
for him. The attack lost in vigor at once; and, shortly 
after, the peace of Eochelle was signed (1573). The follow- 
ing year the king died in great anguish. The crime of St. 
Bartholomew weighed heavily on him ; and, in his last sick- 
ness, the victims of his wrath on that bloody day formed 
the constant subject of his troubled dreams. He died at 
the age of twenty-four, leaving as his heir an infant daugh- 
ter (1574). 

* " When the daylight appeared, Paris exhibited a most appalling spectacle of slaughter • 
the headless bodies were falling from the windows ; the gateways were blocked up with 
dead and dying ; and the streets were filled with carcasses which were drawn on the 
pavement to the river."— Browning's History of the Huguenots. 



59. Did the massacre extend beyond Paris ? What was the result? When and 
where was a treaty of peace signed ? 



184 THE VALOIS-OKLEAKS BRANCH. [A. I>. 15T6. 

1574 ^0. Henry III. — The King of Poland was at once 
to summoned to Paris. Catharine de' Medici assuming 
the regency till he should arrive. The new king 
was crowned, as Henry III., at Rheims, by Cardinal Guise ; 
but it was remarked at the time, as a bad omen, that he 
complained of the pain which the crown gave him, and 
twice it seemed on the point of slipping from his head. 

61. New League of the Nobles. — The character of 
the young king also was such as to inspire little hope for the 
welfare of France. His life had been mainly one of frivol- 
ity, and he surrounded himself with triflers, having no lik- 
ing for men of ability. The persecution of the Huguenots 
was still kept up, but with little vigor. A party of dissatis- 
fied nobles was soon formed, at the head of which was 
Conde and the king's younger brother, the Duke of Alencon 
(ah-lahng-song'). Many petty engagements took place ; and 
at this time, also, Henry of Navarre, during a hunting party, 
escaped from the restraint in which he had been held by 
Catharine, and returned to his kingdom in G-uienne, where 
he repudiated the change of religion which he had pro- 
fessed after the massacre of St. Bartholomew. 

62. The Holy League. — The discontented nobles joined 
their forces to those of the Huguenots, who became so for- 
midable that the king was alarmed, and agreed to a treaty 
of peace, which was arranged in May, 1576. This has always 
been known as the Peace of Monsieur, from the title of the 
Duke of Alencon who managed it. This treaty by its lib- 
eral concessions to the Huguenots, was considered by the 
Catholics an abandonment of their cause, and they there- 
fore entered into an alliance, called the Holy League. The 
king, in order to thwart Duke Henry of Guise, who had 
designs upon the crown, declared himself the leader of 
the League, and vigorous measures were taken to suppress 

60. Who was the successor of Charles IX. ? What peculiar occurrence took place 
at his coronation ? 

61. What was the character of Henry III.? Who were the leaders of the new 
league of the nobles ? What is related of Henry of Navarre ? 

62. How was the Peace of. Monsieur regarded by the Catholics? To what did it 
lead ? At whose request was peace, concluded ? 



A. D. 1587.3 THE VALOIS-OKLEA^S BRANCH. 185 

the Huguenots. The latter, however, sued for peace, which 
was granted the following year. 

63. In 1584, the Duke of Alencon died, leaving Henry of 
Navarre heir to the throne of France. The League, mean- 
time, had greatly extended its power. A majority of the 
prominent men throughout France were its adherents, and 
Philip II. of Spain was its ally. In their unwillingness to 
see a Huguenot succeed to the throne, they chose as their 
candidate, Cardinal Bourbon, uncle of Henry of Navarre. 
The Huguenots, in this extremity, sought the aid of Eliz- 
abeth, Queen of England. The king with his adherents 
formed a third party ; but so weak was he that he signed the 
treaty of Nemours (na-moor), in which his previous con- 
cessions to the Huguenots were revoked (1585). 

64. The War of the Three Henries. — A war imme- 
diately followed, which was known as the War of the Three 
Henries, Henry of Navarre, being the leader of the Hugue- 
nots ; Henry of Guise, the Catholics ; and the king, Henry 
III. , being at the head of the Moderates. The king's army, 
under his favorite, the Duke of Joyeuse (zhaw-yuz') met 
the Huguenots under Henry of Navarre (1587), and were 
defeated, Joyeuse being basely murdered after he had sur- 
rendered. 

65. The Triumph of Guise. — An army of German and 
Swiss Eeformers, in the mean time, entered Lorraine, and 
attempted to march through France to join the King of Na- 
varre in the south ; but they were met by Henry of Guise, 
and defeated. The king's tardiness in engaging the Swiss 
made him unpopular, while the war vastly increased the 
popularity of Guise, who entered Paris with the air of a con- 
queror. The jealousy of the king soon led to a quarrel, in 
which the people sided with Guise, and formed barricades 
in Paris to protect him from the king, who brought Swiss 

63. What event left Henry of Navarre heir to the throne ? How and why was he 
opposed. ? What act betrays'the weakness of the king's party ? 

6-4. Who were the leaders in the War of the Three Henries ? What was the result 
of the battle fought ? 

65. What contributed to the popularity of Guise ? What was the result in Paris ? 
What was the king compelled to do ? 



186 THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BRAKCH. [A. D. 1589. 

soldiers into the city to enforce his orders. In such great 
favor was the Duke of Guise held, however, by the people, 
that the king was obliged to seek safety in flight. 

66. Assassination of Guise. — Paris was in the hands 
of Guise, and the king for a time was compelled to yield. 
Afterward a seeming reconciliation took place, and Guise 
was made lieutenant-general of the kingdom. An assembly 
of the States-General was called at Blois ; but, as it con- 
sisted mainly of the adherents of the Duke of Guise, the 
king could obtain from it no sufficient subsidy, while he 
was treated with haughty indignity by the duke. On the 
23d of December, the king armed his body-guard with dag- 
gers, and stationed them secretly in the castle of Blois ; and 
the Duke of Guise was murdered by them, as he was going 
from the council chamber to the king's room. * His brother, 
Cardinal Lorraine, was killed the following day, and the 
bodies of both were burned. A few days after, Catharine 
de' Medici died (1589), leaving her son, who had always 
leaned on her for support, alone to face the storm which 
was approaching. 

67. The murder of Guise inflamed the Catholics, while it 
added nothing to the reputation of the king, whose influence 
was now so far gone that he made a proposal to Henry of 
Navarre to join their forces. The offer was accepted, and 
in a short time, the armies of the two kings, together 
numbering 42,000 men, laid siege to Paris, which was 
then held by the League under their new chief, Mayenne 
(mi-en'). The besieging army was so large that the fall of 
the city seemed assured. The king even congratulated him- 
self on the certainty of success, and the gratification of his 
revenge ; but this was prevented by his assassination. A 
young monk left the city for the avowed purpose of de- 

* This murder took place on the staircase in the Castle of Blois, where the king and 
the Duke of Guise were both residing on the occasion of the meeting of the States. 



66. What new dignity was conferred on Guise ? What was the manner of his 
death ? Of what support was the king deprived ? 

67. Whom did he now conciliate ? In what movement did the armies join ? What 
act suddenly changed the aspect of affairs ? 



A. D. 1589.] THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. 187 

livering important letters to the king. Being admitted to 
the king's presence, he drew a knife from his sleeve and 
stabbed him. On the following day, the king died, having 
besought his friends to recognize, as his successor, Henry 
of Navarre (1589). 

State of Society under the Valots-Orleans Branch. 

68. Architecture. — French architecture, during the pe- 
riod of the Renaissance, underwent considerable change, the 
most noticeable feature being the substitution of lighter and 
more graceful forms, derived from Italy.* This was espe- 
cially true of the churches, but had its influence also on the 
domestic architecture, dwelling-houses being sometimes pro- 
fusely ornamented on the outside, with images of animals 
and flowers. The roofs of the houses were made very high, 
and were similarly ornamented. Some of these houses still 
exist. 

69. The interior of the house»was divided into one large 
room, which served the family for nearly all purposes, and 
several small bedrooms, intended for guests — the latter be- 
ing specially necessary on account of the want of inns. In 
the construction of these houses, stone and brick, which had 
"been introduced by the Romans, and had fallen into disuse, 
frere again used ; and tiles and slate were employed for roof- 
ing and ornament. Staircases which* at an early age, had 
been built on the outside of the house, began to be inclosed 
at this time, and in the houses of the rich were concealed in 
ornamental towers. 

70. Amusements. — The principal outdoor amusements, 

* Francis I. gave great encouragement to literature and art. His own great taste for 
the latter would alone have caused such encouragement ; but the Italian wars led to the 
introduction of Italian art and artists into France, where they hastened that wonder- 
ful revival known as the Renaissance (new birth). Francis I. protected artists and men 
of science and letters, kept them near him at court, and was proud to number some of 
the most eminent of them among his personal friends. His intimate relations with 
tho great Italian, Leonardo da Vinci, have given rise to many fables which show an at- 
tachment between them unusual with kings at any time. Many beautiful statues, pic- 
tures, and specimens of architecture yet remain in France which bear witness to the 
general improvement in art which marks the reign of Francis I. 



68. What changes in the style of architecture occurred ? 

69. What is said of the construction of dwelling-houses ? 

70. What were the principal amusements ? Whom did a hunting party bring 
together ? 



188 THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. 

especially of the nobles, were hunting and hawking. Each 
king had a large establishment specially devoted to the chase, 
for the support of which a large sum was annually appropri- 
ated. Packs of hounds, also leopards, panthers, and falcons 
were employed ; and a hunting party, especially of the mon- 
arch or of a great lord, brought together a numerous and gay 
company, among them many ladies, who shared with eager- 
ness in the excitement of the chase. Catharine de' Medici 
was especially noted for her fondness for hunting. 

71. Costume. — The dress of both sexes also underwent 
much change during this period. The love of luxury intro- 
duced by Francis I. led to the adoption by the ladies of 
elegant and costly dresses, made of the richest fabrics, and 
covered with lace and jewelry. * The hair also was elaborately 
dressed, and decorated with nets of rare tissues ; and ruffed 
collars, worn at first by women, at a later day became com- 
mon for men. The heightening of the complexion by paint, 
and the use of patches and perfumes were introduced from 
Italy. The men wore broad-brimmed hats decorated with 
•jewels and costly plumes, short mantles embroidered with 
gold thread or trimmed with fur, and close-fitting slashed 
doublets with a belt at the waist in which was carried a ra- 
pier. They also wore trunk-hose and tights, f 

72. Medicine and Surgery. — The arts of medicine 
and surgery were in such a rude state that magic was fre- 
quently relied upon for the cure of disease. In the latter, 
great improvements were made by Pare {pali-ra), who was 
appointed surgeon successively to four of the monarchs of 
France. The improved treatment of gunshot wounds, and 
the application of the ligature to blood-vessels after amputa- 
tion, constitute the basis of his fame. 

* To such an extent was this afterward carried that the wedding dress of Jeanne 
d'Alhret was so weighed down with finery as to prevent her from walking, and she was 
carried to church, by the king's order, in the arms of the Constable Montmorency. 

t Silk stockings are said to have been introduced by Catharine de' Medici, who first 
wore them from motives of vanity ; and gloves, though afterward common, were at first 
a royal luxury. One account of the death of Jeanne d'Albret attributes it to poisoned 
gloves supplied to her by an Italian maker. 



•7 1 . Describe the prevailing style of costume. What was introduced from Italy ? 
72. What is said of the arts of medicine and surgery ? What improvements were 
introduced by Pare ? 



THE VALOIS-OELEAKS BEANCH. 189 

73. Education and Science. — Schools had hegun to 
increase in number during this period, though the instruc- 
tion given in them was largely religious, and the discipline 
strict. The hours of study were unusually long, and the 
rod was used unsparingly. Latin and Greek were especially 
studied, the remainder of the time, after these were disposed 
of, being devoted principally to music and religious and physi- 
cal exercises. Science began to assume a more rational char- 
acter toward the close of this period. The College of France 
was founded by Francis I., in 1530, designed especially to 
give instruction in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, hence called 
the College of the Three Languages. * 

74. Women at Court. — The influence of women at 
court received a powerful impulse in the time of Francis I. 
Long before his time, indeed, Anne of Brittany had gath- 
ered around her the daughters of the nobility for education 
and instruction in manners ; but these constituted rather her 
private court, and the wives of the nobles remained at home 
to superintend the affairs of the household. Francis I., 
however, invited the wives of his nobles to attend their hus- 
bands at court ; and, at one time, their number amounted to 
three hundred. From this time they began to take part in 
public affairs, their jealousies and rivalries entering largely 
into almost all political action. Ministers and generals were 
sometimes deposed at their pleasure, and their favor came to 
be considered the stepping-stone to power. 

75. Michel de 1'Hopital (me-shel delo-pe-taT),\ the 
Chancellor of France during the reign of Henry II., is wor- 

* " The old University of Paris, with its Faculty of Theology, the Sorbonne, could 
neither change its spirit nor its methods. Upon the model of the academies of Italy, and 
by the advice of the learned Bude, the king founded, in 1530, an institution entirely secu- 
lar, the College of the Three Languages, or the College of France. Hebrew, Greek, 
Latin, mathematics, philosophy— everything which was new, or which led to new views, 
were there taught gratuitously."— Duruy's History of France. , 

t L'Hopital was born in Auvergne about 1505, and died near Etampes in 1573. He gave 
up his office in 1568, and spent the remainder of his life in rural quiet and repose. When 
the guard sent to protect him during the St. Bartholomew's massacre arrived, supposing 
them to be assassins, he ordered his doors to be thrown open, saying that he was ready 
to meet death whenever it was the will of God. 



73. What is said of schools? What languages were especially studied? What 
else was pursued ? What is said of the College of France ? 

74. What change took place in the reign of Francis I.? What was the consequence 
of this ? 

75. Give an account of De THSpital, and his measures. 



190 THE VALOIS-OKLEAKS BKAFCH. 

thy of special mention for his exalted views and his generous 
action in a time of great intolerance. His integrity was 
severely tested when, as president of the Court of Accounts, 
he refused to make an appropriation of 20,000 livres, which 
the king had requested for his favorite Diana of Poitiers. So 
tolerant, also, was he, and so opposed to violence, that he 
refused, when chancellor, to sign the death-warrant of the 
Prince of Conde. Many just and generous acts and meas- 
ures owe their origin to him, not the least of which were his 
prevention of the permanent establishment of the Inquisition 
in Prance, the Ordinance of Orleans, and the Ordinance of 
Moulins. Though he had retired from public life at the 
time of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, a special guard 
was sent to protect him, so generally were his high charac- 
ter and great services recognized. 

76. Other Distinguished Men. — The most noted men 
of genius of this period were Prancis Rabelais {rah 1 he-la), a 
famous satirist, who attacked the religious and privileged or- 
ders ; Clement Marot (mah-ro') (1495-1544), whose poems, 
ballads, and translations were very popular, and were used 
by the king and court ; Pierre Lescot (les-co') (1510-1571), 
the architect of the Louvre ; * Philibert Delorme (duh-lorm 1 ) 
(1518-1577), one of the greatest architects of his time, and, 
under the direction of Catharine de' Medici, the designer 
of the Tuileries ; f Bernard de Palissy (1510-1590),. who ap- 
plied the art of enameling to pottery, and was appointed 
" maker of the king's rustic potteries;" Michel de Mon- 
taigne (1533-15.94), author of the celebrated Essays, on 

* "Four enormous walls, pierced promiscuously with small windows, flanked with ten 
small towers, and in the middle a large tower serving for a prison and treasury— such was 
the habitation of our ancient kings. Upon the ruins of this edifice of a past age was 
erected, little by little, a palace which, notwithstanding all its transformations, is still 
the most complete expression of the French Renaissance. Pierre Lescot constructed 
only a part of the facade, in which is placed the pavilion called the Horologe."— Duruy's 
History of France. ' 

t The palace of the Tuileries was commenced by Catharine de' Medici in 1564, and was 
continued by Henry IV., who added a range of buildings with a splendid pavilion at each 
end. The whole front was more than 1,000 feet in extent, with a depth of about 100 feet. 
Henry IV. also commenced a gallery to connect the Louvre and the Tuileries. This was 
continued by Louis XIII., and completed by Louis XIV. Napoleon I. added to this 
splendid edifice, and Napoleon III. further enlarged it. 



76. What other distinguished men are mentioned ? For what was each of them 
famous ? 



THE YALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. 191 

miscellaneous subjects ; Auguste de Thou (too) (1553-1617), 
author of a History of Ms Time, a repository of facts con- 
cerning not only France but all Europe ; Francis Malherbe 
(mal-drl) (1555-1628), a poet, who has been called the 
"tyrant of words and syllables," and who largely assisted 
in forming the French language as it now exists ; and Pierre 
de Eonsard (rong-sar') (1524-1585), whose writings were 
hailed with enthusiasm by the cultivated classes of his 
time, giving him the title of "the French poet."* 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

A.D. 

1498. Louis XII. Reigned 17 years. 

1500. Battle of Novara. 

1503. Battle of Garigliano. Defeat of the French. 

1504. Treaty of Blois. 

1508. Meeting of the States-General. 

1508. League of Cambray. 

1509. Battle of Agnadello. 

1511. Holy League. 

1512. Death of Gaston de Fois. 

1513. Battle of the Spurs. 

1515. Francis I. Reigned 32 years. 

1515. Battle of Marignano. Defeat of the Swiss. 

1519. Charles V. elected Emperor of Germany. 

1520. Field of the Cloth of Gold. 
1522. Battle of Bicoque. 

1525. Battle of Pavia. Francis I. taken prisoner. 

1529. Peace of Cambray (Women's Peace). 

1534-5. Cartier's Expedition to Canada. 

1542. Alliance of Francis I. and the Turkish Sultan Solyman. 

1547. Henry II. Reigned 12 years. 

1555. First Protestant Church established in Paris. 

1556. Abdication of Charles V. 

1557. Battle of St. Quentin. 

* Eonsard was born near Vendome ; and at the age of ten years entered into the service 
of the Duke of Orleans, son of Francis I. He was afterward connected with the court 
of James V. of Scotland ; but returning to his own country, filled several important ap- 
pointments. He studied to improve the French language, forming his style after the best 
classical models. He was a great favorite with Charles IX., by whom he was made poet 
laureate. 



192 THE Y ALOIS- ORLEANS BRANCH. 

1558. Taking of Calais from the English.. 

1559. Francis II. Reigned 18 months. 

1560. Michel de l'Hopital made chancellor. 
1560. Meeting of the States-General. 
1560. Charles IX. Reigned 14 years. 

1562. Massacre at Vassy. 

1563. Treaty of Amboise. 
1567. Battle of St. Denis. 
1563. Peace of Lonjumeau. 
1570. Peace of St. Germain. 
1572. Death of Jeanne d'Albret. 

1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. (August 24.) 
1574. Henry III. Reigned 15 years. 
1576. Meeting of the States-General. 

1585. Treaty of Xemours. 

1586. War of the Three Henries. 

1587. Battle of Coutras. 

1589. Assassination of the Duke of Guise and Cardinal Lorraine. 
1589. Death of Catharine de' Medici. 
1589. Assassination of Henry III. 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. 

Louis, Duke of Orleans, son of Charles V. 
(assassinated in 1407). 

I . 

I : 1 

Charles, Duke of Orleans John, Count of Angouleme. 

(taken prisoner at Agincourt) . 

| Charles, Count of Angouleme. 

Louis XII. I 

Francis I., 

married Claude, daughter 

of Louis XII. 

I 

I 1 

Henry II., married Catharine de' Medici. Charles, Duke of Orleans. 

I - 

i i r i 1 

Francis II., Charles IX. Francis, Henry III. Marguerite, 
married Mary, Queen of Duke of Alencon, married to Henry, King 

Scots. afterward of Navarre, 

Duke of Anjou afterward 

(died in 1584). Henry IV. 



THE V ALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH. 193 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL REVIEW. 

PAGE 

1. When did the reign of Louis Xn. begin and end? 153, 160 

2. Name the principal events of his reign 153 to 160 

3. State the facts in relation to his three marriages 153 to 160 

4. Give an account of his first successes in Italy 154 

5. Of his successes, in alliance with Ferdinand of Spain 154, 155 

6. Of events leading to and from the treaty of Blois 155, 156 

7. State all the facts in relation to the Chevalier Bayard 155, 157, 162, 164, 167 

8. What events led to the battle of Agnadello ? 155, 156 

9. Give the facts in relation to the Holy League of 1511 157, 159 

10. State all you can about Gaston de Foix 157 

11. What subsequent contests did Louis XH have ? 159, 160 

12. What did Louis accomplish for France ? 160 

13. State what you can of his wife, Anne of Brittany t 153, 160 

14. When did the reign of Francis I. begin and end ? 161, 171 

15. Describe, as fully as you can, his character 161, 162, 171 

16. Give an account of his invasion of Italy in 1515 162 

17. Of his aim and contest for the office of Emperor of Germany 163 

18. State the facts in relation to the Field of the Cloth of Gold 163, 164 

19. What event led to Charles V. getting control of Italy ? 164, 165 

20. Relate the facts respecting the Constable of Bourbon 165, 167, 168 

21. Respecting the capture, imprisonment, and release of Francis 1 167, 168 

22. What other events, during the reign of Francis, occurred in Italy?. . .168, 169, 170 

23. Narrate the facts connected with the league with Turkey 169, 170 

24. Show, by relating the facts, how Francis treated those not of his Church. 170, 171 

25. When did the reign of Henry II. begin and end ? 171, 174 

26. Describe his character and death 171, 172, 174 

27. What trouble did he have with his family, court, and people ? 172 

28. Give an account of his military contest with Charles V 172, 173 

29. Of his subsequent misfortunes in Italy and the Netherlands 173 

30. Of his victory over the English, and his treaty with Philip II 174 

31. When did the reign of Francis II. begin and end ? 175, 176 

32. State, in full, the facts related of the Huguenots 175, 176 

33. When did the reign of Charles IX. begin and end ? 177, 183 

34. Give the history and character of Catharine de 1 Medici. . 172 (note), 177, 184, 186, 188 

35. What events led to the civil war of 1562 ? 177 

36. Relate the events of that war 177, 178 

37. Relate the further events to the peace of Lonjumeau 178, 179 

38. And the further events to the peace of St. Germain. .'. 179, 180 

39. Give all the facts you can respecting Jeanne d' Albret 179, 180, 181, 194 

40. All in relation to Admiral Coligny 176, 179, 180, 181, 182 

41. What events and measures led to the St. Bartholomew massacre ? 181, 182 

42. Give an account of that massacre 182, 183 

43. When did the reign of Henry III. begin and end ? 184, 187 

44. Describe his character and death 184, 186, 187 

45. Name the principal events of his reign 184, 185, 186 

46. What is said of French architecture during the Renaissance ? 187 

47. Of amusements practiced by the king and nobility ? 1S7, 188 

48. Of the costumes worn by the upper classes ? 188 

49. What was the condition of education and science at that period ? 189 

50. What were the position and influence of women in public affairs ? 189 

51. Name the most distinguished men of the period 189, 190, 191 

9 



194 



THE HOUSE OF BOUBBON. 



[A. ». 1589. 



section ii. 

The House of Bourbon. 

Extending from the Accession of Henry IV (1589) to that of 
Louis XVI (1774). 

1589 !• Henry IV. — Henry III. was the last of the 

to house of Valois. At his death, the Catholics nomi- 

nated Cardinal Bourbon as his successor; but the 

Huguenots supported Henry of Navarre. The latter was 

the son of Jeanne d'Albret and 
Antoine de Bourbon, a lineal de- 
scendant of St. Louis. For a long 
time the Catholics in France had 
been outspoken in their opposi- 
tion to the elevation of a heretic 
to the throne. The nomination of 
Henry of Navarre, therefore, who 
was a Huguenot, was followed by 
the withdrawal of many moder- 
ate Catholics who had, up to this 
time, supported him. He gave 
up the siege of Paris, and retired 
to the northern part of France 
to await reinforcements from 
England. 

2. Battle of Ivry. — The Duke of Mayenne, the leader 
of the League, followed him, and a battle was fought at 
Arques (ark), in which Henry was victorious. The martial 
spirit of Henry IV. is shown by the message which he sent to 
his friend-in- arms Crillon, after the battle of Arques : "Co 
hang yourself, brave Crillon ; we've had a fight at Arques, 

1. Who became the rival candidates for the throne at the death of Henry ni.? Who 
was Henry of Navarre ? What followed his nomination ? 

2. Of what party was Mayenne the leader? What important battle was fought? 
What was the result ? 




henry rv. 



A.D.I 595.] THE HOUSE OF BOUttBON. 195 

and you weren't there." Then having received the promised 
aid from England, he returned to the siege of Paris, but 
was again compelled to retire before the superior force of 
Mayenne. The latter, feeling the necessity of a victory to 
strengthen his cause, followed Henry, and a more decisive 
battle was fought at Ivry {eev're) (1590).* The result was a 
complete victory for Henry, who generously ordered his sol- 
diers to spare the Frenchmen whom they should find among 
the vanquished, f. 

3. The King becomes a Catholic. — For about four 
years the war continued, but without decisive advantage to 
either side. Both were weary of it, and Henry saw that 
his most trusted adherents were discouraged. He resolved, 
therefore, upon a bold step which should dissolve existing 
parties, and bring peace to his distracted country. On the 
25th of July, 1593, he went to the church of St. Denis and 
solemnly renounced the Huguenot faith, taking that of the 
Catholic Church in its stead. J By this act both sides were 
thrown into confusion, and Henry's cause made such prog- 
ress that Mayenne was compelled to agree to a truce. 

4. Paris, however, yet remained to be captured ;§ but 

* Though the forces of Henry were inferior in number to those of the League, he did 
not hesitate. Scorning the proposition to retreat which some of his advisers had made, 
he pointed to the white plume above his helmet, and directed his soldiers to make that 
their rallying point in case they lost their standards, since they would always find it in 
the path of honor and glory. 

t " The poverty of Henry in the early part of his career was the subject of many witti- 
cisms, in which he himself often indulged. The day before the battle of Ivry, it led to a 
scene between him and Marshal Schomberg which places in a striking light not only his 
magnanimity, but the generous spirit of the marshal and his readiness at repartee. 
Schomberg had demanded of Henry money for the payment of his suffering troops. The 
latter answered hastily, ' A brave man never asks for money on the eve of battle.' The 
following day, repenting his harsh words, he sent for the marshal, before the battle, and 
said, ' This day, marshal, will be, perhaps, my last. I would not rob a brave man of his 
honor. In you I recognize a true soldier, incapable of any act of cowardice. Embrace 
me!' 'Sire,' said the marshal, 'yesterday you wounded me; to-day you kill me.' A 
few hours after, the marshal was dead."— Guizot's History of France. 

t " There is no measuring accurately how far ambition, personal interest, a king's ego- 
tism, had to do with Henry IV.'s abjuration of his religion ; none would deny that those 
human infirmities were present ; but all this does not prevent the conviction that patriot- 
ism was uppermost in Henry's soul, and that the idea of his duty as king toward France, 
a prey to all the evils of civil and foreign war, was the determining motive of his reso- 
lution."— GuizoVs History of France. 

§ Henry could have taken the city some time before, had he consented to an assault. 
"I am," said he, " the true father of my people. I would rather never have Paris than 
possess it by the death and ruin of so many persons." When the people, during the 
siege, were greatly pressed by famine, a deputation was sent to the king to ask permis- 
sion for the sick and aged to leave the city. He granted it at once, saying, " They can- 
not help the crimes of others ; I will hold out my arms to them." About 4,000 persons 
departed, crying out with all the strength left to them, " Long live the king ! " 



3. How long did this war continue ? What act at length made a decided change in 
favor of the king ? When did this take place, and where ? 

4. When did Henry enter Paris ? What followed ? 



196 THE HOUSE OF BOUKBON". [A. B. 1594. 

Brissac, its commander, made a secret agreement with Henry 
to admit him ; and, at 4 o'clock on the morning of March 22d, 
1594, Henry entered the city, and going to the cathedral, 
gaye thanks for his victory. A general pardon immediately 
followed.* The Spanish troops were permitted to leave the 
city, Henry himself accompanying them to the city gate, 
and saluting them ironically, as they passed out, with the 
words, ' ' Go bear my compliments to your master, but don't 
come back." 




CASTLE OF NANTES. t 

5. The capture of Paris was a death-blow to the League. 
Many provinces and cities acknowledged the king's authority 
at once ; others, after more or less fighting or negotiation. J 

* "The king's entry was quite triumphal. He was met at different parts by the public 
bodies, who offered their homage, while the provost presented the keys of the city. The 
streets resounded with shouts of Vive le Roi! and the power of the League was, in a mo- 
ment, replaced by the authority of the lawful sovereign, who now appeared as generally 
beloved as he had lately been execrated by the multitude."— JBroivning's Histowy L of the 
Huguenots. 

t The Castle of Nantes is an irregular Gothic structure, built in the fifteenth century. 
Here the discarded Anne of Brittany found an asylum ; and here it was that Henry IV. 
signed the Edict of Nantes. It was famous also in the subsequent history of France. 

% The prospect for a lasting peace seemed bright, but was suddenly overcast by an 
attempt which was made to assassinate the kiDg. A young man named Jean Chatel 

5. What was the result of the capture of Pari* ? What brought Mayenne to terms ? 



A. ». 1600.] THE HOUSE OF BOUKBON/. 197 

Mayenne, aided by the Spaniards, still kept up the struggle 
for the expiring League in Burgundy ; but a battle was fought 
which resulted in a victory for the king, and led to a truce 
(1595). 

6. Henry had been crowned at Chartres (shartr) in 
159-4 ; but one ceremony still remained to be performed to 
strengthen him at home and abroad. This was the absolu- 
tion of the Pope, which had been denied him for several 
years ; and the surrender of Mayenne followed shortly after. 
The peace of the kingdom was also further secured by the 
famous Edict of Nantes (1598), by which all the privileges 
granted to the Huguenots in previous treaties were restored 
to them. Entire liberty of conscience was conceded to them, 
and they were admitted to all offices of honor and emolu- 
ment. 

7. Having obtained from the Pope a divorce from his 
wife, the dissolute and shameless Marguerite de Valois, he 
married Mary de' Medici, the daughter of the Grand Duke 
of Florence and niece of the Pope (1600). His attention to 
the interests of the people caused him to be much beloved 
by them. Toward the peasantry he showed particular re- 
gard,* and they in return manifested the greatest affection 
for their good king. 

8. The long continuance of the religious wars had disor- 
ganized everything. By the construction of roads and 
canals, the king brought all parts of the country into ready 
communication; he encouraged traffic and commerce, and 
thus opened new sources of wealth and intelligence to the 
people. Manufactures, mining, and every other department 
of industry were fostered by his beneficent measures, in de- 
vising which he was greatly aided by the wise and upright 

(shah-teV), having been admitted to the king's presence, aimed a blow at his breast, but 
succeeded only in wounding him in the lip. As he had been educated by the Jesuits, this 
act led to the burning of his teacher and the expulsion of the order from France. 

* This is illustrated by the kindly words : " If I live, every man shall have a fowl to put 
in his pot for his Sunday dinner." 

6. What two acts now confirmed the power of Henry ? What were the provisions 
of the Edict of Nantes ? 

7. From whom did Henry obtain a divorce ? Whom did he marry ? How was he 
regarded by the people ? 

8 . What did he do to benefit the country ? By whom was he aided ? 



198 



THE HOUSE OF BOUKBON. 



[A. ». 1610, 



Duke of Sully. * The latter re-organized the finances ; and, 
although many of the taxes were remitted, the national 
debt was almost entirely liquidated. 
9. Henry was, however, still regarded by many with sus- 
picion as the secret enemy of 
the Church. Biron and Bou- 
illon, one his most trusted 
general, and both his former 
companions, conspired against 
him and were punished ; the 
first losing his life, and the 
second finding safety only in 
flight. This distrust, how- 
ever, was more than balanced 
by his rapidly increasing pop- 
ularity. He formed a plan, 
during his latter years, for 
the re-organization of Europe, 
and for the foundation of a 
great Christian confederation 
of nations, to guarantee civil 
and religious freedom, and to 
preserve the balance of power 
by diminishing the influence of 
suixt. the imperial house of Austria 

and the excessive power of Spain, f One of the first steps 
in this project was the deliverance of the Netherlands from 
Spanish misrule. He had just set on foot a formidable 
expedition to accomplish this, when, riding out in his car- 
riage one day in Paris, he was stabbed by a native of An- 




* The Duke of Sully was born at Eosny, near Nantes, in 1560. He belonged to a noble 
Protestant family, and took part with Henry in all his wars, becoming his chief adviser. 
He was not created Duke of Sully till 1606. His Memoirs, which he wrote after his re- 
tirement, is one of the most interesting and valuable books of the time. 

t The Catholic, Lutheran, and Eef ormed religions were to be on an equal footing. The 
Association was to comprise six hereditary monarchies : France, Spain, England, Den- 
mark, Sweden, and Lombardy ; five elective monarchies : the Empire, Poland, Hungary, 
Bohemia, and the Papal States ; and four republics : Venice, Genoa and Florence, Switz- 
erland, and the Netherlands. 



9. How was the king regarded ? Who conspired against him ? What plan did he 
form ? Give an account of his assassination. 



A. D. 1610.] THE HOUSE OF BOFBBON". 199 

gouleme, named Ravaillac (rah-val-yak'), who had followed 
him from the Louvre (loovr) for the purpose (1610).* 

10. Henry IV. has always been regarded with affection 
by the French on account of the political changes which he 
made, and the charm of his personal character. He was 
brave, generous, and witty ; a natural orator, and possessed 
of an unfailing good-humor, which often conciliated his en- 
emies and smoothed away many difficulties. \ His skill as 
an administrator is shown in the success with which he rec- 
onciled opposing interests and parties ; while the great re- 
sults produced during his reign by the dissolution of the 
League, and the guaranty of religious freedom to all sects 
constitute a lasting claim upon the gratitude of his country- 
men. The colonial possessions of France in North America 
were commenced during this reign by means of the settlements 
and explorations made by Samuel Champlain, who founded 
Quebec in 1608, and by the settlement of Acadia J at Port 
Eoyal, by the wealthy Huguenot, De Monts (du mo7ig) (1603). 
1610 11* Louis XIII. — Mary de' Medici had been 
to crowned by her husband on the eve of his departure 
for his campaign in the Netherlands. She now be- 
came regent during the minority of her son, who was af- 
terward known as Louis XIII. Under her administration, 
much of the work performed by Henry IV. was undone. A 
crowd of favorites swarmed around the court, and squan- 
dered the public money. Prominent among these were two 
Italian adventurers § whom the regent had brought with her 

* " The punishment of Ravaillac was of harharic severity. The hand with which he 
had assassinated the king was hurned off over a slow fire, the fleshy parts of his hody were 
torn with pincers, molten lead and boiling oil were poured into the wounds, and he was 
then quartered [torn to pieces by horsesl. His remains were burned to ashes and scat- 
tered to the winds, and his relatives were banished or forced to change their names."— 
Durny'a History of France. 

t His life was attempted twenty times ; and his sudden death after a long career of 
danger, and when at the height of his power, has probably contributed somewhat to the 
admiration in which he is held. 

% Acadia was the name then given to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the adjacent 
islands. 

§ These were an obscure adventurer named Concini, and Leonora, b?'s wife. The latter 
was a foster-sister of Mary de' Medici, and was made the first lady of her bedchamber. 
Concini received the title of Marquis D'Ancre, and was made Marshal of France. In 
the change of affairs that ensued afterward they were put to death. 

1 O. What was the character of Henry IV.? How is his skill shown ? What French 
colonies were planted in America? 

1 1 . Who succeeded Henry IV. ? Who became regent on the death of Henry TV. ? 

Who were her favorites ? What was the character of the court ? 



200 THE HOUSE OF BOUKBOK". [A. D. 1615. 

to Paris. Sully resigned his office in disgust, and Conde re- 
turned. The latter retired, however, and organized a party 
in opposition to the regent. Civil war was threatened, but was 
averted by a treaty in which the regent made great concessions. 

12. The majority of the king was proclaimed in 1614, 
and the States- General assembled the month after. The 
meeting is memorable chiefly from the bold attitude taken 
by the third estate, and from the first appearance in a civil 
character of the young bishop of Lucon {loo-song'), who 
afterward became famous as Cardinal Richelieu (reesh'e-lu). 
It was the last assembly, also, from that time till 1789. 
Little was done by the States-General to satisfy the party 
of the nobles led by Conde, and the latter withdrew and in- 
stigated a new revolt. A double marriage took place at this 
time (1615), that of the king and his sister ; the former 
with the daughter of the King of Spain, the latter with his 
son ; and, the next year, the king conciliated Conde, making 
important concessions to him. 

13. Conde now returned to Paris, where he completely 
eclipsed the Italian favorite and overshadowed the king him- 
self in the regard of the people. His boldness aroused the 
suspicion of Mary de' Medici, who caused him to be arrested 
for conspiring against the king, and threw him into prison. 
The weakness of the king .was, by this time, so apparent that 
a change of advisers was determined upon. Among the 
changes made was the appointment of Richelieu as minister 
of foreign affairs. This step was taken by the king on the 
advice of De Luynes (loo-een') an early companion and 
favorite, who had won the king's favor by his skill in train- 
ing falcons for the royal sport of hawking. This person 
was now advanced to the highest dignities. 

14. The exile of Mary de' Medici to Blois checked for a 
time the civil war which was threatened. The queen- 

12. When was the majority of the king proclaimed ? What meeting was held? 
For what is it noted ? What marriage took place ? What reconciliation Avas effected ? 

13. What is said of the influence of Conde ? What was done by Mary de 1 Medici ? 
What changes were made among the king's advisers ? By whose advice ? Who was 
De Luynes ? 

1 4. What prevented civil war ? In what way did Mary de 1 Medici annoy the king ? 
What reconciliation was effected ? What followed ? 



A. ». 1621.] 



THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 



201 



mother, however, formed a rallying point for all who were 
discontented with the king ; but Eichelieu brought about 
a reconciliation, and Conde was also released from prison 
and received into favor by the king. Nevertheless the in- 
fluence exerted by De Luynes, the grievances of Mary de' 
Medici, and those of the Huguenots together formed suffi- 
cient grounds for a new revolt ; and the king was again obliged 
to march into Normandy to suppress it. He also besieged 
the queen-mother in Angers and compelled her to submit. 

15. Since the death of their champion, Henry IV., the 
Huguenots had watched the course of events with great 
misgiving. Finding little hope for their cause in the course 
pursued by the king, they now formed a project for the es- 
tablishment of a Huguenot republic in France, similar to 
that of Holland. Eochelle (ro-slieV) was the center of their 
power. The Duke of Bouillon was made commander-in- 
chief of their army ; and the money collected for the royal 
treasury, as well as the property of the Catholic Church, 
was seized to defray the expenses of the soldiers (1621). 

16. De Luynes was at once made Constable of France, 

and marched 




CASTLE OF LUYNES. 



against the 
Huguenots; 
but his death 
occurred soon 
afterward.* 
Within a year, 
the Huguenot 
comm ander 
ofMontpellier, 
then besieged 
by the Eoyal- 
ists, conclud- 



* De Luynes was inefficient and avaricious, and, by his selfish eagerness to enrich him- 
self and his relatives, he soon became very unpopular. He died unregretted, even bv 
the king, whose favorite he had been. 



15. What did the Huguenots attempt? What city was their capital 
their commander ? 

1 6. Who was created constable ? What events followed ? 



Who was 



202 THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. [A. D. 1627. 

ed a treaty of peace (1622), after which. Montauban (mont- 
o-lahn') and Eochelle were the only fortified cities in the 
possession of the Huguenots. 

17. Two years after the death of De Luynes, Richelieu, 
who had been made cardinal through the influence of Mary 
de' Medici, was admitted to the councils of the king. He 
was made prime minister in 1624; and his power was felt at 
once in every department of the government. He introduced 
order into the chaos left by De Luynes, and marked out a 
bold policy to be pursued by the king toward the Huguenots, 
the nobles who conspired against him, and the great powers 
of Europe. His first step was the arrest of the king's secre- 
tary of the treasury, who stood in his way. This was fol- 
lowed by the marriage of Henrietta Maria, the king's sister, 
to the son of James I. of England ; and as the latter died 
before the ceremony took place, the bridegroom became king 
of England, under the title of Charles I. 

18. The vigor of Eichelieu, and the harsh measures to 
which he resorted against all incompetent officers, soon raised 
up enemies among the pleasure-loving courtiers, and led to 
a conspiracy against him and the king. The leaders of 
the plot were the Count of Chalais and the king's brother, 
Gaston, Duke of Anjou, who seemed likely to succeed to the 
throne, as Louis had no children. On discovering their in- 
tention, Eichelieu took the severest measures. Some of the 
lords were beheaded, others exiled ; and even the queen her- 
self was humbled for her supposed complicity. The king's 
brother was then married, receiving a large estate and the 
title of Duke of Orleans. * 

19. Siege of Roche lie. — The hopes of the Protestants 
of Eochelle were revived, in 1627, by the arrival in their 

*He had basely betrayed and deserted his accomplices in order to save himself. 
Chalais was bebeaded at Mantes ; and it is said the blundering executioner succeeded in 
performing his office only after the thirty-fourth blow of the ax. The young queen was 
summoned before the council and reprimanded. 



17. What new influence now made itself felt > What steps did Richelieu take to 
strengthen the king ? What marriage took place ?. 

18. What conspiracy was formed ? How was it suppressed ? 

19. Give an account of the siege of Rochelle. By whom were the Huguenots 
sustained ? Were they successful ? What was done after the surrender of the city ? 



A. ». 1629.] THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 203 

harbor of an English fleet, commanded by the famous 
Duke of Buckingham. Richelieu marched with a formida- 
ble army to the siege of the city. The English, after some 
slight successes at first, sailed away at the end of four 
months ; and Richelieu constructed a great dike to close the 
harbor in case they should return. The supplies of the city 
were cut off by the investing army, and the inhabitants were 
reduced to the greatest extremities. * The city surrendered 
after a fifteen months' siege (1628) ; and the king entered in 
triumph, Richelieu in person delivering him the keys. Se- 
vere measures were taken to prevent the stubborn city from 
ever again forming the nucleus of a revolt against the king. 
Many of its special privileges were taken away, and its forti- 
fications were demolished. 

20. The Huguenots, after their defeat at Rochelle, re- 
treated to the south of France, where, under the Duke of 
Rohan, they still kept up the struggle. The royal army, 
however, pursued them from city to city, slaughtering them 
with merciless severity, and razing the fortifications of their 
cities to the ground, till the Duke of Rohan fled for safety 
to Italy, and the political power of the Huguenots was en- 
tirely broken. The treaty known as the Edict of Grace 
brought to a termination the long religious war (June, 
1629). . 

21. On Richelieu's return from his triumphs in the south 
he found but a cold reception awaiting him at court. The 
king had been attacked with a dangerous illness ; and, in 
anticipation of his death, a new plot had been formed against 
the cardinal, by Mary de' Medici, and many of the nobles. 

* "Remembering how Alexander the Great had taken Tyre, he began to build up the 
entrance of the gulf. The Huguenots at first laughed loud when they saw his soldiers, 
all turned engineers for the nonce, tumbling the rocks into the sea for the foundation of 
the mole ; but when the structure topped the water and began to grow out into the deep, 
very blank they looked. Still the masonry increased, until a dark mass of cemented 
rocks half a mile long, closing in the harbor, completed the circle of blockade. Earl 
Lindesay came with ships from England, but could do nothing to aid the besieged. Fam- 
ine ground them with its slow and terrible pain, until they had no resource left but to 
yield up to the triumphant Richelieu the last hope of the Huguenots. The siege had 
lasted more than twelve months. Of fifteen thousand who had begun the defense, there 
remained only four thousand wasted specters."— Dr. Collier. 



20. What course did the Huguenots take ? How were they defeated? How did 
The long religious war end ? 

21 . What led to a plot against Richelieu ? Who were concerned in it ? What was 

the result of it ? 



204 THE HOUSE OF BOURBOX. [A. D. 1632. 

Louis, who had never loved his great minister, promised 
to dismiss him, and arrangements were made for his with- 
drawal. But the king suddenly restored Richelieu to favor, 
and the latter took stern and summary vengeance upon the 
conspirators (1630).* 

22. The great and increasing power of Austria still con- 
tinued a menace to the peace of Europe, and Richelieu en- 
tered into an alliance with Gustavus Adolphus, of Sweden, to 
reduce it. f By this agreement, the King of Sweden was to 
lead against Austria an army of 30,000 men, France bind- 
ing herself to pay 400,000 crowns annually for its support. 
Gustavus Adolphus thus became the head of the Protest- 
ant party in Europe. The war in which he now engaged, 
known as the Thirty Years' War, had been begun in 1618. 
He suddenly appeared in Germany with his army, J and 
won a decisive victory at Leipsic ; but ended his career as 
suddenly at the battle of Lutzen, which was fought the 
following year (1632). 

23. The enemies of Richelieu in France were active in 
spite of their many defeats. Gaston, Duke of Orleans, en- 
tered into a conspiracy with Henry of Montmorency, the 
Governor of Languedoc, and the king sent Marshal Schom- 
berg to attack them. A battle took place ; but the Duke of 
Orleans fled at the beginning of the action, and made peace 
with the king by complete submission. Montmorency was 
wounded and taken prisoner, and, the following month, was 
beheaded, his estates being confiscated. Owing to his high 
birth and chivalrous character, his fate caused general regret 

* The triumph of Richelieu was complete. Marillac, the keeper of the seals, who 
owed his position to the favor of Richelieu, was thrown into prison ; his brother, a 
marshal of France, was beheaded; the kings mother and the Duke of Orleans were 
driven into exile, and many conspirators were obliged to seek safety in flight. The day 
on which the tables were thus suddenly turned has always been called the Bay of the 
Dupes. 

t Said Richelieu to the German princes : " It is, no doubt, a great affliction for the Chris- 
tian commonwealth that none but the Protestants should dare to oppose such pernicious 
designs ; they must not be aided in their enterprises against religion, but they must be 
made use of in order to maintain Germany in the enjoyment of her liberties." 

% " This snow-king will go on melting as he comes south," said the emperor, Ferdinand, 
on hearing that Gustavus Adolphus had disembarked from Sweden. 



22. What was the next project of Richelieu ? What alliance did he form ? State 
the conditions. Give the subsequent history. 

23. What other conspiracy was formed ? What measures were adopted to subdue 
it It With what result ? What reconciliation took place ? 



A. ». 1637.] THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 205 

in France. Richelieu soon after succeeded in removing the 
Duke of Orleans from the influence of the queen-mother, 
and bringing him back to France, where a public recon- 
ciliation between him and the king took jilace, which was 
attended with great rejoicing (1634). y 

24. War with Austria. — France, under the guidance 
of Richelieu, now entered upon a war with Austria and 
Spain on the grandest scale Five armies were organized, 
and the war was begun at once in the Netherlands, on the 
Rhine, and in Italy. The king's generals were victorious in 
the Netherlands, in a battle near Liege (1635) % but this was 
followed, the next year, by an invasion of the enemy, who 
penetrated to within fifty miles of Paris, and might easily 
have captured it, so great was the terror into which its in- 
habitants were thrown. In Italy, the Duke of Rohan re- 
pulsed the imperial army, but finally lost the province 
through Spanish intrigue. The war in other quarters was 
not successful, owing to misunderstandings between the allies 
of France. 

25. In the midst of foreign war, and notwithstanding the 
severe punishments which had always followed the discovery 
of plots against his authority, Richelieu found himself con- 
stantly obliged to be on the alert for new ones. The queen, 
in 1637, was discovered to be in secret correspondence with 
the court of Spain, in opposition to the interests of France ; 
and the king himself, through the influence of the women 
of the court, or through his jealousy of the power of his 
great minister, was frequently in dispute with him. Not- 
withstanding all these annoyances, however, Richelieu pro- 
secuted his plans boldly, and often with pitiless severity. 
Sometimes on the field of battle, oftener by treaty or intrigue, 
he moved on to the end he proposed, "trampling all opposi- 
tion under foot," as he himself expressed it, and "covering 
all mistakes with his scarlet robe." 

24. In what war was France now engaged ? What force did she put in the field ? 
What invasion took place ? With what result ? What else is Sciid of the war ? 

25. What new plot was now discovered? Why was the king himself sometimes; 
discovered in these plots ? What course did Kicheliexi always pursue ? 



206 



THE HOUSE OF BOUKBOX. 



[A. D. 1642, 



26. Fourth Conspiracy. — On every side the war went 
on ; in Italy, in the Netherlands, in the south of France ; 
at home and abroad, by land and sea. In 1642, Richelieu 
introduced to the king, as a companion, Henry, Marquis of 
Cinq-Mars (sanJc-mar), then nineteen years of age, hoping 
in this way to keep a watch upon the king. Louis soon 

became attach- 
ed to him, and 
advanced him 
rapidly ; and 
this so turned 
the young 
man's head that 
he demanded 
a seat in the 
council,* which 
being refused 
by Richelieu, 
he entered in- 
to a conspiracy 
against his be- 
nefactor. His 
accomplices 
were the Duke 
of Bouillon and 
his relative 
De Thou (too), 

and the ever-ready Duke of Orleans. A secret treaty was 
concluded with Spain, a copy of which, by some unknown 
means, was furnished to Richelieu, who was then lying sick 
at JSTarbonne. The Duke of Orleans was apprehended, and 
frightened into revealing the full extent of the plot. The 
Duke of Bouillon was arrested at the head of the army in 




RicHELnrr. 



* He even insisted upon being present during the private interviews of Eichelieu with 
the king ■ whereupon his presumption was severely rebuked by the haughty minister. 
For this he vowed vengeance, and resolved upon the removal and death of the cardinal. 



26. Who was Cinq-Mars ? What did he demand? With whom did he intrigue 
against the authority of Eichelieu ? What was the result ? 



A. ». 1643.] THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 207 

Italy, and escaped death only by the surrender of his prin- 
cipality of Sedan. Cinq-Mars and De Thou were executed. 
This was the last plot which Eichelieu was called upon to 
punish (1642). 

27. The same year, Mary de' Medici died in Cologne ; and 
Richelieu, while actively engaged in carrying on the war in 
the south, was taken ill, and soon recognized that his end 
was near. He was borne back to the capital with the most 
affectionate care by his attendants, and with the deference 
and luxurious surroundings which only a monarch could 
command. A crowd of courtiers thronged the ante-chamber 
of his dwelling, and the king himself came twice to visit him. 
He died in 1642, at the age of fifty-seven years ; and the king 
survived him less than six months. * Filled with regret for 
the harshness which he had permitted his minister to use, 
Louis pardoned, almost without exception, those whom the 
latter had exiled. Before his death, he confided the regency 
to his wife, Anne of Austria, leaving as his successor a child 
less than five years of age (1643). 

28. Louis XIII. was so completely overshadowed by his 
minister, that his real character has been difficult to ascer- 
tain. In early life, his inclinations were frivolous, and he 
showed little liking for the cares of state. This seems to 
have been the opinion of Eichelieu, who, at times, provided 
him with boyish amusements to prevent him from interfer- 
ing with the affairs of state. Occasional acts and speeches 
show that he was heartless ; but one of his early instructors 
declares that he had his family's genius for war ; and con- 
siderable self-control must certainly be accorded to an abso- 
lute prince who could so far check his own impulses as to 
retain for a lifetime a minister who was distasteful to him, 
and who constantly belittled him by his mere presence. 

* Eichelieu died without fear. The bishop of Lisieux, who stood at his bedside, said, 
" Such firmness astonishes me." Among his last words were these : " I have loved justice 
and not vengeance. I have been* severe to a few that I might be a benefactor to many." 



2 7 • When and where did Mary de' Medici die ? Give an account of the death of 
Richelieu. What is said of the last days of the king ? 

28. Why has it been difficult to ascertain the character of Louis XIII. ? What 
was his character, so far as is known ? 



208 THE HOUSE OF BOURBOK. [A ». 1643. 

29. Character of Richelieu. — Concerning Richelieu 
himself little disagreement exists. His was one of the great 
minds of the seventeenth century. He combined in a sin- 
gular degree a capacity for planning great enterprises with the 
ability to form the combinations necessary to make them suc- 
cessful ; the skill of the statesman with the ability of the 
general ; the address of the man of the world with the love 
of letters which usually characterizes the solitary student. 
With a profound knowledge of human nature, he read easily 
the characters of those around him ; and such was the fer- 
tility of his resources, that, though he lived for eighteen 
years in the midst of conspiracies against his power, and even 
against his life, he thwarted them constantly to the end. 
More conspicuous, perhaps, than any other quality was his 
unconquerable will. Before this all others bent — nobles, 
members of the royal family, even the king himself. Prime 
minister and cardinal, the powers of both his high offices 
were freely used in carrying out his civil policy, which was 
steadily directed to the aggrandizement of France ; and, at 
his death, he left a fortune of 1,500,000 livres, as a gift to 
the king whom he had served. 

30. Civil Policy of Richelieu. — The constant aim of 
Richelieu at home was the increase of the royal power. To 
this end he abolished the offices of constable and grand ad- 
miral ; substituted for governors of provinces intendants, 
who were more immediately under the control of the king, 
and who gradually concentrated in their hands all civil 
power ; demolished fortresses captured from nobles in re- 
volt, confiscated their lands, and annulled their titles and 
dignities. Abroad, he directed all the energies of France to 
the destruction of his most formidable rival in Europe — the 
Spanish branch of the house of Austria. His preparations 
for this purpose were immense ; and, when the struggle 
came, the means he had provided and the efforts he put 

29. How does Richelieu rank among the men of his time ? In what respects was 
he great ? By what power were all his faculties directed ? 

30. What means did he adopt to increase the king's power ? What was his princi- 
pal aim abroad ? What was the result of his efforts ? What did he leave ? 



A. ». 1643.] 



THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 



209 



forth astonished even the king. The result of his labors 
was the establishment of absolute power in the hands of 
Louis XIII. 
31. Art and Literature. — The encouragement given 




VERSAILLES UNDER LOUIS XIII. (CHIEF ENTRANCE.)* 

by Richelieu to art, and particularly to literature, was great 
and of lasting effect. Many institutions still remain which 
were either established or largely aided by him. He founded 
the celebrated French Academy, and the botanical and zo- 
ological garden, called the Jardin des Plantes {$har-dang'dd 
plahnt), the former, for the regulation of the language and 
the creation of correct literary models ; the latter, for the 
promotion of scientific inquiry. The Sorbonne also was re- 
organized by him, and the royal printing-office established ; 
while many beautiful specimens of architecture still bear 

* Versailles is situated about ten miles from the center of Paris. The palace under 
Louis XIII. was a mere hunting-lodge. It was Louis XIV. who built the splendid struct- 
ure in which that monarch and his successors resided until the Revolution. 



31 . Was the reign of Louis XIII. favorable to art and literature '? Mention some 
of the institutions founded or aided by Richelieu. What other changes were made by 
his advice ? 



210 THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. [A. I>. 1648. 



witness to his cultivated taste. By his advice, also, France 
was provided with a permanent navy ; and, during his admin- 
istration, the first French newspaper was founded. 
1643 ^' Louis XIV., afterward known as Louis the 
to Great, or the Grand Monarque (grahnd mon-ark'), was 
less than five years old when he was left the undis- 
puted heir to the throne of France. His mother was made 
regent during his minority, and Cardinal Maz'a-rin was 
chosen as her chief counselor (1643). The Thirty Years' 
War was still raging in Europe ; and the French arms, under 
Conde and Turenne, were everywhere victorious. Austria, 
finding herself attacked on every side, now sued for peace ; 
and the Thirty Years' War was ended by the treaty of West- 
phalia (1648).* 

33. During these stirring events, the nobles of France, 
always ready to wrest from the king the power they had lost, 
formed a party for the purpose, but found themselves op- 
posed by Cardinal Mazarin. They now attempted to dis- 
grace and depose him ; and in this effort they were aided by 
the unfortunate condition of the affairs of the kingdom. 
Enormous taxes had been levied by Eichelieu to carry out 
his great designs, and large sums were still needed. Maza- 
rin, who was hated on account of his foreign birth, employed 
as one of his agents a fellow-countryman, who made him- 
self odious by the harshness with which he collected the 
heavy taxes required. 

34. The War of the Fronde.— The people of Paris 
rose in revolt and barricaded the streets. A popular party 
was formed to resist the royal authority represented by Maz- 
arin ; and, though the cardinal yielded at first, he after- 



* The result of this long straggle was the guaranty of civil and religious liberty in 
Europe, and the acquisition by France of the province of Alsace, the cities of Toul, 
Metz, and Verdun, and the little city of Pignerol (peen-yer-ole), which gave her a foot- 
hold in Italy. 

32. How old was Louis XTV. when he became king? Who was his principal 
adviser ? When did the Thirty Years' War end ?' By what treaty ? What was the 
result of it ? 

33. By whom was Mazarin opposed ? What had produced the heavy taxes which 
the king attempted to collect ? Why was Mazarin hated ? 

34. Into what two parties was France divided ? Who was the principal originator 
of the Fronde ? Who became its leaders ? 



A. ». 1648.] 



THE HOUSE OF BOURBON". 



211 



ward returned to his ways, and the popular party, under 
the name of Frondeurs (fron-dilr'), rapidly extended its or- 
ganization over the kingdom. Their opponents, the royal- 
ists, were called Mazarins ; and the civil war which followed 
was known as the war of the Fronde (1648).* The chief 




CARDINAL DE RETZ. 

instigator of the Fronde was Cardinal de Eetz, who had 
made himself very popular in Paris by his eloquence ' and 
liberality. Its leaders were the Prince of Conti (Jcon'te), who 

* The word frondeur signifies a slinqer. The boys of Paris were accustomed to gather 
outside the walls of the city, and divide into two parties, which attacked each other 
with slings. On the approach of the guard they ran away, but only to return when these 
were gone. Some one noticing that the intermittent action of the slingers resembled 
that of the parliament toward the court, applied the name to the former in jest. The 
term was adopted by the people at once, a frondeur meaning one who opposed the 
court ; a Mazarin, one who upheld it. The badge of the Frondeurs was at first a little 
stone attached by a ribbon to the hat ; at a later time it was a bunch of straw worn iu 
the same place, while the Mazarins wore a corresponding badge of paper. 



212 THE HOUSE OF BOURBOX. [A. ». 1652. 

was a brother of the great Conde, the Dukes of Bouillon, 
Beaufort (bo'f&rt), Longueville (long-veel), and La Rochefou- 
cauld (rosh-foo-ko'). The great Conde at first had taken 
sides with the court. 

35. The king and his mother, with their adherents, left 
Paris suddenly ; and the excited populace took possession 
of the city. Being without any definite aim, however, and 
haying no strict organization, they were easily beaten in the 
first battle ; and the regent, with the king, re-entered Paris. 
Fearing arrest, the greater part of the nobles who had taken 
part in the Fronde left the city. The Prince of Conti, 
however, and the Duke of Longueville remained, and were 
suddenly arrested in the Louvre, together with the great 
Conde, who had joined the Fronde because his services to 
the royal party had not been rewarded. When the news of 
these arrests became known, war broke out at once in Bur- 
gundy, Normandy, and Guienne ; and Mazarin, alarmed at 
the storm he had provoked, left France, and took up his 
residence at Cologne (1651). One of his last acts previous 
to his leaving, was the liberation of Conde, Conti, and 
Longueville. 

36. On the return of Conde to Paris, his ambition 
soon brought him into conflict with De Ketz ; and Mazarin 
took advantage of this to re-enter France with an army, 
which he placed at the disposal of the king. Conde with- 
drew into Guienne to encourage the revolt there, while 
the king's troops, under the command of Turenne, marched 
to attack the Frondeurs on the Loire ; and, though beaten 
at first, succeeded finally in checking them. Conde com- 
manded the Frondeurs in these engagements, though his 
presence among them was not at first known. Both the 
king's troops and those of the Fronde now hastened to 
Paris, each hoping to capture it. The Parisians, however, 

35. Which side was at first -victorious in Paris ? Was the success of the Fronde 
lasting? Whom did the king arrest? What did these arrests produce? What did 
Mazarin do ? 

36. What course did Mazarin afterward take? Who commanded the opposing 
armies ? To whom did Paris finally opeu its gates ? Why did the victorious Fronde 
fail? 



A. D. 1653.] 



THE HOUSE OP BOURBOK. 



213 



closed the gates of the city, and the two armies met again 
outside the walls. After a bloody battle, the gates of the 
city were opened to Conde, and the cannon of the Bastile 
opened fire upon the king's army, by order of the daugh- 
ter of the Duke of Orleans (1652). The royalists then with- 
drew ; and the Fronde, though victorious, soon fell to pieces 
through the jealousies of rival leaders. 

37. Coronation of the King. — Negotiations now took 
place between the king and the people of Paris, with a view 
to the return 
of the former 
to the capital. 
M a z a r i n, in 
order to facili- 
tate these, again 
left France, and 
the king, being 
entreated by the 
people,returned 
to Paris. Conde 
fled, and a sen- 
tence of death 
was afterward 
pronounced 
against him. 
Many of the 
leaders of the 
Fronde, includ- 
ing De Eetz, 
were imprisoned mazakin. 

or banished. In the quiet which settled down upon Paris, 
Mazarin again returned, and was intrusted with greater 
power than before. The last blow to the existence of the 
Fronde was given in 1653, by the submission of G-uienne, to 
which province most of the insurgent leaders had fled. 

37. What did the people of Paris do? How were the Frondeurs punished? 
When was the king crowned ? 




214 THE HOUSE OE BOURBON. [A. D. 1661. 

The following year the king was crowned at Kheims 
(1654). 

38. Mazarin, meanwhile, had formed an alliance with 
Cromwell ; and English troops, as the result of this, had 
fought at Dunkirk, in the army of the king ; but, a year 
after, the peace called the Peace of the Pyrenees was con- 
cluded (1659), by which Conde was received into fayor by 
the king, and the latter was betrothed to Maria Theresa, the 
daughter of Philip IV. of Spain. On the 9th of June follow- 
ing, the marriage was celebrated with great splendor, in a lit- 
tle city in the extreme south of Prance. Maria Theresa re- 
nounced all right to the crown of Spain, and brought to the 
king 500,000 gold crowns as her dowry. The death of Maza- 
rin followed closely the marriage of the king. It happened 
in 1661, and marks the close of the first epoch in- the long 
reign of Louis XIV. Immediately after the death of Mazarin, 
the king, being then only twenty-three years old, gave evi- 
dence of his determination to exercise absolute power. * 

39. One of his first acts was the arrest of his Secretary 
of the Treasury, Fouquet (foo-kd'), who had grown enor- 
mously rich, while the finances of the kingdom were left in 
great disorder. He lived with more than royal magnifi- 
cence, and on the king's assumption of power, gave a costly 
entertainment in his honor. The king attended, and on 
leaving, ordered his arrest. All the members of his family 
w r ere banished ; and, after a trial which . lasted three years, 
Eouquet was condemned to imprisonment for life. The title 
belonging to the office he had held was changed from su- 
perintendent to that of controller -general, and Colbert 
(Jcdl-bar) was appointed to succeed him. 

*" Under Cardinal Mazarin. there was literally nothing but disorder and confusion. He 
had the council held whilst he was being shaved and dressed, without ever giving any- 
body a seat, and he was often chattering with his linnet and his monkey all the time he 
was being talked to about business. After Mazarin's death, the king's council assumed 
a more decent f orm."— Le P. Daniel's Histoire de France. 



38. What alliance did France now form? How did the Peace of the Pyrenees 
•affect the fortunes of Conde ? Whom did the king marry ? What was her dowry ? 
When did the death of Mazarin occur ? What does this mark ? What disposition 
did the king show ? 

39. Give an account of the nrrest of Fouquet. Who was appointed to succeed 
him ? How was the title of the office changed ? 



A. D. 1667.] THE HOUSE OF BOURBON/. 215 



40. Several incidents related of the king, at this stage of 
his career, indicate his pride and his extravagant notion of 
the honor due him, and show in what danger the peace of 
Europe lay from his whims. A dispute haying arisen be- 
tween the French and Spanish embassadors at London,* 
Louis threatened the King of Spain, who was his father-in- 
law, with war ; and nothing but the humblest public declar- 
ation of the Spanish king's inferiority prevented it. A more 
serious insult offered to the French embassador at Eome led 
to the seizure of Avignon, f and the threat of an invasion of 
Italy. The latter was averted only by full, and even abject, 
apologies. A solemn treaty was concluded between Louis 
and the Pope, fixing the rank of each ; and the former set up 
a monument in Eome to commemorate the reparation made 
for the insult. 

41. "With a view to future safety, Louis bought Dunkirk 
from the English, as a harbor for his growing navy ; con- 
cluded a treaty for the cession of Lorraine and Bar ; and 
renewed that which Henry IV. and Louis XIII. had entered 
into with the Swiss cantons. Three years after (1665), 
Philip IV. of Spain died, and Louis laid claim to a part of 
his possessions, though he had solemnly renounced his right 
to them at the time of his marriage. Such bad faith was 
resented by Spain ; and, two years after, a war began. The 
king himself and Turenne laid siege to Lille, and captured 
it in nine days ; and so powerful was the French army, that 
the entire province was conquered in two months. 

42. Franche-Comte was invaded also by Conde, in 1667, 
and subdued after a three weeks' campaign. Such rapid 
successes alarmed the states of Europe, especially Holland, 
who felt herself peculiarly exposed to danger from her war- 

*The Spanish minister claimed the right of precedence before the French embassador 
at a diplomatic reception, and this the latter was determined not to yield. 

tAfter the end of the great schism, Avignon was governed by the legates of the Pope, 
and was not restored to the government of France till 1791. 



40. What is said of the character of Louis ? What powers were threatened with 
war by Louis ? Why ? How was the Pope's apology commemorated ? 

41^ What measures did Louis take to strengthen himself? What claim did he 
make ? What was the result ? What province was conquered ? 

42. What conquest did Cond6 make ? Where was Franche-Comte? i See Progress- 
ive Map. No. 2.) What action did Holland take ? To what did this afterward lead ? 



216 THE HOUSE OE BOURBON. [A. B. 1672. 

like neighbor. She formed an alliance, therefore, with Eng- 
land and Sweden, and brought about a treaty (1668). This 
interference of Holland, however, and her commercial rivalry 
with France, induced Louis, two years after, to declare war 
against her. The ridicule, also, which the Dutch made of 
the king's pretensions, and even of his person, contributed to 
the bitter feeling with which he regarded them. 

43. Only after ample preparation, did the king enter upon 
this war, which he designed should end in the conquest of 
the Netherlands. He first took measures to dissolve the 
alliance which had existed against him. Sweden was de- 
tached from it by an annual subsidy, and England was 
induced to unite with Erance against Holland by the pay- 
ment of a large sum of money, and the promise of certain 
islands on the Dutch coast. Money was also used by the 
king to induce some of the European powers to remain neu- 
tral, while the active aid of the Duke of Savoy and of some of 
the German princes was secured. Everything being ready, 
war was declared ; and the king in person, with Conde and 
Turenne, at the head of an army of 80,000 men, crossed the 
Rhine (1672). He was joined by his German allies with 
20,000 more; while the combined French and English fleet, 
numbering ninety vessels, sailed to attack the coast cities of 
Holland. 

44. Against this formidable array Holland, thus suddenly 
attacked, was for the moment powerless. Her people were 
divided into two parties : one composed of the nobility, with 
William, Prince of Orange, as their leader ; the other, of 
the merchants and burghers, who formed a republican party, 
whose chiefs were two brothers, John and Cornelius De 
Witt. Holland, however, was rich, and was possessed of a 
powerful navy, commanded by the two most renowned ad- 
mirals in Europe, De Ruyter (ri'ter) and Van Tromp. The 

43. What preparations did Louis make for the invasion of Holland ? With what 
force did he cross the Bhine ? Who were the French commanders ? What other 
points were attacked, and in what way ? 

44. How was Holland divided ? What is said of the Dutch navy ? What con- 
quests were made by the French ? How did the quarrel between the nobility and 
burghers of Holland end ? 



A. D. 1675.] THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 217 

first successes were all on the side of the French. Several of 
the Dutch provinces were captured, and Amsterdam was 
threatened. The republicans demanded peace ; the Prince 
of Orange declared for war. A struggle ensued in which 
the De Witts were killed by an enraged populace, andthe a , 
Prince of Orange was intrusted with the supreme power, 
under the title of Stadtholder (1672). 

45. Under the vigorous administration of the Stadtholder, 
the tide of war rapidly turned in favor of the Dutch. Am- 
sterdam was relieved from the presence of its besiegers by 
cutting the dikes, and flooding the marshes which surrounded 
the city ; De Kuyter and Van Tromp destroyed or put to 
flight the fleet of the allies ; and the Prince of Orange, by 
skillful negotiations, separated the English from the French, 
and formed alliances with Austria and Germany, which 
brought their armies to his aid. Two years after the 
French army crossed the Ehine, the aspect of the war. was 
entirely changed ; the greater part of Europe was involved 
in- it, and France stood alone confronting a powerful league. 

46. Before the formidable coalition, Louis XIV. recoiled. 
He withdrew his forces from Holland, and invaded Franche- 
Comte. In six weeks, Vauban, the French commander, with 
25,000 men, conquered the province. Turenne, at the same 
time, marched against the allies, who were slowly preparing 
to invade France by way of Lorraine. He crossed the Ehine 
with an army of 20,000 men, laying waste the country as he 
passed, engaged the enemy in many battles, and after a short 
but brilliant campaign, remarkable for the rapidity of his 
movements and the impetuosity of his attack, completely 
routed the allies, and returned to France with the gratitude 
of the people and the special approbation of the king (1675). 

47. Conde, meanwhile, held back the allies in the north, 

45. How was the ability of William of Orange shown ? What method was taken 
to relieve Amsterdam ? What was the position of France at the end of two years ? 

46. What effect did the activity of the Stadtholder have upon the campaign in 
Holland ? What success attended Vauban in Franche-Comte ? What is said of the 
campaign of Turenne ? 

47. How was Champagne invaded ? What was the effect of the battle of Seneffe? 
Give an account of the next campaign of Turenne. What was the consequence of the 
death of Turenne ? 

10 



218 



THE HOUSE OE BOUKBOK. 



[A. D. 1675, 



where an army of 90,000 men, commanded by the Prince of 
Orange, attempted an invasion of Champagne. In the bat- 
tle of Seneife (1674), thongh both sides claimed the victory, 
the advance of the Prince of Orange was checked, and he 
was compelled to abandon his proposed invasion. The fol- 
lowing spring the contest was renewed. Turenne, com- 
manding the army of the Ehine, after several weeks spent in 
observation and maneuvering before the Austrian general, 
Montecuccoli (mon-ta-koolc'Jco-lee), finally made a stand at 
Salzbach. While making his final dispositions for the bat- 
tle, however, he was killed by a random shot from one of the 
enemy's batteries, which carried away, at the same time, the 
arm of his lieutenant-general of artillery (1675). The death 

of this great 
general had the 
most disastrous 
effect upon the 
military for- 
tunes of the 
French.* The 
army of the 
Rhine fled; 
M ontecuc- 
c o 1 i entered 
Alsace, from 
which, how- 
ever, he was af- 
terward driven 
by Oonde. 
This was the 
last campaign 
of that illus- 
trious com- 
mander. He 




* France considered herself lost. " The premier-president of the court of aids has an 
estate in Champagne, and the farmer of it came the other day to demand to have the 
contract dissolved. He was asked why ? He answered that in M. de Turenne's time one 
could gather in with safety and count upon the land, in that district : hut that since his 
death, everybody was going away, believing that the enemy was about to enter Cham- 
pagne."— Letters of Madame de Sesigne. 



A. ». 1683.] THE HOUSE OE BOURBOH. 219 

soon afterward retired from the army, and died in 
1686. 

48. These reverses were ill balanced by slight successes in 
Germany and the Netherlands (1677), and the naval suc- 
cesses of Duquesne (-kane) and D'Estrees (des-tra), the for- 
mer in the Mediterranean, in 1676, the latter on the 
northern coast of South America, in 1678. In the former, 
De Euyter lost his fleet and his life ; and the French navy 
became master, for a time, of the Mediterranean. The 
French king, now beset on all sides, sued for peace ; and the 
treaty of Nimeguen (ne-ma' glien) was signed in 1678, by 
which the king surrendered all his conquests in Holland, 
but retained twelve fortified cities in the Netherlands, the 
province of Franche-Comte, and the city of Fribourg. l/^ 

49. Louis XIV. was now at the height oi his power. 
Arches were erected in his honor at two of the city gates of 
Paris, the gates St. Martin and St. Denis ; the authorities of 
Paris conferred upon him the title of Le Grand (the Great) ; 
and he was recognized generally as, more than any other 
sovereign, the arbiter of the destinies of Europe. His rest- 
less, grasping nature now led him to look more carefully 
into the treaty of Westphalia, where he found some vague 
expressions which might be interpreted in his favor.* On 
this pretext he seized Strasbourg in 1681, and alarmed Aus- 
tria by his demands ; while his navy, two years later, swept 
the Mediterranean of the Algerine pirates, and bombarded 
not only Algiers but Genoa, which had aided them. A 
quarrel with the Pope also sprung up, the chief cause of 
which was the opposition of Innocent XL to the French 
candidate for the papal chair. 

50. In 1683, the queen died, and Louis afterward secretly 

* "Louis XIV. was the victim of three passions which hampered, and in the long run 
destroyed, the accord between king and minister : that for war, that for kingly and 
courtly extravagance, and that for building and costly fancies."— Guizot. 

48. What successes by sea did the French meet with ? What terms were granted 
to France at the treaty ol'Nimemien ? 

49. What is said of the power of the king at this time ? What did he do in re- 
gard To the treaty of Westphalia ? What action did he take ? 

50. What change in the king's family relations took place ? Why was the League 
of Augsburg formed ? 



220 



THE HOUSE OF BOUEBOX. 



[A. D. 1685, 



married Madame de Maintenon (mahn-ta-nong), who subse- 
quently exerted great influence over him. His overbearing 
spirit, and warlike acts in time of peace, bad produced a 
feeling of general distrust in Europe, which led to the for- 
mation of another coalition against him, called the League 
of Augsburg. This was an alliance of nearly all the great 
powers of Europe, of whom Louis, by his aggressions, had 




CHATEAU OF MADAME DE MAINTENON. 

become the common enemy. The Protestant members of 
the league especially felt themselves justified in joining it, 
because Louis had revoked, the year before (1685), the 
famous Edict of Nantes. 

51. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.— The 
king was now growing old. His military reverses in the 
Netherlands, the powerful coalition which the Protestant 

51 . What led to the revocation of the Edict of Mantes ? Its effect ? How mauy 
persons were driven out of France by the revocation ? 



A. D. 1689.] THE HOUSE OF BOUEBOK. 221 

Prince of Orange succeeded in forming against him, and 
the sudden withdrawal of the liberal influence of Colbert, 
who died in 1683, led him, under the influence of Madame 
de Maintenon, to change the policy of conciliation he had 
thus far pursued toward the Huguenots. The revocation 
of the Edict of Nantes * was, therefore, ordered (October 22, 
1685) ; and the changes it proposed made a profound sensa- 
tion not only in France but throughout Europe, f The 
number of Huguenots driven out of France by this act has 
been estimated at about 500,000, the great majority belong- 
ing to the industrial classes of society. J 

52. The Catholic King of England, James II., having 
been dethroned, took refuge at the French court ; and, Louis 
supporting his cause, war was declared between France and 
England (1689). All the great powers of Europe were 
combined against the French monarch, who at once put his 
forces in motion to forestall the action of his enemies. He 
sent an army into Germany, captured several cities, and 
ruthlessly devastated a large tract of country (the Palati- 
nate) in order to prevent it from being used by his adver- 
saries. § 

53. The greatest opposition to the new King of England, 

* " It can never be known, with anything approaching to accuracy, how many per- 
sons fled from France in consequence of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Vau- 
ban, writing a few years after, said that ' France had lost a hundred thousand inhabitants, 
sixty millions of money, nine thousand sailors, twelve thousand tried soldiers, six hun- 
dred officers, and its most flourishing manufactures.' "Smiles's Htiguenots. 

t One of the most odious methods employed by the king to convert the Reformers was 
that of quartering his soldiers in their houses, where they practiced all manner of ex- 
cesses. As the dragoohs distinguished themselves in this work, these outrages have 
been called in history the Dragonades. " The revocation," says Guizot, " ordered the de- 
molition of all the chapels ; ministers were ordered to leave the kingdom within fifteen 
days ; the schools were closed : all new-born babes were to be baptized by the parish 
priests ; and religionists were forbidden to leave the kingdom."— Guizot. ' 

t A whole district of London is peopled by the descendants of the Huguenot refugees, 
who transported their silk manufactories from France to Spitalfields. Many found a 
home in northern Germany, being gladly welcomed, as they brought with them their 
arts, their thrift, and their industry. 

§ Some one (it is said, the minister Louvois) had persuaded Louis that the safety of 
the state required that a desert should be placed between the French frontier and the 
armies of the enemy. Hence he ordered the great towns of Treves, Worms, Spire, and 
Heidelberg to be destroyed. Every building, from the magnificent palace of the Elector 
to the meanest peasant's cottage, perished in the flames. Not even a church was spared ; 
and the very cellars were blown up. Farms, crops, vineyards, everything was destroyed : 
and a once blooming country was suddenly converted into a smoldering wilderness. 
More than 100,000 homeless people wandered about cursing the merciless tyrant who had 
plunged them into such direful misery. 



52. Why was war declared between France and England? Against whom had 
Louis to contend ? What course did he pursue ? What cruel measure did he carry 
out? 

53. Give an account of the invasion of Ireland. What battle was fought? Its 
result ? 



222 



THE HOUSE OF BOURBOX. 



[A. ». 1690. 



among his own people, was in Ireland. Louis, therefore, 
sent James II. with a naval force and an army to invade it. 
Landing in the south of the island, he marched north, his 
army being constantly swelled by the disaffected Irish. The 
forces of William, on the other hand, landed in the north, 



IRELANI 



t'£us 




Tittle & TiiisseU^r.T 



10 Longitude "West 8 from. Greenwich. 6 



and marching south, met the invaders on the banks of the 
river Boyne (July 12, 1690), and completely routed them. 
James II. fled from the field, and returned to France. 

54. From 1690 to 1693, the war went on, on all sides, 
with vigor. In the southeast, the French encountered the 

54. Between what ye.nrs was the war actively carried on ? Whom did the French 
encounter in Savoy ? What personage appears here ? What naval battle occurred ? 
What was the result ? 



A. ». 1701.] THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 223 

Duke of Savoy and defeated him ; but were forced to retreat 
by Prince Eugene, who here began the military career which 
was afterward so brilliant. A French fleet, which was in- 
tended to assist in another invasion of England, attacked 
the combined Dutch and English fleets off Cape La Hogue 
{hog), and escaped only with partial destruction (1692). 

55. Treaty of Ryswick. — The struggle, which had 
been waged by both sides for seven years as a war of devas- 
tation, now began to weigh heavily upon the resources of 
both. For three years it had been carried on without decis- 
ive results. The sacrifices of France had been enormous, 
and Louis had lost many of his great ministers and generals. 
The Duke of Savoy was the first to abandon the league 
against him, and this was the signal for a general with- 
drawal of the other powers. The treaty of Ryswick was 
signed in 1697, Louis relinquishing nearly all his conquests, 
and recognizing the Prince of Orange as King of England. 

56. The approaching death of Charles II., King of Spain, 
was the cause of great anxiety in Europe, since many of 
the reigning monarchs were related to him by ties of blood 
or marriage, and might consider themselves his heirs ; and 
thus a dispute in regard to the succession might again bring 
on a general war. In the year 1700, Charles died, naming 
Philip of Anjou, the grandson of Louis XIV., his heir. 
Louis consented to this arrangement ; * but the other powers 
were alarmed, since the union of France and Spain under 
one king threatened the peace of Europe. This alarm was 
now increased by the expulsion by Louis of the Dutch garri- 
sons from certain places in the Netherlands, and by his open 
defiance of William III., in recognizing as the lawful King 
of England the son of James II. , that monarch having recently 
died (1701). The designs of the French king were now un- 

* When the young king set out from Versailles to take possession of the Spanish 
throne, Louis XIV. affectionately embraced him, and his last words to him were : " Go, 
my son, go ; there are no longer any Pyrenees ! " By this he intimated that the two 
kingdoms were really united. 

55. How long was the war waged? What had been its result? Who deserted 
the league ? What treaty was signed ? 

56. What caused anxiety in Europe? Whv ? When did Charles of Spain die ? 
Whom did he name as his heir ? Whac course did Louis pursue ? What followed ? 



224 



THE HOUSE OE BOTTKBOK. 













Son . 















PHI 



A. ». 1704.1 THE HOUSE OF BOURBON". 225 

masked, and England,* Holland, Germany, and Austria 
entered into the " Grand Alliance 7 ' against him (1701). f 

57. The War* of the Spanish Succession. — The 

Trench permitted Prince Eugene to invade northern Italy 
and capture a portion of it, almost without striking a blow. 
Villeroi (veel-rwali), a favorite of Madame de Maintenon, 
then took the command. This general was defeated by 
Prince Eugene, who afterward captured the French com- 
mander himself in Cremona. The French succeeded in 
checking the progress of Prince Eugene, and gained some 
slight successes in Italy ; but these were the only good for- 
tune that Erance, in this war, was destined to enjoy. 

58. Battle of Blenheim.— The death of William of 
Orange did not interfere with the prosecution of the war. 
An insurrection of the Protestants of the Cevennes took 
place at this time, known as the war of the Camisards {Jcah- 
me-zahr'),\ which was encouraged by the enemies of the king, 
and accompanied by atrocious cruelties on both sides. It 
was finally suppressed, but with the loss of at least 100,000. 
lives (1704). About this time, a dreadful disaster to the 
Erench arms occurred in the north-east. The English Duke 
of Marlborough and Prince Eugene completely routed the 
Erench in the battle of Blenheim (Men-hime), inflicting such 
terrible losses upon them that none of the king's attendants 
dared to tell him of the news (1704). § This duty was finally 

* Before war was formally declared by the English parliament, William of Orange met 
with an accident which proved fatal. He fell from his horse, and broke his collar-bone ; 
and in about a fortnight afterward expired (March 8th, 1702). 

t Portugal some time after joined the league, while France could only number as her 
allies Spain, the Dukes of Savoy and Modena, and the Elector of Bavaria. 

t The Camisards derived their name from the camisa, a white frock which they wore, 
so as to be distinguished at night. They were the descendants of the Waldenses and Al- 
bigenses who had taken refuge in the Cevennes, and had adopted the Calvinistic faith. 
The insurrection commenced in 1702. Troops of robbers who infested some parts of 
Languedoc afterward assumed their name ; but they themselves are represented as an 
honest and peaceful people. The persecutions to which they were subjected drove them 
into rebellion. 

§ " The battle of Blenheim, in which from 60,000 to 80,000 men were engaged on either 
side, cost to the vanquished 12,000 men killed, besides a greater number made prisoners. 
The quantity of cannon, colors, and other trophies was immense. But its effects were 
greater than all. The French armies were obliged to evacuate Germany altogether, 
abandon Bavaria, and retire behind the Rhine. Marlborough proved to Vienna another 
Sobieski."— Crowe's History of France. 



57. Where did the war begin ? What was done then? What distinguished gen- 
eral fought against the French ? Who took«the command of the French army ? What 
followed ? 

58. What was the effect of the death o? the King of England ? What revolt oc- 
curred ? What ereat battle was fought ? Where is Blenheim ? (See Progressive 
Map, No. 4.) What was the result of this battle ? 



226 THE HOUSE OF BOUKBOH. [A. I>. 1707. 

imposed upon Madame de Maintenon. By this defeat, a 
large tract of country, including Bavaria, was gained by the 
allies, who now threatened an invasion of France. 

59 • Another victory, not less signal, was won by the Duke 
of Marlborough, two years after, at Eamillies (ram-e-leez'). 
Villeroi was beaten with a loss of 20,000 men, and all of the 
Spanish Netherlands was reclaimed by the conqueror. In 
Italy the French were laying siege to Turin ; but the inca- 
pacity of their commander was so great that Prince Eugene, 
after incurring numerous risks unmolested, broke through 
their lines and compelled them to abandon the siege (1706). 
All of the French conquests in Italy were lost by this disaster ; 
and the allies, under Prince Eugene and the Duke of Savoy, 
invaded France and laid siege to Toulon. Here, however, 
their good fortune failed them ; after suffering serious losses 
they were compelled to retreat. In Spain, the prospect for 
Louis was not less gloomy. The English captured the 
stronghold of Gibraltar (1704), which commands the Medi- 
terranean ;• Philip V. abandoned his capital ; the Archduke 
Charles of Austria, who had been declared the rightful 
King of Spain by the allies, landed in Spain, and captured 
Barcelona (1705). He soon afterward entered Madrid, and 
was proclaimed king (1706). 

60. Notwithstanding these reverses, Louis still dared to 
take the offensive. James the Pretender, the son of James 
II., was provided by Louis with a fleet; and an effort was 
made to carry him to Scotland, and there proclaim him King 
of England. This enterprise had the promise of success, 
from the fact that the Scotch were at that time especially 
disaffected toward the English on account of the passage 
of the "Act of Union." It was foiled, however, by the 
English admiral Byng (Mng), who captured several vessels 
of the French fleet, and compelled the remainder to re- 
turn to France (1707). The following year, Marlborough 

59. What is said of the hattle of Eamillies ? Where is Eamillies ? How was Italy- 
lost to the French ? Give an account of the progress of th<> wir in Spain. 

60. What measure did L'-uis undertake against England ? Its result? Who was 
James the Pretender ? What other engagements took place ? 



/ 



A. ». 1709.] THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 227 

and Prince Eugene again joined their forces, defeated the 
French at Oudenarde (po-de-nard'), and besieged and cap- 
tured Lille. 

61. The road to Paris was now open to the allies, and the 
terror and discouragement which this condition of affairs 
produced were increased by a threatened famine, which the 
severe winter of 1709 occasioned. So bitter was the cold 
that all the olive trees perished, the seed was frozen in the 
ground, and no harvests were gathered the following sum- 
mer. The inhabitants of Paris were reduced to great ex- 
tremity; and the general discontent found expression in 
riots, attacks upon the king in pamphlets, and demands for 
the conclusion of a treaty of peace. The king yielded and 
sent ambassadors to the allies ; but the terms insisted upon 
were so humiliating that he refused them, and his exas- 
perated people sustained him in a new and desperate effort 
to retrieve his fortunes on the battle-field. The king sent 
his gold plate to be melted and coined, the rich contributed 
freely to the general fund, and volunteered as private sol- 
diers to defend their country. 

62. Battle of Malplaquet. — With the new army thus 
placed in the field, Villars marched against the allies and 
met them at Malplaquet (mal-plah'ka), where a terrible bat- 
tle was fought (1709). The struggle was so desperate that, 
though the allies remained in possession of the field, they 
lost 20,000 men, while the loss of the French was only 8,000. 
Villars was wounded, however, and the capture of the for- 
tress of Mons (monz) by the allies speedily followed. In the 
midst of active hostilities, Louis continued his propositions 
for peace ; but one condition, constantly insisted upon by 
the allies, prevented a treaty. This was, that Louis should 
abandon his grandson in Spain, a step which the king's sense 
of honor would not permit him to take. 

61. What was now the condition of affairs ? How was the general gloom in- 
creased ? What prevented the conclusion of a treaty of peace ? How were means 
obtained to carry on the war ? 

62. Where was the last great battle fouirht, and when ? Where is Malplaquet ? 
(See map, page 54.) What was the loss on each side ? On what condition did the allies 
insist ? 



228 THE HOUSE OF BOURBOX. [A. ». 1713. 

63. Peace of Utrecht. — Fortune, however, now came 
to the aid of France. The Duke of Vendome defeated the 
army of the archduke in Spain (1710), and reinstated Philip 
V. on his throne. The league also gave signs of dissolution. 
Intrigues at the English court led to the recall of the Duke 
of Marlborough ; and the Archduke Charles, who was sud- 
denly made emperor by the death of his father, became, by 
this event, so powerful as to create a feeling of jealousy to- 
ward him among the other members of the league. A 
truce was agreed to by England, and preliminaries of peace 
were signed in London (October. 8th, 1711). G-ermany, how- 
ever, continued the war. Prince Eugene, with a large army, 
undertook a new invasion of France, but was met by Marshal 
Villars and routed (1712). This defeat saved France, and 
hastened the treaty of peace, which was signed at Utrecht 
(April 11, 1713). Other treaties were afterward concluded 
with Germany and Austria, and France was once more at 
peace. 

64. By these treaties, France renounced her claim to the 
throne of Spain, refused to advocate further the claim of 
James the Pretender to the English throne, closed the har- 
bor of Dunkirk, signed a commercial treaty with Holland 
and England, and ceded to the latter important possessions 
in the New World, consisting chiefly of Acadia, in which 
Port Royal, the principal settlement, had been taken in 
1710, and named Annapolis, in honor of the English queen, 
Anne. The resources of France had been exhausted by the 
long struggle, and her condition at its close was deplorable.* 

65. Death of Louis XIV. — The gloom thus produced 
in the mind of the king was now increased by the infirmities 

* In 1694 Fenelon had said in a letter to the king : "Your people are dying: of hunger ; 
the cultivation of the soil has been almost entirely given up ; city and country are alike 
depopulated: trade languishes, and commerce is annihilated." Seven vears after, the 
war of the Spanish Succession broke out, and raged for twelve years, filling France with 
untold misery. 

63. What chanee took place in the aspect of affairs '-. What was agreed to "by 
England ? What victorv did the French <rain ? Whattreatv was signed a few months 
after ? 

64=, What were the conditions imposed upon the kin? by the treaty of Utrecht ? 
What American possessions were given up ? What was the'eondition of France ? 

65. How was Louis bereaved ? Who of his immediate family remained ? When 
did his death occur ? 



A. ». 1715.] THE HOUSE OF BOUKBOK. 229 

of age and by seyere domestic afflictions. His only legitimate 
son, the dauphin ; the young dauphiness,* who was the idol of 
the king; her husband, the Duke of Burgundy, f and two 
grandsons, died within three years. Of all his family, his 
grandson, the King of Spain, and his great-grandson, the 
Duke of Anjou, alone remained. On the 1st of September, 
1715, the king himself died, at the age of seventy-seven, 
leaving his kingdom utterly bankrupt and exhausted. He 
was succeeded by Louis, his great-grandson. { 

66. Louis XIV. had wielded the scepter seventy-two years. 
His is the longest reign, and, in many respects, the most mo- 
mentous and instructive in French history. Falling heir to 
the throne at the age of five, he entered, eight years later, 
into possession of that absolute power which the progress 
of affairs had gradually prepared for him ; and, at the age 
of twenty-three, proudly declared his intention of exercis- 
ing it. His famous answer, "To me!" given at this pe- 
riod, to the members of his council, when they asked him, 
on the death of Mazarin, to whom they should in future ad- 
dress their communications on state affairs, afterward re- 
appeared in his still more famous declaration, "I am the 
State. " This latter expression seems an idle boast ; yet never, 
perhaps, was any king more justified in making it. 

67. His character and personal appearance at this time 
have been carefully described. He was of middle height 
and well proportioned, with blue eyes, a large and shapely 

* On the death of Louis, the dauphin, his son Louis, Duke of Burgundy, became the 
dauphin: and his wife, Adelaide of Savoy, who is here referred to, the dauphiness. She 
died in February, 1712, and her husband followed her within a week. 

tThe loss of this prince occasioned great sorrow. He had been instructed by Arch- 
bishop Fene~lon ; and great expectations were therefore entertained of his virtue and 
capacity. 

t" At eight o'clock on the following morning Louis XIV. expired. As he exhaled his 
last sigh, a man was seen to approach a window of the state apartment which opened on 
the great balcony, and throw it suddenly back. It was the captain of the body-guard, 
who had no sooner attracted the attention of the populace, by whom the court -yard was 
thronged in expectation of the tidings which they knew could not be long delayed, than, 
raising his truncheon above his head, he broke it in the center, and throwing the pieces 
among the crowd, exclaimed in a loud voice, ' The king is dead ! ' Then seizing another 
staff from an attendant, without the pause of an instant, he nourished it in the air as 
he shouted, ' Long live the king ! ' And a multitudinous echo from the depths of the 
lately deserted apartment answered buoyantly, 'Long live the king.'" — tardoe's Louis 
XIV. 

66. How long did Louis XIV. reign ? What is said of the importance of his 
reisrn ? 

67. What was the personal appearance of Louis XIV. ? What is said of his edu- 
cation and manners ? What of his character ? 



230 THE HOUSE OP BOUBBOHT. [A. ». 1T15. 

nose, an expressive month, and waring masses of chestnut- 
brown hair. He was an excellent horseman, and fond of 
manly sports, taking special pleasure in hunting and in the 
work necessary for the proper conduct of war. He was 
thoroughly self-possessed and courtly, though he had never 
been taught even to read. He thought quickly but spoke 
deliberately, and with a certain preciseness and carefulness 
of accent that fixed the attention of the listener. At once 
generous and haughty, he was impatient of counsel, and 
formed sudden resolutions which were changed only with 
the greatest difficulty. His favor was shown by rewards 
distributed with a lavish hand, while his punishments were 
summary and severe. 

68. The virtues and vices which accompany the exercise 
of unlimited power were manifested during his reign in a 
striking manner. He made his court and capital the gayest 
in Europe. In dress, manners, and everything that per- 
tains to luxury and taste, the fashion there prevailing be- 
came the fashion of the civilized world. Poets, painters, 
men of letters, and artists of every kind, attracted by his mu- 
nificence as well as by the patronage of the nobility whom 
he gathered round him, crowded to Paris, and found in its 
brilliant and intellectual society a congenial home. He 
gave a new impulse to science, letters, and art, projected 
great public works, and left numerous enduring monuments 
of his public spirit and his taste, as well as also of his folly 
and recklessness. * 

1715 69. Louis XV. — Proud as the French were of 
to the Grand Monarque, joy was everywhere manifest- 
' ' ed at his death : for his pride, luxury, and extrava- 
gance had been the cause of immense suffering and distress. 

*His last words to his ereat-grandson who succeeded him were : "My child, you are 
about to become a great king ; do not imitate me either in mv taste f or building or in my 
love of war. Endeavor, on the contrarv. to live in peace with the neighboring nations ; 
render to God all that vou owe. and cause his name to be honored by your subjects. 
Strive also to relieve the burdens of vour people, which I myself have been unable to do." 



6S . What further is said of his reign ? To what did he eive an impulse ? 

69. What feeline was manifested at the death of Louis XR". ? Why ? Who was 
made regent ? Under whose instruction was Louis XV. placed ? What was one of 
the first acts of the recent ? 



THE HOUSE OF BOUEBON. 



231 




232 THE HOUSE OF BOUKBOX. [A. ». 1718. 

Philip, Duke of Orleans, was made regent, to act during the 
minority of Louis, and the Abbe de Eleu'ry, noted for his 
virtues and his accomplishments, was appointed confessor to 
the young king. One of the first acts of the regent was 
to enter into an alliance with England against Spain, which 
was also joined by Holland (1717).* 

70k. Spain, however, had recently become a formidable 
power, through the wise administration of her prime min- 
ister, Cardinal Alberoni (ahl-be-ro'ne). She looked upon 
George I. as a usurper, and upon the Duke of Orleans as 
holding his office of regent illegally, because it was in defi- 
ance of the will of Louis XIV. Alberoni now saw an op- 
portunity of restoring to Spain her ancient power at the ex- 
pense of a general war in Europe. He set up the claim of 
his master Philip V. to the throne of France, he being 
grandson of Louis XIY. ; and entered into negotiations with 
Charles XII., of Sweden, and Peter the Great, of Eussia, to 
overthrow George I., and seat the Pretender in his place. 
He also hoped, while Europe was thus engaged in war, to 
seize Sicily, and wrest Sardinia from the Emperor of Austria, 
who was then on the verge of war with the Turks. 

71. In this plot, however, he was foiled by the Abbe 
Dubois (du-bwah'), the prime minister and former preceptor 
of the Duke of Orleans, into whose hands the correspond- 
ence of the Spanish ambassador at Paris fell. The principal 
sufferers by the discovery of this plot were the Duke and 
Duchess of Maine and the nobility of Brittany, who were 
nearly all engaged in it. The triple alliance was now made 
quadruple by the entrance of Austria (1718) ; and it was 
thought that Spain would sue for peace, but she had already 
invaded Sardinia and had almost conquered Sicily. The 

* Philip V. of Spain accused the regent of conspiring against his young charge with the 
intention of seizing the crown for himself. George I., then King of England, entered 
into this alliance the more readily since one of its conditions was that the Duke of Or- 
leans should Danish from France James the Pretender, who also aspired to the English 
throne. 

TO. What had increased the influence of Spain ? What views were entertained 
by the Spanish Government ? What claim was set up ? What negotiations did Albe- 
roni enter into ? What also did he hope ? 

71. How was the plan foiled ? What followed ? What new war was caused ? 
How did it end ? 



A. ». 1718.] THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 233 

exposure of the designs of Spain at once produced a war 
between that country and France ; and in this the English 
fleet played a prominent part, bringing it to an end fortunate 
for France. Alberoni retired in disgrace ; Spain accepted 
the terms of the alliance, and gave up the Netherlands ; the 
power of Austria in Italy was confirmed, the emperor re- 
ceiving Sicily in exchange for Sardinia, which was given to 
the Duke of Savoy (1720). 

72. Financial System of John Law. — About this 
time, France was wonderfully excited by the financial system 
of a Scotch adventurer named John Law. The enormous 
public debt bequeathed to the kingdom by Louis XIV., the 
great depression in business, and the general bankruptcy 
which threatened almost every one, caused the people to 
lend a willing ear to any measure of relief proposed. Law 
founded a bank in 1716, and made a proposition to pay off 
the public debt and make money plentiful by an enormous 
issue of paper money unsupported by specie. His project 
was regarded with favor by the government ; and, in 1718, 
his institution was made a royal bank. To this he united 
a company which had the exclusive right of commerce with 
the valley of the Mississippi. 

73. Eumors were circulated of the discovery of vast mines 
of gold and silver in the New World, and the shares of the 
company sold for many times their par value. The com- 
merce of the Indies and of Senegal was afterward joined with 
that of the Mississippi in one great company, and Law was 
made Controller-General of France. The shares of the com- 
pany sold at twenty, thirty, and even forty times their face 
value. The thirst for speculation increase^ with astonishing 
rapidity, and pervaded all ranks.* Fortunes were made in 
a day. Bills were issued to an amount equal to eighty times 

* The rich brought their plate and jewels to he converted into stock ; the poor, their 
scanty earnings for the same purpose. 



72. Who was John Law ? What schemes did he propose ? How was his project 
received ? 

73. Give an account of the excitement produced by Law's scheme. How did it 
end ? What became of Law ? 



234 THE HOUSE OF BOUKBOST. [A. ». 1726. 

that of all the silver in the kingdom. The whole vast sys- 
tem, however, rested almost solely on credit. At the first 
demand for specie, it crumbled and fell. Fortunes were lost 
as rapidly as they had been made ; ruin succeeded ; and 
Law, proscribed and exiled from France, took refuge in 
Venice. * 

74. The recklessness produced by this wild speculation 
was increased by the depression which followed it, and was 
reflected in the manners and morals of the people. The 
shameless conduct of the regent's court did nothing to 
check this ; and the example thus set was followed, in great 
measure, throughout France. Disease now came to add its 
horrors to the misery of the bankrupt people. A vessel from 
Syria entered the port of Marseilles, and introduced a pesti- 
lence which swept over Provence, carrying off more than 
80,000 persons (1720). Two years after, great anxiety was 
caused by the illness of the young king ; and, on his recov- 
ery, he was crowned at Eheims, and the following year his 
majority was declared (1723). The death of Cardinal Du- 
bois occurred the same year. 

75. In 1725, the king was married to the daughter of the 
King of Poland, that monarch having lost his throne through 
the reverses of his protector, Charles XII. of Sweden. Fleu- 
ry, Bishop of Frejus (fra-zhoo 1 ), afterward cardinal, now be- 
came minister (1726). He had been the preceptor of the 
king, and was highly esteemed by him. The new prime 
minister, by his good judgment and economy, did much to 
restore the finances of the kingdom to a healthy condition, 
while his placid temperament preserved it for many years 
from war. The death of Augustus II., King,x>f Poland, 

* "A few days before the Parliament denounced Law's establishment as fraudulent 
and bankrupt, his carriage was assailed by the mob in the court of the Palais Royal, and 
torn to pieces, he himself escaping into the palace. Several persons had been stifled at 
the door of the bank on that very day, while seeking to change ten-franc notes to buy 
provisions in the market."— Crowe's History of France. 



74. What is said of the state of manners and morals? Describe the Plague of 
1720. When was the king crowned ? When was his majority declared ? When did 
Dubois die ? 

75. To whom was the king married? How did Fleury become prime minister? 
What is said of him ? What caused a dispute ? Who were the rivals for the Polish 
throne ? Who were their respective supporters ? 



A. D. 1740.] THE HOUSE OF BOURBOK. 235 

however, in 1733, gave rise to a dispute over the succession ; 
his son, Augustus III., Elector of Saxony, and Stanislaus 
Lec-zyns'ki, the father-in-law of Louis XV., being competi- 
tors. The former was supported by Eussia and the Emperor 
Charles VI. of Austria ; the latter, by France, Spain, and 
Sardinia. 

76. During the war that followed, nearly all Italy was lost 
to Austria ; France became master of the province of Milan ; 
and Spain, of Naples and Sicily. The war was ended by the 
treaty of Vienna (1735). By this, Stanislaus received as his 
portion the province of Lorraine, which, at his death, was 
to revert to France. Shortly after (1740), Europe was again 
thrown into commotion by the death of the Emperor of Aus- 
tria. Notwithstanding th$ precautions he had taken to con- 
firm the succession to his daughter, Maria Theresa, five other 
claimants presented themselves : Charles Albert, Elector of 
Bavaria; Augustus III., Elector of Saxony; Philip V., of 
Spain; Frederick II., King of Prussia; and Charles Em- 
manuel, King of Sardinia. 

77. War of the Austrian Succession. — The war that 
ensued is known in history as the war of the Austrian Suc- 
cession. The King of Prussia was the first to move. The 
greater part of Silesia was soon wrested by him from Maria 
Theresa (1740). France took the side of the Elector of Ba- 
varia, acting with Prussia to make him emperor. A French 
army of 40,000 men entered Bavaria, captured Lintz, threat- 
ened Vienna without attacking it, and invaded Bohemia, the 
capital of which, Prague, was carried by storm. Charles Al- 
bert was there crowned King of Bohemia, and soon after 
returned to Frankfort, where he was elected emperor under 
the name of Charles VII. Maria Theresa was not appalled 
by the gravity of the situation. She called upon her faith- 
ful subjects, the Hungarians, to defend her, arousing their 

76. What events of the war are mentioned ? How was Europe again thrown into 
commotion ? 

77. What war ensued? Who was the first to move? What did he accomplish? 
Whose sido did France take ? What was done by the French army ? What fol- 
lowed ? What was the conduct of Maria Theresa ? What other movements are 
mentioned ? 



236 THE HOUSE OF BOUKBOX. [A. D. 1743. 

patriotism by showing them her infant child,* and detached 
Frederick II. from the coalition by ceding Silesia to him. 
The Elector of Saxony retired from the contest also, while 
the King of Sardinia, and England, with her powerful nayy, 
entered it on the side of Austria. 

78. The French army in Prague was in imminent danger. 
Its retreat was cut off by the recapture of Lintz ; and it was 
saved only by the rapid movements of the army in Bavaria, 
which entered Bohemia and captured Egra, thus opening a 
way of escape. England now took a more active part in the 
war. George II. in person, and his son, the Duke of Cum- 
berland, entered Bavaria with an Anglo- German army, and 
met the French at Dettingen (1743), where an almost certain 
victory for the French was changed by an imprudent act into 
a bloody defeat. By this misfortune, they were compelled 
to retreat from Bavaria and Germany, and the newly-made 
Emperor of Germany, Charles VII., was forced to sign a 
treaty, in which he surrendered Bavaria to ■ Maria Theresa 
till the end of the war, renounced all claim to the throne of 
Austria, and bound himself to remain neutral. 

79. In the midst of these disasters, Cardinal Fleury died 
(1743) ; but the war was continued. Terms were offered by 
France, but refused by Austria. War was, therefore, de- 
clared by France against Austria and England. Louis XV. 
now entered into a new alliance, and the scene of conflict 

* "The queen repaired to Presburgh a few months afterward as a fugitive from 
Vienna. All the Magnates and other orders were then assembled in Diet. On the 11th of 
September, a day whose memory has ever since been cherished in Hungary, she sum- 
moned them to attend her at the castle. They came, and when marshaled in the great 
hall, the queen appeared. She was still in deep mourning for her father, but her dress 
was Hungarian, the crown of St. Stephen was on her head, and the scimetar of state at 
her side. Her step was firm and majestic, but her voice faltered, and tears flowed from 
her eyes. For some moments she was unable to utter a single word, and the whole as- 
sembly remained in deep and mournful silence. At length her infant son, afterward 
Joseph II., was brought in by the first lady of the bedchamber, and laid on a cushion 
before her. With an action more eloquent "than words, the queen took him in her arms, 
and held him up to the assemblv; and while sobs still at intervals burst through her voice, 
she addressed the assembly in Latin, a language which she had studied and spoke fluently. 
When she came to the words, ' The kingdom of Hungary, our person, our children, our 
crown are at stake ! ' the whole assembly drew their sabers half-way from the scabbard, 
and exclaimed, ' Our lives and our blood for your majesty ! We will die for our king, 
Maria Theresa ! ' "—Lord Mahon's History of England. 



78. What was the situation of the French army, and how was it saved ? Between 
whom was the bnttle of Dettingen fought ? What was the result ? 

79. When did Fleury die? Why was the war continued ? What country became 
the scene of conflict ? Who commanded the French troops in the Netherlands ? Why 
did Frederick the Great re-enter the contest ? What was the effect of his action ? 



A. D. 1145.] THE HOUSE OF BOUKBOK. 237 

was changed to the Netherlands, where the French troops 
were commanded by Marshal Saxe, the king himself appear- 
ing in the midst of his army. Frederick the Great of Prus- 
sia, meantime, jealous of the increasing power of Austria, 
entered the field against her, invading Moravia and Bohemia, 
and capturing Prague. By this act, the campaign on the 
Ehine was for a time arrested ; and Charles VII. returned 
to Bavaria, but only to die there. His successor concluded 
a treaty with Maria Theresa, renouncing all claim to the 
territory of Austria. 

80. Battle of Fontenoy. — In the Netherlands, how- 
ever, the war went on. The English, Dutch, and Austrians, 
under the command of the Duke of Cumberland, attacked 
the French at Fontenoy (fon-ta-nwah') (1745). In this ac- 
tion, at which Louis XV. and the dauphin were present, and 
which Marshal Saxe directed from his litter, the French won 
a glorious victory, which opened the way to the subjugation 
of Flanders. The following year the French entered Brus- 
sels in triumph. The election of the husband of Maria 
Theresa as emperor, under the title of Francis I., followed ; 
and the brilliant victories of the King of Prussia led to the 
treaty of Dresden, by which Frederick II. retired from the 
contest, and left France without an ally in Germany. 

81. The successes of the French in Italy had been not less 
signal than those in the north. Aided by Spain, Naples, 
and Genoa, they wrested from Austria nearly all her posses- 
sions there ; but lost them the year after, through the rup- 
ture of the alliance with Spain, and the superior force which 
Maria Theresa sent there. At this time, also, the unwel- 
come news reached France of the capture of Louisburg,* 
in North America ; while the failure of the expedition of 
Charles Edward, the Pretender, increased the general gloom. 

* Situated on Cape Breton Island, east of Nova Scotia. It was one of the most strongly 
fortified towns in America. 



80. Give an account of the battle of Fontenoy. Who were the opposing com- 
manders ? Who now became emperor ? What was the result to France of the treaty 
of Dresden ? 

8 1 . What was the fortune of France in Italy ? Give an accouut of the invasion of 
Charles Edward, the Pretender. Where was he defeated ? 



238 THE HOUSE OF BOUBBON. [A. ». 1748. 

This prince, starting with a single vessel of war in 1745, 
landed on the west coast of Scotland, proclaimed himself 
regent, and, aided by the Scotch, gave battle to the English 
at Preston Pans, and defeated them ; but his course was 
checked in the battle of Cullo'den (1746), and the revolution, 
which Louis XV. had hoped would paralyze the activity of 
the English, was suppressed. 

82. These reverses, however, and the losses of France in 
Italy, were more than balanced by brilliant successes in the 
north, under Marshal Saxe (sax), which created such alarm 
in Holland, that the Prince of Nassau was proclaimed stadt- 
holder. England and Holland were now disposed to treat 
for peace, and France was easily influenced in the same di- 
rection by the advance of a Eussian army toward the Rhine. 
Negotiations were opened at Aix-la-Chapelle, and a general 
peace was declared (1748). The result of this for France 
was the surrender of all her conquests in Europe and the 
Indies. 

83. A great change in the conduct of the king was shortly 
after noticed. The affection with which he had been re- 
garded gave place to an indifference which was produced by 
the change in his manner of living, and the questionable 
acts which he committed. Religious quarrels, in which the 
Parliament took part, led to the banishment of its members, 
and the establishment of a royal chamber in its place. The 
Parliament was afterward recalled ; but the quarrels between 
it and the king went on, and led to disorders in Paris and 
throughout France, which ended in an attempt upon the 
king's life by a wretch named Da'mi-ens. 

84. The Seven Years' War. — These differences were 
scarcely adjusted when war again broke out. The treaty of 
Aix-la-chapelle had not settled definitely the limits of the 
colonies of France and England in America. Commissioners 

82. What were the successes of the French in the north ? What was the result ? 

8 3 . What treat}' ended the Avar ? How was the unpopularity of the king pro- 
duced ? What attempt was made on his life ? 

84. What was the cause of the Seven Years' war ? What were the first actions in 
America ? How was Europe divided ? 



A. I>. 1757.] THE HOUSE OF BOUEBON. 239 

met in Paris for this purpose in 1750, and for five years the 
discussion was carried on. Without waiting for their con- 
clusions, however, the colonists in America began the con- 
test. A French officer, Jumonville, on his way to summon 
the English to leave the Ohio, was attacked and killed by 
a small force of Virginians and Indians under Washington 
(May 28, 1754). The following year, the English gene- 
ral, Braddock, commanding an expedition against Fort Du- 
quesne (-Icane), was drawn into an ambuscade by the French 
and Indians and defeated, losing his life ; while an English 
fleet captured two French war vessels and three hundred 
merchantmen. War was afterward declared. On the side 
of France were Austria, Eussia, and Saxony ; on that of 
England was Prussia, under Frederick the Great. 

85. Frederick at once put his army in motion and invaded 
Saxony. He then passed on into Bohemia, where he defeat- 
ed the Austrians, returned to Saxony, and joining the Saxon 
forces with his own, re-entered Bohemia, and again won a 
decisive victory at Prague (1757). Here for a time his vic- 
torious career was checked, being defeated by the Austrians 
and driven out of Bohemia. Meantime, a French army 
entered Hanover and routed the English. The King of 
Prussia then finding his only ally beaten, and being menaced 
by the Eussians, the Swedes, and the Austrians, sued for 
peace. 

86. So imminent seemed the ruin of Frederick that the 
allies refused to treat with him. He determined, therefore, 
to strike one more blow. Leaving Silesia suddenly, he en- 
tered Saxony with 20,000 men, and chose his battle-ground 
at Eosbach, where he was confronted by a French and Ger- 
man army of 50,000 men. The battle which followed was a 
complete victory for the King of Prussia (1757). Turning 
then upon the Austrians, he overtook them at Lissa, defeated 
them, and sent Ferdinand of Brunswick into the west to take 

8 5. Mention the events connected with the campaign of Frederick the Great. 
Why did he sue for peace ? 

86o How was the energy of Frederick now shown? Who commanded the 
French in the battle of Itosbach ? Its result ? What followed ? 



240 THE HOUSE OF BOUKBOK. [A. ». 1763. 

command of the Hanoverian troops, which crossed the Ehine 
and inflicted another defeat upon the French (1758). The 
following year, the French won an important victory at 
Hes'se ; but the loss of the battle of Minden in Westphalia 
the same year, and the jealousies of rival commanders, re- 
sulted in permanent disadvantages to their arms. 

87. The Campaign in America. — The efforts of the 
English forces, after the accession of William Pitt to the 
ministry, had been successfully exerted against the French 
colonies in America, and culminated in the capture of every 
important post contended for, including the city of Quebec 
(1759). The battle for the possession of the last place is 
memorable for the heroic deaths of Wolfe and Montcalm, 
the respective commanders. All Canada thus fell into the 
hands of the English, and a part of the French possessions 
in the West Indies met the same fate. 

88. The supremacy of the French in the East Indies was 
also lost. Notwithstanding the bravery of the French com- 
mander, Lally, Lord Clive captured Pondicherry (1760),* and 
put an end to the French rule in India. It was at this time 
that the Duke of Choiseul [shwah-zuT), who had been ap- 
pointed minister of war, formed the idea of uniting all the 
members of the Bourbon family in an alliance for the pres- 
ervation of the territory of each. This alliance, known as 
the Family Compact, was formed in 1761. It included 
France, Spain, Naples, and Parma. England declared war 
against Spain, and invaded Portugal ; but Europe was 
tired of war, and many political changes ha£ taken place 
which were favorable to peace. In 1763, the treaty of Paris 
was signed by France, England, Spain, and Portugal. By 
this treaty France relinquished nearly all her possessions 
on the continent of North America. 

* Pondicherry (pon-de-sher'-ry) is a maritime town in the south-eastern part of Hindo- 
stan, or India . 

87. What were the chief events of the war in America? Why is the battle of 
Quebec memorable ? What was the result of it ? What other French possessions 
were taken by the English ? 

88. Who rescued the East Indies from the French control ? Who became the 
French minister of war ? What idea did he form ? What was the Family Compact ? 
What treaty ended the Seven Years' war ? What loss of territory did France sustain ? 



A. 1>. 1TT4.] . THE HOUSE OF J30UKBOK. 241 

89. The result of the Seven Years' War was the firm 
establishment of the empire of Austria, and the sudden 
rise of Prussia to the front rank of the great powers of 
Europe, and the destruction of the naval power of France 
in favor of England. In December, 1765, occurred the 
death of the dauphin ; and, the following year, that of King- 
Stanislaus. By the latter, the province of Lorraine was 
reunited to France. Two years after, the queen, abandoned 
by the dissolute king, died after a six months' illness. In 
1768, the territory of France was increased by the addition of 
the island of Corsica, the inhabitants of which had rebelled 
against their Genoese masters, who called in the aid of 
France. After a war of several years, Genoa relinquished 
her claim to France, who carried on the war another year, 
at length putting to flight the native General Pa-o'li (1769). 

90. Suppression of Parliament. — One of the last 
public acts of Louis XV. was also one of the most unpop- 
ular. This was his arbitrary dissolution of Parliament 
(1771), growing out of the trial of the governor of Brit- 
tany. The people took the side of the Parliament, and the 
most energetic remonstrances were made to the king, but 
without avail. Other odious measures followed, one of the 
most tyrannous of which was the lettre de cachet (Jcah-sha), 
or sealed letter, by which any citizen could be arrested and 
deprived of his liberty by any person who had sufficient in- 
fluence to procure the letter from the king directing it. I71 
the midst of general discontent produced by bad laws, an 
enormous public debt, and ruined agriculture and commerce, 
Louis XV. died (1774).* 

* Seldom has a monarch lost the affection of his subjects more thoroughly, or with bet- 
ter reason, than Louis XV. Long years of bad government had brought the people of 
France to regard their new sovereign with hope ; and so confidently did they look to him 
for relief that, in 1744, when he went to join the army and was taken sick at Metz. the 
grief of the people was profound and unmistakable ; and when the news of his returning 
health was received, grateful prayers were publicly offered up for the recovery of the 
Well Beloved, as he was affectionately called. The radical change in his conduct, how- 
ever, which occurred soon after, alienated their affections ; and the affairs of the king- 
dom were brought to such a condition that the king himself, though conscious of the 

89. What was the result of the war ? What deaths occurred at this time ? What 
proyince was restored to France ? How ? (See page 235, 1 7(3.) What territory was 
acquired ? What general was defeated ? 

90. To what despotic measure did the king resort ? Describe the lettre de cachet. 
When did the king die ? 

11 



242 THE HOUSE OF BOTJEBO^. 

91. The result of the rule of Louis XV. was to bring the 
power of the king into public contempt, and to pave the way 
for that destruction of it, at the hands of an outraged peo- 
ple, which followed soon after.* Notwithstanding the im- 
mense harm, however, done by his acts and his example to 
the material and moral welfare of the nation, some encour- 
agement was given to letters and art, and particularly to 
science. The revolution which occurred in religion, philoso- 
phy, and science at this time gave to France some of her 
most eminent writers. Many public works were undertaken 
and buildings erected which remain as evidences of the ten- 
dencies of the time. Chief among the latter were the Mili- 
tary School, the School of Surgery, the Pantheon, and the 
porch of St. Sulpice (sool-peece'). 

State of Society duei^g the BotjebojS" Peeiod. 

92. This period in French history is known as that of the 
absolute monarchy ; for the king absorbed all the powers of 
the government, as there was no established check upon his 
authority. The Parliament of Paris, when called together, 
sometimes endeavored to assert the power of the people in 
o]yposition to that of the monarch ; but the latter could 
always dismiss it when he perceived that it was becoming 
refractory. \ 

93. The nobles, except those connected with the court, 
were poor and helpless ; for, though their castles were in 

grave danger which attended his course, could see no way of relief, hut consoled himself 
with the hope that the storm which was approaching would break upon his successor. 
His belief, in this respect, is well expressed in the famous words of his favorite, Madame 
de Pompadour : " After us, the deluge ! " 

* "A strong, firm hand was needed to grasp the scepter so triumphantly home hy Louis 
XIV. for seventy years ; hut Louis XV. was as weak as he was vicious. His reign is the 
most humiliating, the most deplorable, in French historv. It was a reign unredeemed by 
any splendor or hy any virtue."— Henri Martin's History of France. 

t The States-General gave place to the Assembly of the Xotable*. called to sanction the 
decrees of the monarch. Louis XIV., in the pride of absolute power, did not even call 
that, and completelv silenced the Parliament of Paris, when it presumed to restrict him 
in his arbitrary measures. This arrogant disposition was displayed by him in his famous 
response to one who spoke of the State— Vital, c'est moil (The State, it is myself !) 
The power of the monarch had, indeed, become supreme. 



91. How did the rule of Louis XV. affect the royal power? What revolution is 
referred to ? What did it give France ? What edifices were erected ? 

92. What name is given to this period *? Why ? What body attempted to check 
the royal authority ? 

93. Wh.it is said of the nobles ? The middle classes ? The peasantry I 



THE HOUSE OF BOURBOK. 243 

ruins, their fields uncultivated and unproductive, and they 
themselves with scarcely the means of subsistence, their 
pride of rank forbade that they should labor to improve 
their condition.* The middle classes (bourgeoisie), mer- 
chants, trades-people, artisans, etc., were often affluent, 
sometimes rivaling the nobility in the richness of their 
houses, in their dress, and in their equipages. The general 
condition of the peasantry of France, during this whole 
period, was one of wretchedness and squalor, f 

94. When Henry IV. ascended the throne, the whole 
country was in an impoverished and desolate condition, the 
effect of the destructive religious wars which had been 
waged with such fury and for so many years. J Under the 
first of the Bourbons, who cherished the love of his coun- 
try and his people, great improvements were made ; and the 
freedom granted by the Edict of Nantes gave an impulse 
to every kind of industry, which was further promoted by 
the wise measures of the famous Duke of Sully. 

95. The succeeding monarchs, selfish, dissolute, and vain- 
glorious, stimulated commerce and manufactures, and en- 
couraged science and art ; but they were regardless of the 
happiness and prosperity of the people, the fruits of whose 
industry they wasted in their wars, their extravagant enter- 

* "In 1627, a terrible lesson was given to those of the nobility who thought that the law 
was not made for them. Counts De Bouteville and Des Chapelles were executed in the 
Place de Greve in consequence of a duel. Bouteville had previously fought thirty-one 
duels, and he had returned from the Netherlands expressly to fight this duel in the Place 
Royal in defiance of the king and his edicts. Before the laws against dueling, made 
through Richelieu's influence, in the eighteen years following 1609, no less than 4,000 gen- 
tlemen, it is said, had perished in single combat ; and after Richelieu's death dueling 
recommenced with such fury that, from 1643 to 1654, no fewer than 940 gentlemen were 
slain by this means."— Dump's History of France. 

t The noble exercised absolute power over the peasants living on his estate, and there 
were thousands of serfs who were bought and sold with the land. Large tracts of land 
were set apart for hunting ; and the starving peasant was often forbidden to till his 
ground lest it might disturb or injure the game. The gabelle was a most oppressive tax, 
each family being required to buy a certain quantity of salt at least four times a year 
whether it was needed or not. The peasants were also compelled to labor upon the pub- 
lic works— building roads, bridges, etc., any required time without any compensation, 
and sometimes to perform the most menial and degrading services for their tyrannical 
masters, who trampled under their feet even the most sacred rights of their dependents 

t " A contemporary estimated in 1580 that at least 800,000 persons had perished by the 
war or by massacre ; that nine cities had been destroyed ; 250 villages burned ; and 128,000 
dwellings demolished. The work-shops were unoccupied, commerce was suspended, 
farms desolated, and everywhere brigandage. Such was the state from which Henry 
IV. was to rescue France."— Duruy's History of France. 



94. What was the condition of the country when Henry IV. commenced to reign ? 
What did he accomplish ? Who aided in these measures ? 

95. What was the conduct of succeeding monarchs? The result? What nearly 
ruined. France ? 



244 THE HOUSE OF BOUEBOK. 

prises, and their luxurious excesses. Splendid buildings and 
works of art commemorated their taste and refinement, 
while the great mass of their subjects lived in penury and 
servitude.* The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by 
Louis XIV. almost ruined the kingdom. 

96. Manufactures, Commerce, etc. — Commerce and 
manufactures of various kinds were encouraged by Henry 
IV. ; f but it was during the reign of Louis XIV. , and under 
the administration of Colbert, that- every department of in- 
dustrial and commercial enterprise received its greatest im- 
pulse. He established companies to trade in the East and 
West Indies,^ thus forming a rival of the Dutch; he pro- 
moted the manufacture of fine cloths, encouraged the culti- 
vation of mulberry trees, and the art of making plate glass, 
which had been imported into France from Venice. 

97. The manufacture of porcelain, at Sevres (sevr), and 
the world-renowned Gobelin tapestry, date from this pe- 
riod. Machinery for weaving stockings was imported by Col- 
bert from England, and lace-making was introduced from 
Flanders and Venice. Roads were improved, and commerce 
greatly promoted by the construction of the great Canal of 
Languedoc, to connect the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediter- 
ranean (1664-1681). 

98. Among the most important reforms introduced during 

*This is particularly true of the reign of Louis XIV. Magnificent entertainments, 
long and ruinous wars, and the construction of splendid palaces and other buildings, to 
gratify the ambition, luxury, and ostentation of the Grand Monarque, so drained the 
country that nearly one-tenth of the people were reduced to hopeless beggary. Money 
was loaned at twenty-five per cent. Xew and constantly increasing taxes were made 
necessary to meet the" current expenses ; and the public debt rose to an amount equal at 
the prese"nt time to $3,000,000,000. 

t " The enlightened policy of the king is seen in the foundation of manufactures of 
the fine crape of Bologna, of Milanese gold thread (of which there was imported an- 
nually a quantity to the value of 1,200,000 crowns), of the finest tapestry, of gilded 
leather, of glass-ware, of cloths, etc. In 1604, the king convoked an Assembly of Com- 
merce, in which was proposed, among other things, a general reformation of the trades 
and the introduction of the rearing of horses to avoid the necessity of importing them 
from Germany, Spain, Turkey, and England."— Burrufa History of France. 

± Through the influence of Colbert, the colonial policy of France was extensively de- 
veloped. Two great companies were created: the East India Company, for the con- 
trol of the commerce of the East ; and the TV est India and African Company, which con- 
trolled the trade of North America, the Antilles, and the west coast of Africa. The 
most vigorous measures were taken to encourage emigration and commerce between 
the mother companies and the colonies-a project which Richelieu had conceived, but 
had only in part realized. 

96. By whom were commerce and manufactures encouraged? What else was es- 
tablished or encouraged ? 

97. What manufactures were introduced ? How was commerce promoted ? 

98. What reforms were effected ? What schools established ? What was done by 
Vauban 2 What was introduced ? 



THE HOUSE OF BOUKBON. 



245 



the same reign was the re-organization of the army and navy, 
accomplished under the direction of the great war minister, 
LouYois (loo-vivah'). For the army, schools of artillery were 
founded at.Metz, Douai, and Strasbourg; and the art of for- 
tification was carried to a high degree of perfection by Vau- 
ban. The bayonet as now used was invented at Bayonne 
(hence its name), in 1640. Marine arsenals were built at 
Brest, Rochefort, Toulon, Havre, and Dunkirk.* 




PAVILION OF HENRY IV. AT ST. GERMAIN. 

99. Buildings. — Numerous buildings of great magnifi- 
cence were erected during this period : only a few can be 
here referred to. Without loving the arts as did his imme- 
diate predecessors, Henry IV. was not wanting in a taste for 
splendid architecture. He caused a beautiful pavilion to be 
constructed at St. Germain, where Francis I. had built rather 
a fortress than a royal residence ; and finished the facade 
of the Hotel de Ville, which had been commenced by 
Francis I., besides erecting or completing many other 
structures. 

* One hundred vessels of war were built in the year 1672 alone \. and, in 1681, the 
French navy consisted of 230 vessels, requiring for its service 160,000 men. 



99, What buildings were erected by Louis IV. ? 



246 



THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 



100. Richelieu had a great love and taste for architecture. 
The Palais Cardinal,* left unfinished by him, was subse- 
quently completed, and became the residence of the king 
under the name of the Palais Royal. This great minister 
also rebuilt the Sorbonne. 



-_---== - 




BOYAL COURT— VERSAILLES. 



101. During the reign of Louis XIV., France, and espe- 
cially Paris, was adorned with parks and public buildings 
to an extent previously unknown. The most celebrated 
of these were the Observatory, the Church of Val-de-Grace 
(vahl-duJi-grahs'), the Colonnade of the Louvre, the Hotel 
des Invalides (ahng-val-eed'), the Place du Carrousel (kar- 
roo-zel') ? the Place des Victoires (plahs da vic-twar'), Place 



* " For seven years the famous Le Mercier labored to perfect it as a building; and dur- 
ing his long administration, the cardinal never ceased to decorate it with everything rare 
or luxurious."— Jajnes. 



1 00. What buildings were erected by Richelieu ? What was established by him ? 

101 . What buildings were erected or improved by Louis XIV. ? 



THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 24? 

de Vendoine,* and additions to the Tuileries ; but, beyond 
all others in extent and magniflcance, is the celebrated pal- 
ace and gardens of Versailles (vdr-sdlz'). In this last work, 
enormous sums of money were consumed, vastly exceeding 
those expended by any other monarch of France. The Pan- 
theon f was commenced during the reign of Louis XV., and 
many other beautiful buildings were erected. 
A. 102. Science, Art, Literature, etc. — Many scientific 
and literary institutions date from the time of Kichelieu. 
He established the French Academy (VAcademie Franpaise) 
in 1635, designing, by its means, to improve the language 
and the literary taste of the French people ; and besides re- 
building the Sorbonne, he built the College du Plessis (pies- 
see'), founded the royal printing press, and the Garden of 
Plants (Jardin des Plantes), especially for students of medi- 
cine, and was a great patron of men of letters, among them 
Corneille {Jcor-ndl'), the dramatist. 

103. Mazarin J was also a friend to art, literature, and edu- 
cation. He collected a grand library for the use of men of 
letters, founded the College of the Four Nations for pupils 
of the University who belonged to the Spanish, Italian, Ger- 
man, and Flemish provinces recently annexed to the king- 
dom, and bequeathed to this institution 800,000 crowns. 
He imported from Italy a number of paintings, statues, and 
other works of art, and was a great patron of music. He 
also founded the Academy of Painting and Sculpture 
(1655). In the subsequent part of this reign the Academy 

* " Louis XIV. has been accused of intolerable pride, for suffering the base of his 
statue in the Place des Victoires to be surrounded with slaves in fetters ; but neither 
this statue, nor that in the Place de Vendome, was erected by him. The former is a mon- 
ument of the greatness of soul of the first Marshal de Feuillade, and of his gratitude to 
his master. He expended on this statue 500,000 livres (about $100,000), and the city added 
as much more to render the place regular."— Voltaire's Age of Louis XIV. 

t The Pantheon was built at the instance of Madame de Pompadour, the king's mis- 
tress, to replace the old church of St. Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris. It was com- 
menced in 17(54, and completed in 1790. It was designed to perpetuate the memory of 
illustrious citizens ; and now contains cenotaphs and tombs of Voltaire, Eousseau, and 
other distinguished men. 

1 Mazarin was remarkable for his avarice. He accumulated a private fortune amount- 
ing to fifty millions of francs ($10,000,000), equal to about donble that sum according to 
the present value of money. 



102. What literary institutions were established by Richelieu? Of what was he 
a patron '? 

1 03. What institutions were founded and endowed by Mazarin ? 



248 



THE HOUSE OF BOUEBOX. 



- 







THE HOUSE OF BOURBON-. 



249 



of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres (1663) and the Academy 
of Science (1666) were established.* 

104. The progress of literature and science was yery re- 
markable during the reign of Louis XV. The annals of 
poetry, philosophy, and physical science were enriched by 
the genius and the discoveries of a host of illustrious men. 
The Observatory was erected at Paris during the same 
period ; and the celebrated astronomers, Eoemer (from Den- 




THE MILITARY SCHOOL. 



mark), Huyghens (from Holland), and Oassini (from Italy), 
were induced by Colbert to settle in France, f The Military 
School was built during the reign of Louis XV. 
105. Music and the Drama. — The Italian Lulli 



* " The French Academy continued in its work of preparing a dictionary of the lan- 
guage ; and in order to hasten its accomplishment, Colbert prescribed the number of 
hours for each of its sessions. The Academy of Inscriptions composed inscriptions for 
medals, escutcheons, and for the monuments designed and embellished by the Academy 
of Painting and Sculpture. The mission of the Academy of Science was indicated by the 
inscription on the medal struck in honor of its foundation : Naturae, inveaiigandce, etper- 
ficiendis artibm (For the investigation of nature and the perfection of art) ."—Duruy. 

t The first of these, Roemer, discovered the velocity of light ; Huyghens discovered 
the ring and one of the satellites of Saturn ; and Cassini, four other satellites of the same 
planet, besides devising a method of ascertaining the size of the earth, by measuring 
the length of a degree of a meridian. 

104. What is said of the progress of literature and science ? What was erected in 
Paris ? What foreign scientists were invited to settle in France ? What discovery 
was made by Roemer ? By Huyghens ? By Cassini ? 

105. What is said of Lulli ? With whom was he associated ? What other drama- 
tists are referred to ? 

11* 



&50 



THE HOUSE OF BOTJBBOB". 



(lool'le) rose from 




the obscure position of a scullion in 
the kitchen of Mademoiselle de 
Montpensier (mong-jpahng-se-a) to 
be the greatest representative 
of musical art during this pe- 
riod : he introduced the opera in- 
to France, and is considered the 
father of French dramatic music. 
In this he was associated with 
the poet Quinault (he-no'), who 
wrote the dramas for his music. 
The chief writers of dramas dur- 
ing this period are Molieie, Cor- 
neille. and Eaeine, the former 
of comedy and the latter two of 
tragedy. 

106. Interesting Events. — 
The first newspaper in France was 
a weekly, issued in 1631, under 
the name, at first, of The Gazette; * but afterward The Ga- 
zette de France. The paper was continued till 1789. The 
postal service was regulated in 1627, the price of carrying a 
I : ::er from Paris to Lyons being fixed at about two cents. 
The first tax on tobacco was imposed in 1629. The use of 
coffee was introduced from Constantinople in 1660 : and, in 
1720 3 a coffee plant, raised in the hot-house of the Garden 
of Plants, led to the extensive cultivation of coffee in the 
French West Indies. The cotton manufacture was com- 
menced in the latter part of this period : and the first steam 
engine was used in IT TO, at Chaillot {sha-yo'). Street lamps 
came into use in Paris in 1767. 
107. Houses, Furniture, etc. — The dwelling-houses of 

- ~ t ~ " Merettrp was the first periodical work published in France (1605). It was 
a kind of register of public event* and of the acts of the government, with historical 
notices of European events. 

106. What is said of newspapers? The postal service? Tobacco? Coffee? 
Cotton manufacture ? Ste.im engine ? Street lamps ? 

10 7. What is said of dwelling-houses ? What was in vogue ? What is said of 
Mary de* Medici ? Table linen ? Coaches ? 



fousta::- ::::.:z?.z. paeis. 



THE HOUSE OF BOUKBON. 251 

the wealthy inhabitants of the cities often displayed regal 
luxury and splendor.* The use of paneled wainscoting, and 
gilt leather for the walls, was quite prevalent. Mary de' 
Medici brought from Italy a refined and luxurious taste, and 
liberally patronized the eminent artists of her time, f Table 
linen, especially the finer qualities, was considered an article 
of luxury. Coaches, introduced during the previous period, 
slowly came into use. During the reign of Henry IV. they 
were used only by ladies. The king had a singular fear and 
dislike to riding in a coach. 

108. Dress. — There was great extravagance in dress 
among the higher classes. So profuse were the gold, silver, 
and jewels with which the ladies adorned themselves that 
they were scarcely able to move. The Marechal de Bas- 
sompierre says, in his Memoir es, that he once had a coat, 
trimmed with pearls, that cost more than 20,000 livres (about 
14,000). % During the reign of Louis XIV. the ladies were 
accustomed to carry looking-glasses in their hands, to ad- 
just their complicated finery. The men wore wigs so finely 
curled that, for fear of disarranging them, they carried their 
hats in their hands instead of wearing them on their heads. 
The costume of the Grand Monarque was very splendid and 
elaborate. 

109. Distinguished Men. — This period was prolific of 
great men in every department of life and genius. A few 
only can be mentioned under each head. Among poets and 

* The hall in which the body of the Constable Montmorency lay in state in his own 
house is described as having " walls hung with crimson velvet, bordered with pearls." 
The pillows of the bed on which he lay were " covered with gold tissue, and the quilt was 
of cloth of gold bordered with ermine, and was thirty yards square." 

+ " Tapestry was the most common and the most expensive of the arts, and the hang- 
ings of a single room often reached a sum which would be equal, in these times, to 
one hundred thousand dollars. The floors of the palaces were spread with Turkey car- 
pets. Chairs were used only in kings' palaces, and carriages were but just introduced, 
and were clumsy and awkward. Mules were chiefly used in traveling, the horses being 
reserved for war. Dress, especially of females, was gorgeous and extravagant ; false 
hair, masks, trailed petticoats, and cork heels ten inches high, were some of the peculiari- 
ties. The French, then, as now, were fond of the pleasures of the table, and the hour 
for dinner was eleven o'clock. Morals were extremely low, and gaming was a universal 
passion, in which Henry IV. extravagantly indulged."— Lord's Modem History. 

X The following is a description given of the dress of a fine gentleman in the begin- 
ning of the seventeenth century : " He was clothed in silver tissue, his shoes were white, 
as also his stockings. His cloak was black, bordered with rich embroidery, and lined 
with cloth of silver. His bonnet was of black velvet ; and he wore, besides, a profusion 
of precious stones." __ 

10,8. What is said of the fashion of dress ? 

109. Mention some of the most distinguished poets of the period. 



252 



THE HOUSE OF BO FEB 025*. 



dramatists. Corneille (1606-1684). considered the father of 
French tragedy, and Racine (rali-seen) (1639-1699), his 
great rival in the same field : Moliere (mo-lyar) (1622-1693), 
a comic dramatist of great genius ; Toiture (vwah-ture ) 
(1598-1618), and Boileau {lie ah -Jo) (1636-1711), distin- 
guished poets, the latter a special favorite of Louis XIV. 
To these may be added Scarron (1610-1660). the husband 
of Madame de Maintenon, and La Fontaine (1621-1695), 
sometimes called the modern iEsop. * „ 




BOILEAr S HOUSE. 

T10. The most distinguished pulpit orators of the age of 
Louis XIV. were Bossuet (oos-wa) (1627-1704), Bourda- 

3 ••donation could present, at the time of Louis XIV.. so magnificent a collection of 
literaiy productions. Italy and Gercnanv were in a complete moral decline ; Spain, like 
a rich ruin, preserved, from its lost fortunes, only a few precious jewels, showing a few 
eminent painters and writers. England, at the'beainning of the centurv. had had its 
Shakespeare : in the middle, its Milton ; and at the end its Dryden : but this literature did 
not pass beyond the island where it belonged. France, on the contrary, was really at the 
head of modern civilization : and bv the acknowledsed superioritv of its taste, it made 
all Europe accept the peaceful dominion of its artists and its writers."— Luruy's E . 

> - 'nee. 



110. What pulpit orators are referred to 
noted ? 



What celebrated writers ? For what 



THE HOUSE OF B0UEB01S". 



253 



loue (Ur-da-loo) (1632-1704), and Massillon {mas-seel-yong') 
(1663-1742) ; to whom maybe added the illustrious preacher 
and writer Fen'e-lon (1651-1715), author of Telemaque {The 
Adventures of Telem'achus), a school-book in use at the pres- 
ent day. Madame de Sevigne {se-veen'ya) (1626-1696), cele- 
brated for her charming letters, represents her sex among 
the crowd of literary personages of the times. La Roche- 
foucauld (1613-1680) was the author of a book of Moral 
Maxims that was universally read and admired. 




<r*" 



HERMITAGE OF ROUSSEAU— MONTMORENCY. 



111. Among historians must be mentioned De Thou {too) 
(1553-1617) and Mezeray {me-za-ra) (1610-1683), who each 
wrote a history of France, and the Abbe de Fleury, the au- 
thor of a history of the Church ; among writers of fiction 
and litterateurs, Balzac (1594-1654), considered the best 
French prose writer of his time ; Pas-cal' (1623-1662), who 
wrote the Provincial Letters; Le Sage (sdzh) (1668-1747), 
the author of Gil Bias, and La Bruyere (1644-1696) ; also 
Rousseau {roo-zo') (1712-1778), one of the most eminent 
writers of the period just preceding the French Revolution. 



111. Mention some of the historians of the age. Some of the writers of prose. 



THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 



254 

112. In addition to these, must be mentioned the musi- 
cian Lulli (1663-1687), the founder of the French opera ; 
the painters Poussin {poos-sang') (1603-1665), Claude Lor- 
raine (1600-1682), and Lebrun (1619-1690) ; the architects 
Mansard (1645-1708) and Claude Perrault (per-ro') (1613- 
1703) ; the philosopher and scientist Des Cartes (1596-1650), 
and the physicists Mariotte {mah-re-ot') (1620-1684), and 




STATUE OP VOLTAIRE. 

Delisle (de-leel') (1675-1726) ; and toward the end of the 
period Buffon {boof-fong') (1707-1788), the noted natural- 
ist; Diderot (de-de-ro') (1713-1784), and D'Alembert (da- 
long-Mr') (1717-1783), authors of the famous Encyclopaedia 

11*. What musicmT^entioned ? Painters? Architects? Tdenfets and 
physicists? Mathematicians? Other wnters? 



THE HOUSE OF BOURBON". 255 



(in 22 folio volumes) ; and Lavoisier {lah-vivah-se-d') (1743- 
1794), the father of modern chemistry ; La Place (lah plahs') 
(1749-1827), perhaps the greatest of modern mathemati- 
cians ; and Legendre (le-jahnd') (1752-1832), the author of 
various mathematical works of singular merit. 

113. Above and beyond all the literary men of his time 
must be mentioned Vol-taire' (1694-1778), who, whether as 
wit, poet, historian, or philosopher, shone with a luster sur- 
passing all others. Unfortunately a skeptic in religion, he 
scoffed at divine revelation ; and, hence, the brighter his 
genius shone, the more baleful was his influence upon the 
moral and religious progress of his time. * To Voltaire, Mon- 
tesquieu (mon-tes-ku) (1689-1755), f KousseauJ and the En- 
cyclopedists is attributed, in part, that dreadful overturning 
of the institutions of society that formed so terrible a charac- 
teristic of the great French Eevolution. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

A. D. 

1589. Henry IV. Reigned 21 years. 

1590. Battle of Ivry. 

1593. Protestantism renounced by Henry IV. 

1594. Paris entered by Henry IV. 
1598. Edict of Nantes published. 
1610. Louis XIII. Reigned 33 years. 
1614 Assembly of the States-General. 
1624. Richelieu made prime minister. 



* Voltaire's true name was Arouet, He was born in Paris, in 1694 ; and at the age of 
twenty-one was sent to the Bastile for a satire on Louis XIV., of which, however, he was 
not the author. In 1718, he published the tragedy entitled (Edipe, and in 1723, the poem La 
Henriade, in which he defended religious toleration. He subsequently spent three 
years in England, and some time afterward resided at the court of Frederick of Prussia 
on terms of intimacy with that monarch. His writings are very numerous. As a work 
of history his Age of Louis XIV. is greatly admired. 

t Montesquieu was the author of a work entitled The Spirit of the Laws, which is still a 
standard. His influence, though revolutionary, was beneficent ; and his writings were 
far in advance of the age, in the lofty spirit of freedom and humanity with which they 
are replete. Eousseau, Montesquieu, and Voltaire, and the philosophers and free-thinkers 
of their age hurried on a mighty convulsion which could not long have been delayed. 

% " The writer who acquired the most extensive and pernicious influence over the mind 
of France at this period was undoubtedly Jean Jacques llousseau. In his works on 
the Inequality of the Condition of Mankind, in his Emile, Contrat Social, and Nonvelle 
Beloise, he developed his notions on the reconstruction of society with a subtlety, a charm 
of style, a specious air of philanthropy, a false morbid sensibility, peculiarlv attractive 
to the French character, but the effects of which went directly to undermine and subvert 
the very foundations of religion, morality, and legitimate government."— Student's His- 
tory of France. 

113. What is said of Voltaire ? Of Montesquieu ? 



256 THE HOUSE OF BOUBBON. 

1628. Surrender of Rochelle. 

1629. Edict of Grace. 

1642. Conspiracy of Cinq-Mars and others against Richelieu. 

1642. Death of Richelieu. 

1643. Louis XIV. Reigned 72 years. 
1648. Treaty of Westphalia. 

1648. War of the Fronde. Lasted five years. 
1654. Louis XIV. crowned at Rheims. 
1661. Death of Mazarin. 
1667. Invasion of Franche-Comte by Conde. 

1674. Battle of Seneffe. 

1675. Death of Turenne. 
1678. Treaty of Nimeguen. 

1685. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 

1686. Death of the Great Conde. 

1689. War between France and England. 

1690. Battle of the Boyne (July 12). 
1692. Naval battle off Cape La Hogue. 
1697. Treaty of Ryswick. 

1701. The Grand Alliance. War of the Spanish Succession. 
1704. Battle of Blenheim. 
1706. Battle of Ramillies. 

1708. Battle of Oudenarde. 

1709. Battle of Malplaquet. 

1712. Defeat of Prince Eugene by Marshal Villars. 

1713. Treaty of Utrecht. 

1715. Louis XV. Reigned 59 years. 

1717. The Triple Alliance. 

1718. Financial enterprise of John Law. 
1723. Death of Cardinal Dubois. 

1735. Treaty of Vienna. 

1740. War of the Austrian Succession. 

1743. Battle of Dettingen. 

1743. Death of Cardinal Fleury. 

1745. Battle of Fontenoy. 

1748. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

1757. Battle of Prague. 

1757. Battle of Rosbach. 

1759. Taking of Quebec. 

1761. Family Compact. 

1763. Treaty of Paris. 

1769. Conquest of Corsica. Defeat of Paoli. 

1774. Death of Louis XV. 



THE HOUSE OF BOURBON/. 



257 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 
Robert, Count of Clermont, married to Beatrice, 
Younger son of St. Louis. Heiress of Bourbon. 



Louis, Duke of Bourbon. 

I 



I 
Peter, Duke of Bourbon. 



1 

James, Count de la Marche. 

I 
John, Count de la Marche. 



Louis, Count of Vendome. 

I 
John, Count of Vendome. 



Francis, Count of Vendome. Louis. 

Charles, Duke of Vendome. 

Antoine, Duke of Vendome, married Jeanne d' Albret, 
| Queen of Navarre. 

Henry IV- 

I 



Louis XIII. Gaston, 

Duke of Orleans. 



I I I 

Elizabeth, Christiana, Henrietta Maria, 

wife of wife of wife of 

Philip IV. of the Duke of Charles I., King 

Spain. Savoy. of England. 



Louis XIV. 

I 
Louis (died 1711). 

I 



1 
Philip, Duke of Orleans. 



Louis. Duke of Burgundy. 

I 

Louis XV. 

I 

Louis (died 1765). 

\ 



Philip V. of Spain. Charles, Duke of Berry. 



Louis XVI. 

I 
Louis XVII. 
(never reigned). 



Louis XVIII. 



Charles, Count of Artois, 
afterward 
Charles X. 

I 



Louis, 
Duke of Angouleme. 



Charles Ferdinand, 
Duke of Berry. 



Henry, Duke of Bordeaux. 
Count of Chambord (Henry V). 



Louisa, Duchess of Parma. 



258 THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL REVIEW. 

PAGE 

1. When did the reign of Henry TV", begin and end ? 194, 199 

2. Give his previous history 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188 

3. Give the history of the Holy League 184, 185, 186, 194, 196, 197 

4. State why, when, and how Henry IV. became a Catholic 195 

5. Give an account of his admission into Paris 186, 194, 195, 196 

6. Give all the facts respecting the Edict of Nantes 197, 220, 221, 243 

7. What did Henry IV. accomplish for France ? 195 to 199 

8. Describe his character and death 198, 199 and note 

9. What evils followed the death of Henry IV. ? 199, 200 

10. Give an account of De Luynes 200, 201, 202 

11. Give an account of the siege of Rochelle 202, 203 

12. Of the troubles caused by Mary de' Medici 197 to 207 

13. When did the reign of Louis XIH. begin and end ? 199, 200, 207 

14. Give an account of Richelieu 200 to 210 

15. Of his alliance with Gustavus Adolphus and consequences 204, 205 

16. Give an account of the war with Austria -. . . 205, 206, 207 

17. Of the plots and conspiracies of the Duke of Orleans 202, 204, 205, 206 

18. What account can you give of Cinq-Mars and De Thou ? 206, 207 

19. Describe the character of Richelieu 200 to 208, 246 

20. Describe the character of Louis XIII 207 

21. What was the civil policy of Richelieu ? 208, 209 

22. State what he accomplished for art and literature 209, 210 

23. When did the reign of Louis XIV. begin and end ? 210, 214, 229 

24. Describe his character 215, 219, 220, 229, 230 

25. Name the important events of his reign 210 to 230 

26. Narrate the cause and events of the war of the Fronde 510, 211, 212, 213 

27. Repeat all that is stated respecting Mazarin 210 to 214, 248 

28. Give an account of Louis XIV. 's war with Spain 214, 215 

23. State the causes of and preparations for his war with the Neiherlands. 215, 216 

30. Narrate, in order, the events of that war 216, 217, 218, 219 

31. Repeat all that is stated of General Turenne 210, 212, 215, 217, 218 

32. State the causes of Louis's war with the great powers of Europe 219, 220, 221 

33. Relate the events of the war and state how it was closed 219 to 223 

34. What causes led to the " grand alliance " against Louis ? 223, 225 

35. Narrate the events of the " War of the Spanish Succession " 225 to 228 

36. What concessions was France by treaty compelled to make ? 228 

37. When did the reign of Louis XV. begin and end ? 230, 241 

38. Name, in order, the principal events of his reign 232 to 241, 247, 249 

39. Give the plan and history of Law's financial system 233, 234 

40. State, in full, the causes of the " War of the Austrian Succession " 234, 235 

41. Give, in outline, the events of that war 235, 236, 237, 238 

42. Give the causes and events of the " Seven Years* War " 238, 239, 240, 241 

43. During the Bourbon period what was the condition of the people ? 242, 243, 244 

44. What is stated of manufactures and commerce during that period ? 244, 245 

45. Of buildings, parks, palaces, gardens, etc. ? 245, 246, 247 

46. Of science, art, literature, etc. ? 247, 249 

47. Of music, the drama, and interesting events ? . . . 249, 250 

48. Of houses, furniture, table linen, and coaches ? 250, 251 and note 

49. Of extravagance in the dress of the women and men ? 251, and notes 

50. Name the most distinguished poets and dramatists 251, 252 

51. Name the other distinguished literary persons 252 to 255 



A. D. 1774.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 259 



section iii. 

Revolutionary France. 

Extending from the Accession of Louis XVI. (1774) to the present time. 

1774 1. Louis XVI. — The corruptions and abuses of 

to the government of France under its reckless, extrava- 
gant, and licentious kings, during the period of the 
"absolute monarchy," had slowly but surely prepared the 
way for the troubles and agitations which threatened the 
nation, when Louis XVI., a grandson of Louis XV., as- 
cended the throne at the age of twenty. * The finances were 
in great disorder, the public debt enormous, the royal power 
was despised ; and a great and growing discontent, fostered 
by a spirit of criticism and inquiry, which had been increas- 
ing for years, surrounded the new king with dangers at 
which a bolder spirit might have quailed. Though his man- 
ners were simple and his life pure, he was wanting in that 
power of will necessary for the correction of great abuses. 

2. The new king recalled the Parliament of Paris, which 
had been exiled by his predecessor, and devised many meas- 
ures for the permanent welfare of France. He appointed as 
his prime minister and adviser, Maurepas (mo-re-pah'), an 
old courtier, who had been banished from the court for 
many years. Maurepas called successively to his assistance 
Turgot (toor-go') and Malesherbes (mal-zarV), the former a 
man of ability who had attracted attention by reforms which 
he had instituted in an inferior position. The changes pro- 
posed by him, however, though just, were of so sweeping a 

* When word was brought to Louis that the king was dead, he and his young wife, 
Marie Antoinette, by one impulse, threw themselves on their knees and exclaimed, "O 
God ! guide and protect us ; we are too young to govern ! " 

1 . When and at what age did Louis XVI. ascend the throne ? What is said of this 
period ? What was the reason of the popular discontent ? What was the character 
of Louis ? 

2. What were some of his first acts? Whom did he appoint prime minister? 
Whom did Maurepas call to his aid ? What course did Turgot pursue, and what was 
the result ? 



260 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. D. 1776. 

character that the enmity of the privileged classes was roused 
against him ; and the king himself, who had at first sup- 
ported him, at length grew weary of the constant opposition 
he encountered, and demanded his resignation (1776).* A 
similar fate attended Malesherbes. . 

3. Necker. — New expenses were soon to be incurred on 
account of the war in which England was then engaged with 
her American colonies, and in which France was almost cer- 
tain to be involved. An experienced financier was therefore 
necessary to take charge of the treasury. Such a man was 
found in Necker, a Genevese banker, whose ability was gen- 
erally recognized. In America, events were moving rapidly. 
The Eevolution broke out, the first battle in which was 
fought at Lexington, in 1775. This was succeeded, the fol- 
lowing year, by the Declaration of Independence, and the ar- 
rival of three American commissioners in France, sent to ask 
the recognition of the new republic from Louis XVI. (1776). 
^ 4. Alliance with the United States. — Whatever 
hesitation the king may have felt in giving the commission- 
ers a favorable answer, he was entirely overborne by the al- 
most unanimous consent of the French people. The Ameri- 
can Eevolution was looked upon as the direct expression of 
principles which had been growing more popular in France 
year by year. Among the commissioners was Benjamin 
Franklin, whose fame as a man of science had preceded him, 
and whose simple garb and manners created among the peo- 
ple a wonderful enthusiasm, which soon spread to the court, 
and powerfully aided the cause of the colonies^ The Mar- 
quis of Lafayette and many other young men volunteered on 

* The weakness of the king is illustrated by the fact that he permitted Turgot to re- 
sign, though he fully recognized the wisdom of his measures, and himself sympathized 
with him. This is shown by his remark : " Turgot and I are the only ones who have the 
good of the people at heart." He busied himself also with the most frivolous subjects, 
when the affairs of his kingdom were in a situation of extreme gravity. One day the 
minister entered the room of the king, who proudly called his attention to the paper 
he was writing, with the remark, " I am working too, you see." He was devising a plan 
for the destruction of rabbits in certain parts of France. 

-4 — r 

3. Who was the successor of Malesherbes ? What were his qualifications ? Why 
was an experienced financier needed ? What events of the American Revolution are 
mentioned ? 

4. What was the feeling of the people toward America ? Who was sent by the 
United States as ambassador to France ? What was the result of his embassy ? 



A. ». 1782.] BEYOLUTIOKAKY ERAKCE. 261 



the side of the United States, and the king concluded a 
treaty with the new republic. (February 6, 1778). 

5. England declared war at once. France sent a fleet 
under Count d'Estaing (des-tahng') 9 to the aid of the Amer- 
icans, and acting on the terms of the Family Compact, made 
an alliance with Spain. In Europe the war began with a 
naval engagement between the English under Admiral Kep- 
pel, and the French under Count d'Orvilliers (dor-veel-ya), 
in which neither was victorious (July 27, 1778). The de- 
signs of D ? Estaing were frustrated by storms and the small- 
ness of his fleet ; and the French successes in America were 
unimportant, an(J confined principally to the West Indies 
and the coast of South America. The powers of the north 
of Europe entered into a league for the protection of their 
commerce ; and Spain, having joined her naval forces with 
those of the French in the Mediterranean, they together 
blockaded the fortress of Gibraltar. 

6. Minorca was wrested from the English by Spain ; but 
the blockade of Gibraltar was raised by Admiral Eodney, who 
came to its relief after its garrison had withstood with great 
obstinacy a skillful and formidable attack. In the West In- 
dies, the French also suffered a defeat at the hands of Eod- 
ney, who attacked the Count de Grasse, then attempting to 
get possession of the island of Jamaica, and defeated him 
with great loss (1782). In the East Indies, the English were 
almost uniformly successful, their conquests extending to 
many of the possessions of Holland, which had entered the 
league against England. Much enthusiasm, however, was 
roused in France by the naval victories of the French com- 
mander, Sufiren (soof-frong') ; but his successful career was 
suddenly arrested by a declaration of peace. 

7. Treaty of Versailles. — This was hastened by the 
reverses which the English arms had experienced in America, 

5. What course did England take? What did France do? What naval engage- 
ments followed ? Why was D'Estaing unsuccessful ? What league was formed ? 

6. What was the result at Gibraltar ? In the West Indies ? In the East Indies ? 

7. Why did England consent to th . treaty of Versailles ? What changes were made 
in the territories of the powers that signed the treaty ? What is said of the conduct 
of the queen ? How did the people regard her ? 



262 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. B. 1787. 

the overthrow of the war party in England, and the advent to 
power of a party favorable to peace. By the treaty of Ver- 
sailles (September 3, 1783), the independence of the United 
States was acknowledged ; Spain retained possession of Min- 
orca and Florida ; while France recovered her colonies, and 
acquired possession of several new ones in Africa and the 
West Indies. The dismissal of Necker, in 1781, was succeed- 
ed by the death of Maurepas, and by the active interference 
of the queen in public affairs. Marie Antoinette (an-twah- 
net') * had at first given no attention to matters of state. 
Secluding herself with a few favorites, she did not hesitate 
to show her contempt for the fashions and manners of the 
court, and thus roused a hostility among the people of all 
classes, who gave expression to their dislike by calling her 
the "Austrian woman." 

8. The Finances. — Through the influence of the court, 
Calonne (Jcah-lon') was made Controller General of finance. 
He made a short-lived reputation by substituting for the 
wise economy of Necker a system of extravagance and dis- 
play, based upon the theory that he who would borrow 
money on favorable terms must not appear needy. The day. 
of settlement came in a short time, however, and Calonne, 
having submitted to an assembly of the notables a confused 
account, was dismissed in disgrace (1787). His successor 
was Brienne (bre-en'), who had been one of the most active 
enemies of Calonne ; but his success was no greater than that 
of the minister whom he had supplanted. The measures he 
proposed were opposed by the Parliament, and led to a quar- 
rel, in which the latter, supported by a powerful public 
opinion, finally triumphed. Brienne retired, leaving the 
finances in great disorder ; and Necker was recalled. The 

* " Marie Antoinette was very beautiful, thoughtless to a degree of childishness, and 
willful to an excess of obstinacy. Her education had been exceedingly neglected, and 
her mind was totally uninformed. She had been taught some few accomplishments, but 
excelled in none. Conscious of her own ignorance, she disliked knowledge in other 
women, and it is said that sense and information were always a bar against her favor. 
Her manners were singularly engaging and fascinating to those she liked, and with whom 
she could feel at her ease. She was warm in her friendships, and was benevolent and 
tender-hearted almost to an excess."— Mrs. Markham. 



8. Who became Controller General of finance ? What was his career ? Who suc- 
ceeded him ? Who was recalled ? What was assembled ? 



A. D. 1-789.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 263 

States- General was assembled the following year to deliber- 
ate npon the affairs of the nation (1789). 

9. The situation was one of extreme peril. The king's 
want of ability, the hatred against the queen, which was 
openly expressed, the mismanagement and confusion in the 
treasury, taxes so largely increased that trade and commerce 
were paralyzed, and the violation of the right of personal 
liberty by the lettre de cachet * together formed a combina- 
tion of evils which could not fail to be followed by the grav- 
est consequences. Clubs were formed all over France, at 
which were upheld the principles concerning the rights of 
man which able writers had for years been advocating. More- 
over, the successful establishment of the new republic of the 
United States, founded on these principles, gave a remarka- 
ble impulse to the popular cause. 

10. The nobility and the clergy together owned nearly 
two-thirds of the land, but, being privileged orders, paid no 
taxes for it ; while assessments so heavy as to amount almost 
to confiscation were made upon the remaining third, which 
was owned by the people, or third estate. The latter, there- 
fore, demanded and were allowed as many representatives in 
the general assembly as the other two orders together. The 
excitement, however, which attended the elections for depu- 
ties foreshadowed the storm which was approaching. One 
of the most eloquent, at this time, in urging the claims of 
the people was the Count of Mirabeau (me-rah-bo 1 ), who 
afterward took a leading part in the deliberations of the 
States-General. Two general objects were desired by the 
third estate : a way out of the difficulties then existing, and 
a prevention of their recurrence. The first they hoped to 

* " The lettre de cachet was usually carried into effect by the officers of police ; some- 
times the arrest was made at the dwelling of the individual, sometimes on the roads or 
in the streets by night; but, in ^11 cases, it appears to have been accomplished with as 
much secrecy as possible, so that it was no uncommon thing for persons to be missing 
for years without their friends being able to discover what had become of them."— 
Davenport's History of the Bastile. 

No fewer than 14,000 of these letters, it is said, were issued in the interval between the 
accession of Louis XVI. and the meeting of the States-General in 1789. 



9. What was the condition of the country ? What is said of the clubs ? Why was 
the example of the United States influential ? 

10. What proportion of the representatives in the States-General did the third 
estate demand ? Why ? W T ho became the champion of the people during the elec- 
tions ? What two objects were desired by the third estate ? 



264 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. ». 1789. 

accomplish by some general measures of reform, especially 
some more equitable system of taxation which would com- 
pel the privileged orders to contribute to the general fund ; 
the second, by the adoption of a constitution which would 
make the governing power less the subject of the king's 
caprice. 



The Great Kevolution. 



-r. 



11. Opening of the States-General. — The States- 
General met at Versailles/ the king presiding (May 5, 
1789).-^ A quarrel, however, began at once between the 
third estate on one side, and the nobles and clergy on the 
other.- The privileged orders, warned by the violent lan- 
guage of the third estate, united to oppose their demand 
that the deputies should vote individually, instead of by 
orders. If the vote should be taken by individuals, the 
third estate could control the action of the whole body, 
since it numbered a little more than both the others to- 
gether ; if it should be taken by orders, the nobles and 
clergy united would always be victorious. Five weeks were 
wasted in the discussion, at the end of which time, the 
third estate and a few of the clergy withdrew ; and, on the 
night of the 17th of June, on motion of the Abbe Sieves 
(se-a), organized a new body called the National Assembly. \ 
On the 9th of July following, the word Constituent was 
added to its title, since it was to frame a constitution. 

* " No event ever interested Europe so much as the meeting of the States-General in 
1789. There was no enlightened man who did not found the greatest hopes upon that 
public struggle of prejudices with the lights of the age, and who did not believe that a 
new moral and political world was about to issue from the chaos. The besoin of hope 
was so strong that all faults were pardoned, all misfortunes were represented only as 
accident ; in spite of all the calamities which it induced, the balance leaned always to- 
ward the Constituent Assembly. It was the struggle of humanity with despotism. The 
States-General, six weeks after their convocation, was no longer the States-General, but 
the Xational Assembly. Its first calamity was to have owed its new title to a revolution: 
that is to say, to a vital change in its power, its essence, its name, and its means of 
authority. According to the Constitution the commons should have acted in conjunc- 
tion with the nobles, the clergy, and the king. But the commons in the very outset sub- 
jugated the nobles, the clergy, and the king. It was In that that the Revolution con- 
sisted."— DumonVs Recollections of Jlirabeau. 

t " What title should the Assembly assume ? This was a question of immense im- 
portance. It was, so to speak, the baptism of the Revolution which was now taking 
place. A name was being sought. . . . An obscure deputy suggested that of the 
National Assembly, and Sieves proposed it. Four hundred and ninety-one voices against 
ninety adopted this simple and superb name."— Henri Martin's History of France. 



1 1 . When did the States-General meet ? What was the nature of the dispute in 
regard to the vote ? How and by whom was the National Assembly organized ? How- 
was its name changed ': Why - ? 



_Ai_»._1789.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 265 

12. Triumph of the Third Estate. — More of the 
clergy gave signs of going oyer to the third estate, The 
court in alarm attempted to persuade the king to declare the 
meeting of the States-General dissolved ; but this step the 
king feared to take. He closed and guarded the doors of 
the assembly chamber, however (June 20), under the pre- 
tense of making preparations for a royal session to be held 
there. The president of the Assembly, therefore, called the 
deputies together in the tennis hall ; and there an oath was 
taken not to separate till they had prepared a constitution 
for France. /The following day the tennis hall was closed ; 
but the Assembly having by this time won over a majority 
of the clergy, the church of St. Louis was opened for their 
use. At the royal session held on the 23d of June, the hall 
was surrounded with troops. The king, regardless of the 
threatening action of the Assembly, addressed the deputies 
in a tone of authority, and, at the close of his speech, or- 
dered the three bodies to retire to their respective rooms. 
The nobles and the clergy went ; the third estate remained. * 
Fearing that the king would use force, the Assembly passed 
an act guaranteeing to its members freedom from arrest. A 
few days after, forty-seven of the nobility, among them the 
Duke of Orleans, went over to the Assembly, f 

13. Revolt in Paris. — Finding further resistance use- 
less, the privileged orders now yielded, and shared with the 
third estate in the labors of the Assembly on terms of equal- 
ity. The king, however, angry at his defeat, paid little 
attention to its deliberations, and began to mass troops near 
Versailles, which soon wore the aspect of a camp, more than 

* Finding that the deputies of the third estate did not leave the hall, the king's mas- 
ter of ceremonies returned to repeat the order which the king had given. Mirabeau an- 
swered him, closing his speech with the following memorable words: "Go tell your 
master that we are here hy the will of the people, and here we shall stay unless driven 
out by the bayonet ! " 

t " There no longer exists a Tiers Etat in France ; both name and thing disappeared in 
the reconstruction of our social system in 1789 ; but this, the latest in date and least in 
puwer of the three ancient orders of the nation, has played a part of which the impor- 
tance, long concealed from the most searching scrutiny, is clearly perceived at the 
present day."— Thierry's Tiers fJat, or Third Estate in France. 

12. What led to the oath of the tennis hall ? What course did the king take? 
What followed ? What accession did the Assembly receive ? 

13. What did the privileged orders finally do ? What did the king do ? Give an 
account of the tumult in Paris. 

12 



%66 



REVOLUTIONARY PRANCE. 



[A. B. 1789. 



30,000 soldiers being gathered between Paris and Versailles in 
a short time. This course, instead of intimidating the peo- 
ple, only added to the general excitement. On the 30th of 
June, eleven soldiers of the French Guard were imprisoned 
by their colonel for expressing their joy at the triumph of the 
Assembly ; but the populace broke open their prison and res- 
cued them. The excitement was increased by the receipt 
of the news that the Duke of Orleans and Necker, haying 
recently spoken bold words to the king in favor of the peo- 
ple, were in danger of being exiled. The crowds that daily 




THE BASTILE.* 

assembled in the garden of the Palais Eoyal (pah-la' rwah- 
yahT) stripped the chestnut trees of their leaves, and fasten- 
ing them on their hats as badges, carried the busts of Necker 
and the Duke of Orleans through the streets of Paris in tri- 
umph. 

* This edifice was begun in 1369, by Charles V., and was enlarged in succeeding reigns. 
Thousands of persons, many of whom were princes and members of distinguished fami- 
lies, were here imprisoned till death came to their relief. When the Bastile was captured 
bv the people (1789), seven persons were found in its cells, one of whom had been tnere 
thirty years. On its site now stands the " Column of July," which was erected in memory 
of the patriots of 1789 and 1830. 



A. ». 1789.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 26? 

14. Capture of the Bastile. — The city was now thor- 
oughly roused. Arms were gathered from all quarters ; a 
permanent committee of public safety was formed ; and a 
national guard was organized in the city, consisting of 48,000 
men. Word was brought that the cannon of the Bastile * 
were trained on the city. An attack was at once resolved 
upon ; and a frenzied mob, vast in number, marched to the 
assault, broke into the prison, and murdered the governor 
and many of the inmates (July 14, 1789). f Other officials 
who had incurred the hostility or suspicion of the mob were 
massacred ; and their heads, placed on pikes, were carried 
with savage joy through the city. The king, now thorough- 
ly alarmed, went to the National Assembly, which he ad- 
dressed, for the first time, by the name they had themselves 
chosen, promised to send away the foreign troops he had 
called to his aid, and to recall Necker, and closed by saying 
that he placed his confidence in them. J 

15. The Revolution Successful. — He gave his con- 
sent to the principal measures which the people had adopted, 
and promised to visit Paris, where Lafayette had been made 
commandant, and Bailly (bahl-ye r ), the first President of the 
National Assembly, mayor. Many of the nobles who had 
opposed the revolutionary measures left France, and Necker 



* li There were, at an early period, no less than three bastiles at Paris, those of St. 
Denis, the Temple, and St. Anthony, all of which were situated to the north oi the Seine 
Eventually, the name was confined to the last of these buildings. The quadrangular cas- 
tle of St. Denis was demolished in 1671 ; but the tower of the Temple, in which the un- 
fortunate Louis XVI. and his family were confined, outlasted the Bastile itself for nearly 
a quarter of a century, and was used as a state prison till 1811, when it ceased to exist."— 
Davenport's History of the Bastile. 

t " The Bastile soon ceased to exist. It was demolished by order of the civic authori- 
ties of Paris ; and, when the demolition was completed, a grand ball was given on the 
leveled space. The capture and downfall of this obnoxious fabric were hailed with de- 
light by the friends of liberty in every part of the globe, and they long furnished a 
favorite and fertile theme for moralists, orators, and poets. The site, now known as the 
Place de la Bastile, was selected as the burial-place of the champions of the Revolution 
of 1830, and the Column of July erected over the remains. This column is of iron, sur- 
mounted by a figure emblematical of liberty. The ground was again opened to receive 
the bodies of those who were slaughtered in the Coup d'etat of Louis Napoleon in Feb- 
ruary, 1848. Again, in 1871, the bodies of the victims of the communists' reign of terror 
were deposited here."— BaveiiporV s History of the Bastile. 

t It was near the close of the year 1789 that Dr. Guillotin succeeded in changing the 
method of capital punishment, by the introduction of the instrument which bears his 
name. 

14. What further action did the Parisians take? Describe the storming of the 
Bastile. What was the effect upon the king ? 

15. To what offices were Lafayette and Bailly chosen ? What were some of the 
results of the popular discontent ? What is said of the National Guard ? What re- 
markable change took place with regard to the nobility ? 



268 REVOLUTIOKARY FEAKCE. [A. D. 1789. 

was brought back in triumph.* The organization of the 
National G-uard was extended from Paris all over France ; 
and, in many places, the people gave vent to their hatred of 
the privileged classes in deeds of violence. In all quarters, 
the demand for the redress of ancient wrongs was so threat- 
ening, that the nobles themselves volunteered to relinquish 
their privileges. The Viscount de Noailles (no-ahl') set the 
example, and in a single night session (August 4) the rights 
of all Frenchmen were made equal. Within less than three 
months, a startling revolution was accomplished, the entire 
political fabric of France undergoing a radical change, f \ 

16. Divisions, however, at once appeared in the ranks of 
the revolutionists, of which the privileged orders were not 
slow to take advantage. So serious did these divisions be- 
come, that the king, entertaining the thought of again ap- 
pealing to force, ordered the Flanders regiment back to 
Versailles. On the 1st of October, a feast was given in the 
Eoyal Theater there to the officers of this regiment, at which 
were present the officers of many other regiments, even some 
of the National Guard. The health of the royal family was 
drunk, and the king himself appeared with the queen and 
the dauphin. When the excitement was at its height, the 
ladies present distributed white cockades, which were in- 
stantly adopted throughout the hall, and the tri-colored 
cockade of the National Guard was trampled under foot. 
When the news of this event reached Paris, it produced an- 
other outbreak. . The people of that city had been for some 

* WTien the king entered Paris he was met by the mayor, who presented him the keys 
of the city, saying, " Sire, I bring you the keys of the good city of Paris ; they are the 
same which were formerly presented to Henry IV. He reconquered his people ; on this 
occasion, the people have reconquered their king." The vast crowds which accom- 
panied the king were armed with weapons of all kinds, and brought with them several 
cannon ; but these, in the spirit of reconciliation which then reigned, were partly cov- 
ered with flowers. In the organization of the National Guard, Lafayette chose as a badge 
the ancient colors of the city of Paris (red and blue), and joined with them the king's 
color (white). Giving the king one of these badges, he said. "Take it ; this is a badge 
which will make the circuit of the globe." 

t " History affords no example of an era in which innovation was so hastily pursued 
and ambition so blindly worshiped ; when the experience of ages was so haughtily re- 
jected, and the fancies of the moment so rashly adopted ; in which the rights of property 
were so scandalously violated, and the blood of the innocent so profusely lavished."— 
Alison's History of the French Revolution. 



1 6. Why was the king again encouraged to think of appealing to force ? Describe 
the banquet of the king** guards. What effect did the news of this have upon the 
people of Paris ? " Who marched to Versailles ? 



A. ». 1789.] 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 



269 



time threatened with famine through the failure of the crops. 
Crowds of women gathered around the Hotel de Ville, clam- 
oring for bread and arms. At the height of the tumult, 
some one cried, "To Versailles!" The cry was repeated 
on every side ; and an army of infuriated women began the 
march, followed by the troops, among them the National 




ROYAL THEATER AT VERSAILLES. 



Guard, reluctantly led by Lafayette, who had in vain en- 
deavored to prevent them. 

17. After a day and night of great disorder, during which 
the palace was invaded by the angry mob, and the queen was 
obliged to conceal herself through fear of personal violence, 
the king, with the royal family and his guard, consented to 
go to Paris, where he was joined by the National Assembly. 
He was now virtually a prisoner in his own capital, where 
the triumphant revolutionists awaited the action of the As- 
sembly. The question of the national finances was still 

17. Where did the Assembly and the king go? What was the king's condition 
there ? What measures did the Assembly pass ? What were the assigmatsf 



270 REVOLUTIONARY FRAXCE. [A. D. 1790. 

uppermost there ; and, all other measures having failed, it 
was decreed that the property of the Church should be seized 
for the benefit of the State. As this vast property, however, 
could not be sold at once, it was decided to issue 400,000,000 
francs of paper money, called assignats {ah-seen-yah'), to 
represent it. The kingdom was divided into eighty-three 
departments ; reforms were instituted, after much discussion, 
in the Church and in the judiciary ; and, on the anniver- 
sary of the taking of the Bastile, an immense concourse of 
people celebrated the regeneration of the nation in the 
Champ de Mars (slialmg-du-marz). 

18. Festival of the Federation. — Preparation for 
this celebration had been made on the grandest scale. The 
vast space of the Field of March had been terraced in the 
form of an amphitheater, in the middle of which was an 
altar on which the oath of allegiance was to be taken. The 
king and royal family, the officers of the National Guard, 
the members of the Assembly, and representatives from all 
the departments of France, seated under their respective ban- 
ners, with priests, bishops, and soldiers, surrounded the altar 
and formed the center of an immense multitude of 400,000 
persons. Mass was celebrated, the oriflamme of France and 
the banners of the departments were blessed ; and Lafayette, 
the commander of the National Guard of France, advanced 
to the altar, and swore allegiance to the nation, the law, the 
king, and the constitution. The oath was afterward taken 
by the king ; and the queen, lifting up the dauphin in her 
arms, presented him to the people, as if pledging him to 
abide by the oath of his father (1790). 

19. The Jacobins. — Death of Mirabeau. — Notwith- 
standing the apparent harmony, many dangerous divisions 
still existed. The uncertainty which everywhere prevailed 
gave rise to constant discussion, which led to t]re forma- 
tion of societies and clubs, the most noted of which was 

18. Describe the Festival of the Federation. Who first took the oath of alle- 
giance ? How was it taken bv the royal family ? 

19. What led to the formation of clubs ? Which was the most noted ? Was France 
quiet at this time ? What celebrated man died ? What is said of him ? 



A. D. 1791.] 



HE VOLUTION AKY FRANCE. 



271 



that of the Jacobins.* Outbreaks, at this time, were fre- 
quent all oyer France, and Paris was agitated almost daily 
by the news of some fresh disturbance. On the 2d of April, 
1791, Mirabeau died. He had been a prominent actor on 
the side of the people in the scenes which accompanied the 
Bevolution, and was regarded by them as their special cham- 




CASTLE OF IF.t 

pion; but his influence had also been exerted in favor of 
moderation. His remains were deposited in the Pantheon 
with all the manifestations of a national bereavement. J 

20. Foreign Plots against France.— Flight of the 
King.— The radical action of the Assembly in regard to 
the Church divided France into two parties. The nobles 
were also secretly hostile to the Eevolution ; and the people 
having no prominent champion since the death of Mirabeau, 

* So named from the religious order of that name in one of whose convents its i first 

meetings were held. Under the guidance of able and unscrupulous men, its influence 
was gradually extended, till it became a great political power. „^,, a *,,„,. 

t If (eef) is the name of a small island off the south-east coast of France, opposite Mar- 
seilles. It 4s wholly occupied by the castle or fortress. Here Mirabeau was imprisoned 

- °± "Minibeau was the most potent man of his time; but the greatest individual con- 
tending with an enraged element appears but a madman. . . . He did not invent tue 
Revolution, but was its manifestation. But for him, it might perhaps have remained in a 
state of idea and tendency."— Lamartine's Histortj of the Girondists. 



20. To what source did the king look for aid ? Why ? What action did the prin- 
cipal powers of Europe take ? Why ? What did the king do ? What was the result ? 



272 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. ». 1791. 

the king determined to call in foreign power to his aid. This 
was the more readily promised by the other powers of 
Europe, since the principles then triumphant in France 
threatened the stability of all monarchical governments. An 
army of 100.000 men was pledged to enter France ; and 
Louis, in order to be free to use it, resolved to escape from 
Paris. He left the city secretly at midnight, June 20, 1791, 
and accompanied by the royal family, took the road to Mont- 
niedy (mong-ma-de). Before he reached it, however, he was 
recognized, arrested, and brought back to Paris, where he 
was virtually dethroned by the Assembly, which passed an 
act suspending his powers, and appointing a guard to watch 
him (July 15).* 

21. The Constitution of 1791.— Close of the Con- 
stituent Assembly. — Up to this time, little had been said 
of the substitution of a republic for the monarchy. Xow, 
however, it was openly advocated. The members of the 
Assembly ranged themselves on two sides — the Republi- 
cans and the Conservatives. On the 17th of July, a paper 
prepared by the Jacobins and the Cordeliers, and calling for 
the dethronement of the king by the Xational Assembly, 
was laid upon the altar in the Champ de Mars to receive the 
signatures of the people. The Assembly, however, unwill- 
ing to resort to such an extreme measure, and jealous of 
dictation, ordered Bailly and Lafayette to prevent the gath- 
ering. In the excitement which attended the movement, 
several persons were killed by the soldiers. The Assembly 
hastened its labors. The new Constitution was ready in 
September. On the 14th of that month, the king, having 
signified his acceptance of it, was restored to his powers ; and 
on the 30th, the Constituent Assemblv. havinsr decreed the 

* " In The night of June 20th. the royal family escaped from the Tuileries through a gate 
left unguarded. The king was disguised as a valet de chambre, in a grav coat and a peri- 
wig. The aueen had borrowed the passport of a Russian lady. At dawn the tidings spread 
through all Paris. . . Evervwhere the name of the king was erased from the public 
monuments, and from the standards, and the word royal was replaced by the word na- 
tional."— Henri Martin's History of France. 



21. What change in the government was now proposed? How was this openly 
shown ? What violent act followed ? Whet course did the Assemblv then take ? 



A. D. 1792.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 273 

ineligibility of its members to re-election, adjourned and 
passed out of existence. 

22. The Legislative Assembly. — The new body 
created by the Constitution was called the Legislative 
Assembly. Its members were chosen for two years, and 
its first session began on the 1st of October, 1791. It 
was divided into several parties, of which the chief were 
the Girondins (zhe-ron-dang'), or Girondists, the Monta- 
gnards (mon-tan-yar') 9 or Mountain Party, and the Feuil- 
lants (fuh-yaling')y or Constitutionalists; but it was plain, 
from the first, that its general sentiment was one of hostil- 
ity to the king. * This was soon apparent by the extreme 
measures which it took, but which the king vetoed.. War- 
like preparations were still continued by the neighboring 
powers, and the king was directed by the Assembly to warn 
them to desist. The Assembly, feeling its action impeded 
by the conduct of the ministers, brought about their re- 
moval. Their places were filled by the Girondists, Dumou- 
riez (du-moo-re-d') and Koland, the former being made 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, the latter, of the Interior (1792). 

23. The quarrel of the Girondists and the Feuillants be- 
came more bitter ; the king vetoed some extreme measures 
which the former had advocated, and ended by dismissing 
his Girondist ministers, and going over to their adversaries. 
Fresh commotions among the people were the result. On the 
20th of June, 1792, a great crowd, armed with pikes, assem- 
bled, under pretext of celebrating the anniversary of the 
Tennis Hall Oath, and marching to the doors of the Assem- 
bly, demanded admittance. It was granted ; and the mul- 



* The Feuillants professed to be satisfied with the changes in the government already- 
made, and to support the Constitution. It was, at first, the predominant party. The 
Girondists were so called because their leaders, Vergniaud, Girodet, and Gensonne', repre- 
sented the department of the Gironde. They were revolutionists, desiring to establish 
a republic on the ruins of the monarchy. The Mountain Party, so called because they 
occupied the highest rows of seats in the Assembly, were violent demagogues, represent- 
ing the views of the Parisian rabble, and led by Robespierre, Danton, and others of that 
class. The clubs of the Jacobins and Cordeliers were the nurseries of this faction. 

22. What called the Legislative Assembly into existence ? What were the parties 
into which it was divided ? What was the attitude of the kin«r toward the Assembly ? 
What action was taken by foreign powers '? What change of officers was made ? 

23. How did the quarrel between the king and the Assembly terminate ? Describe 
the tumult which ensued. 

12* 



274 



EEYOLUTIOXAEY ERAXCE. 













A. D. 1792.] KEVOLUTIOXAKY FRANCE. 275 

titude, swollen by the presence of women and children, 
passed through the hall singing revolutionary songs and 
shouting "Long live the nation!" and "Down with the 
veto ! " They then marched to the Tuileries (tweel're)> 
broke down its doors with axes, and compelled the king to 
put on the red cap of the Jacobins, which was held up to 
him on the point of a pike, l/ 

24. Lafayette, in the attempt to induce the Assembly to 
punish the actors in these violent scenes and close the clubs 
of the Jacobins, failed and lost his popularity.* The Prus- 
sians, meantime, were marching on Paris. The Duke of 
Brunswick, their commander, issued a manifesto (July 26, 
1792), in which he declared that the object of his coming 
was to restore to Louis XVI. his authority. This threat, 
instead of aiding the king, hastened his downfall. From 
all the departments' volunteers were converging on Paris, in 
obedience to the call of the Assembly, f The king's abdi- 
cation was openly demanded by the people, led by Robes- 
pierre, Danton, and Marat (ma-rah') ; and an attack was 
made on the Tuileries by an armed mob (August 10, 1792). J 
The king and the royal family took refuge in the midst of 
the Assembly ; while a fierce struggle ensued between the 
Swiss Guard in the Tuileries and the populace, the number 
of killed being from 2,000 to 5,000. After the sacking of 
the palace, the insurgents marched to the Assembly, and 

* A few days after, he left the army, intending to go to the United States ; but was 
captured by the Austrians and confined in the prison of Olmutz, where he lingered four 



t The volunteers from Marseilles were among the most extreme who came to Paris at 
this time. They brought with them the famous Marseillaise Hymn, recently composed 
by a young officer named Eouget de Lisle. The martial fervor of its words and music 
gave it a wonderful popularity among the troops then gathering at the capital. Other 
means were employed to inflame the populace and soldiers. One of these was a dance 
called the Carmagnole (car-man-yole ') , one of the accompaniments of which was a 
song describing and inciting the hearer to ferocious deeds. Another was the famous 
Ca ira, a song which was sung when victims were being carried to the scaffold. 
1 ± " The enraged multitude broke into the palace, and put to death every person found 
within it. The fugitives, pursued into the gardens of the Tuileries, were murdered 
under the trees, amidst the fountains, and at the feet of the statues. Some wretches 
climbed up the marble monuments which adorn that splendid spot. The insurgents re- 
frained from firing, lest they should injure the statuary, but pricked them with their 
bayonets till they came down, and then slaughtered them at their feet ; an instance of 
taste for art mingled with revolutionary cruelty, unparalleled in the history of the 
world."— Alison's History of Europe. 



24. What did Lafayette attempt to do ? How was the king's overthrow has- 
tened ? What was the condition of affairs in Paris ? What was done by the mob ? 
What did the Assembly do ? 



276 



REVOLUTIONARY ERAXCE. 



[A. ». l*92o 



demanded the king's dethronement and the calling of a 
national convention. It was finally decided to suspend the 
king from the exercise of his authority, to dismiss the min- 
isters, and to call a convention. 

25. The Commune. — The Girondist ministers were re- 
called, and the king, with his family, was placed in prison in 
the Temple. The Prussians, in the mean time, were advan- 
cing, and everything in Paris was in confusion. In the gen- 




eral excitement, which every hour grew more intense, a new 
power arose, which, under the pressure of imminent public 
danger, grasped and wielded the most despotic power. This 
was the Commune of Paris, at whose .head was Danton, the 
minister of justice.* Marat and others less celebrated were 
associated with him. Their first step was to free Prance 
from its internal enemies. This was done by an indiscrim- 



* " Danton was the Colossus of the Revolution— the head of gold, bosom of flesh, 
loins of brass, feet of clav. He prostrated, the apex-of the Convention appeared lower- 
ed. He had been its clouds, lightning, thunder. In losing him the mountain lost its 
summit."— Lamartine's History of the Girondist*. 



25. What was done with the royal family '? How was the action of the authorities 
in Paris hastened ? What new power arose ? Who were the leaders of the Com- 
mune "? What infamous acts were committed ? 



A. D. 1792.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 277 

inate massacre of all political prisoners then in Paris, which 
was followed by a general attack upon the prisons. For five 
days these dreadful atrocities continued ; and women, pau- 
pers, idiots, and even children, were slaughtered without 
mercy. * 

26. War had been declared against Austria in April ; but, 
at first, the French had suffered defeat ; subsequently the 
French arms were almost everywhere successful. Dumou- 
riez (du-moo-re-a) and Kellermann defeated the enemy at 
Valmy in September, and forced him to retreat ; the siege of 
Lille was raised shortly after ; Custine (Jcus-teen') captured 
Treves, Spire, and Mayence ; Savoy was subdued ; and 
Dumouriez won the battle of Jemmapes (zhem-mdp'), and 
a week after entered Brussels (November). Previous to this 
the Legislative Assembly had ceased to exist (Sept. 21, 1792). 

27. The National Convention. — The body now in- 
vested with the supreme power was the National Convention. 
It was pledged to extreme measures. Its first act was to 
abolish the kingdom and proclaim the republic. The fol- 
lowing day (? °°cpfrer 22, 1792) was declared to be the first 
of a new era, the year 1 of the French republic. Thus far 
the Convention was unanimous, but no further. The more 
moderate members, alarmed at the dangers toward which 
the nation was hurrying, attempted to check the haste of the 
Convention. These were the Girondists, who had controlled 
the Legislative Assembly, and hoped to control the Conven- 
tion. They were opposed by the extremists, the Mountain 
party, who advocated a pure democracy based directly upon 
the will of the people. Among them were many who had 

* During the continuance of these scenes some most touching and harrowing inci- 
dents occurred. Among them is that of Elizabeth Cazotte (kah-zof), who saved her 
father s life by her eloquent entreaties ; and that of the daughter of the governor of the 
Invalides, who was compelled to drink a cup of blood which the mob presented her. 
More affecting still was the fate of the young and beautiful Princess of Lamballe, the 
queen s favorite, who was brutally assassinated and cut to pieces, her head being placed 
on a pi&e and carried in procession before the windows of the Temple, where the royal 
family were imprisoned. 



26. Against what country was war declared ? What is said of the military suc- 
Ce «» S °<At\ e French • Wh «t l>ody bad censed to exist previous to that time ? 

Zl. What was the first important act of the Convention ? What change was made 
in the manner ot reckoning time ? What two parties sprang up ? Who were the 
most noted men among the extremists ? 



278 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. D. 1793. 

taken part in the previous massacres, Kobespierre and Marat 
being the most prominent. 

28. Execution of Louis XVI. — In the new order of 
things the king had no place. It was, therefore, resolved to 
get rid of him. For a long time the Jacobin clubs had been 
busy creating a public sentiment in favor of his trial and 
condemnation by the Convention. A fierce debate sprung 
up on this subject ; but it was finally decided that he should 
be tried. He was at once separated from his family, and, on 
the 11th of December, was placed before the bar of the Con- 
vention to answer the charges which had been brought against 
him.* Notwithstanding a long trial and an eloquent defense 
by his advocate, Deseze (duh-saz'), he was found guilty f and 
condemned to death. J The sentence was executed by means 
of the guillotine one week afterward (January 21, 1793). § 

29. Coalition against France. — This success of the 
Mountain party led to renewed attacks by them on the Gi- 
rondists. A powerful agent in these attacks was the paper 
of Marat, called the "Friend of the People," which created 
a strong sentiment against them. The vic J ^nce and irrespon- 
sible acts of the Convention alarmed Europe. England, 
under the lead of her minister, Pitt, entered the coalition 
against France ; and the National Convention ordered a levy 

- " * The ting was charged with instigating foreign powers to invade Trance ; with resist- 
ing the will of the people, and causing the bloodshed of the 10th of August. 

t The questions submitted to the Convention were : 1. Is Louis Ca- et guilty of conspir- 
ing against the liberty of the people ? 2. Shall the sentence be submitted to'the ratifica- 
tion of the people? 3. What shall be the penalty inflicted? The first question was de- 
cided in the affirmative by an almost unanimous vote ; the second, in the negative bv a 
large majority; but the sentence of death was decided by only a majority of fifty-three 
votes out of seven hundred and twenty-one. 

X Thomas Paine, who was- a member of the Convention, said : " What, to-day, appears to 
us an act of justice, will some day appear only an act of vengeance. France has to-day 
but one friend, the American Republic. Do hot give the United States the sorrow, and 
the King of England the joy, of witnessing the death upon the scaffold of the man who 
has aided my American brethren in breaking the fetters of English despotism." 

§ .brom the time his sentence was announced to him, the king bore himself with 
great fortitude. He asked three favors : liberty to see his family, the choice of his spir- 
itual adviser, and three days in which to prepare himself for death. The first two only 
were granted On the day of his execution more than 40.000 men were under arms. A 
double rank of soldiers lined the wav from the Temple to the place of execution, a solemn 
silence being everywhere preserved. He mounted the scaffold with firmness, knelt to 
receive the blessing of the priest who attended him, and submitted, though reluctantly, 
to the tying of his hands. His last words were : " I die innocent ; I forgive my enemies, 
and you, unhappy people—" Here his voice was drowned by the roll of the drums, which 
had been ordered to beat, and the three executioners seized him. He was thirty-nine 
years old at the time of his execution. 



28. What relation had the office of king to the new system ? What was it re- 
solved to do ? What was the king's fate ? 

29. What part did Marat take in these extreme measures ? What did England 
do ? What steps did the Convention take ? What is said of Dumouriez ? 



[A. D. 1793. KEYOLUTIONARY FKAHCE. 279 

of 300,000 men to resist attacks from without, and created 
a revolutionary tribunal of nine to watch oyer the interests 
of the country at home. In the north, Dumouriez, who 
commanded a French army operating in Holland, was de- 
feated, and obliged to retreat. Being a Girondist, he had no 
sympathy with the extremists of Paris, and went over to the 
enemy. He attempted to carry his soldiers with him, but 
in this was not successful. 

30. Plots of the Montagnards. — The desertion of 
Dumouriez inflamed the leaders of the Convention, who be- 
gan to suspect the Girondists generally. * They were accused 
of conspiring against the republic, and a plot was entered 
into by the Montagnards to destroy them. The time fixed 
was the night of the 10th of March, 1793, when they were 
to be attacked in their places m the Convention. Being ad- 
vised of it, however, they remained away ; and the Monta- 
gnards were compelled to postpone their revenge. Trouble, 
in the meantime, was experienced in enforcing the con- 
scription in La Vendee, a district lying in the south-west of 
France. Here the designs of the Eevolutionists met with 
the most determined opposition, and a civil war broke out 
which lasted two years. The losses which France expe- 
rienced, however, were met by the Montagnards by measures 
more and more extreme. They determined to attack and 
conquer the Girondists in their stronghold, the Convention. 
On the plea of urgent public necessity, the law which for- 
bade the arrest of a member of the Convention was repealed. 
This act of apparent self-denial was the more specious from 
the fact that almost every man, at that period, regarded his 
neighbor with suspicion. It was only the cover, however, 
for an infamous plot. 

* The period of anarchy and widespread suspicion which began at this time, and lasted 
nearly a year and a half, has appropriately been called the Reign of Terror. During its 
continuance neither rank, age, nor sex was free from the most imminent danger. The 
merest suspicion was enough to inflame the passions of the mob, and subject the object 
of it, without trial, to their blind and heartless fury. During the short period of the 
Reign of Terror the number of executions of air kinds in France is thought to have 
reached many hundred thousand. 



30. Into what plot did the Montagnards now enter ? What was the oriein of the 
war in La Vendee ? What law was repealed ? 



280 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 



[A. D. 1793. 



31. Fall of the Girondists. — Great disorders having 
taken place in Paris, the Convention summoned the Com- 




MARAT. 



In the midst of this stormy debate there suddenly appeared at the tribune a hideous 
ngure, which seemed an unclean beast rather than a man ; a sort of dwarf in sordid gar- 
ments, with wildly glaring eyes, and a wide mouth, gaping like that of a toad. It was 
Marat. 1 he Assembly rose in disgust and indignation, with an almost unanimous cry, 
Down from the tribune.' He claimed for himself alone the idea of a dictatorship. A 
deputy replied by reading an article from Marat's paper, saying that there was nothing to 
be hoped for from the Assembly. To this article, Marat responded by another article, of 
ditterent tenor, dated that very day. Then drawing a pistol from his pocket and placing 
it to his forehead, he declared that if an indictment were issued against him, he would 
blow out his brains at the foot of the tribune. The Assembly, disgusted by this grotesque 
yet terrible scene, waived all action in regard to Marat, and resumed the regular order of 
proceedings."— Henri Martin's History of France. 

3 1 . How were the Convention and the Commune brought into conflict ? Who was 
arrested ? How was he released ? What happened to the members of the commis- 
sion and their supporters ? 



A. D. 1793.] EEVOLUTIOKAKY FKA!N"CE. 281 

mime of that city to account for them, a commission of 
twelve being appointed to make a report. The examination 
which followed led to the arrest of Hebert (d-Mr), the 
editor of a journal which was very popular with the more 
depraved classes. On the 27th of May, the Commune sur- 
rounded the Convention with an enraged multitude and de- 
manded the release of Hebert, and the suppression of the 
commission. After four days of angry debate and threats 
of violence from the people, Hebert was released, and the 
commission was suppressed. Two days after, the Conven- 
tion, overawed by the frenzied masses which had daily be- 
sieged the building in which it sat, consented to the arrest 
of the twelve members of the commission and their sympa- 
thizers. By this act, thirty-one members, all Girondists, 
were arrested, and the mob of the capital became the real 
rulers of France (June 2, 1793). 

32. The success of the Montagnards was not obtained with- 
out some losses. One of their leaders, Marat, was stabbed in 
his bath by Charlotte Corday,* a young woman of resolute 
spirit, who had been moved by the account of the atrocities 
committed by the Jacobins. She fancied that the death of 
the leaders would put an end to the Eeign of Terror, and 
traveled from Caen {hong) to Paris with the intention of kill- 
ing either Eobespierre or Marat. Circumstances caused her 
to choose the latter, whom she dispatched in his own house 
as he lay in his bath ; but his death (July 13, 1793) was fol- 
lowed by her own only four days after, and served only to 
intensify the ferocious spirit of the Eevolutionists. 

33. Energy of the Revolutionists. — From this time 
all moderation disappeared from the councils of the Conven- 

* " Sensitive, loving, and beloved, Charlotte de Corday had, nevertheless, attained her 
twenty-fifth year without letting her heart be swayed by personal feelings. Neither her 
friendship for a few girls of her own age, nor her affectionate sympathy for a compan- 
ion of her childhood, a young man who adored her, held the first place in her self-cen- 
tered soul. Private affections counted little with her in comparison with the sufferings 
of her country. She felt that she belonged first of all to France— to the republic."— 
Henri Martin's History of France. 



32. Give an account of the assassination of Marat. What was the fate of Charlotte 
Corday ? 

33. What clangers now threatened France ? What measures were taken to meet 
them ? What did Carnot accomplish ? 



282 bevolutio:n"aky frakce. [a. ». 1793. 

tion. Many departments refused to sanction its violent acts ; 
Lyons, Bordeaux, and Marseilles rose in revolt ; the opposi- 
tion in La Vendee assumed larger proportions ; and the prep- 
arations of the Coalition became daily more formidable. To 
meet these dangers, the Eeyolutionists put forth gigantic 
efforts, and ruled with the most merciless and arbitrary se- 
verity. Taxes were imposed upon all provisions and mer- 
chandise sold, merchants were compelled to sell under pen- 
alty of death, and a levy en masse was made of the entire 
population of Trance. By these extraordinary means, Carnot 
{car -no'), the new minister of war, was enabled to place in 
the field fourteen armies, containing 1,200,000 men.* 

34. Success of the Republican Generals. — The 
wonderful vigor shown by the Eevolutionists gave sufccess to 
the arms of the republic in every quarter. ^Oarteau [car -to'), 
in the south, defeated his opponents twice in the summer, 
and followed them as far as Toulon, which was held by the 
English with their fleet ; Houchard (hoo-shar'), in the north, 
gained a victory over the Duke of York (September 8) ; 
Kellermann, after a seventy-six days' siege, took the city of 
Lyons f (October 9) ; and Jourdan (zlwor-dahri), who had 
succeeded Houchard in the north, defeated the Prince of 
Coburg; while Hoche {libsh) and Pichegru (peesh-groo') 
were equally successful in the north-east and east. 

35. Death of the Queen. — The acknowledgment of the 

* A law was passed which compelled all male citizens hetween the ages of fifteen and 
twenty-five to hold themselves in readiness to join the army at a moment's notice. Mar- 
ried men were to be employed in the manufacture of arms and the transportation of 
baggage and provisions, while women were to serve in the hospitals, or busy themselves 
in the making of clothing and tents. Even children and old people were forced to assist 
in the general defense ; the former by scraping lint, the latter by addresses and encour- 
aging counsel. To effect all this, the most stringent laws were passed, the most odious 
being that by which any one suspected of opposition to the revolution -could be imme- 
diately arrested. The guillotine also was kept constantly busy ; in every city ruled by 
the Revolutionists it was set up, and crowds perished daily. Every public building be- 
came a barrack, all public places were used for the making of arms, and a requisition 
was made upon every horse for service in the army. The entire country was converted 
into a camp. 

t The punishment inflicted on the city of Lyons was of the severest kind. Three com- 
missioners were assigned to the work. Ail the principal buildings were destroyed, 
the city was deprived of its name and given over to pillage, special pains was taken to 
desecrate the churches, and an artillery fire was opened on the inhabitants indiscrimi- 
nately, by which more than 2,000 lives were lost. 



34. What success attended the armies of France ? Who commanded the armies ? 

3 5. What action of foreign powers influenced the Kevolutionsts ? What course 
was pursued with regard to the queen ? What other eminent persons suffered 
death ? 



A. ». 1793.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 283 

dauphin as King of France, by the powers of Europe, exas- 
perated the Eeyolutionists anew against the royal family, 
and their death was resolved upon. The queen was separ- 
ated from her family, and placed in the same prison with 
the Girondists. On the 14th of October, she was brought be- 
fore the Eevolutionary Tribunal, where vague charges were 
preferred against her, and after the mockery of a trial, she 
was condemned to die. Two days after (October 16, 1793), 
she was executed on the same spot where, ten months before, 
the kinsr had met his death. * Other executions followed in 
rapid succession. On the 31st of October, twenty-one of the 
Girondists, who had languished in prison since the 2d of 
June, were brought to the guillotine ; a week after (Novem- 
ber 6th), the Duke of Orleans, or Philip Egalite (d-gal-e-ta), 
as he was called, and Madame Eoland (November 9th), f met 
a similar fate. Other illustrious victims were Bailly, first 
President of the States- General, Condorcet (con-dors a'), the 
celebrated chemist Lavoisier (lah-vwah-ze-a), Malesherbes, 
the generals Biron, Brunet, Custine, and Houchard, the 
Princess Elizabeth, and nearly the whole parliament of Tou- 
louse. In Paris, Fouquier-Tinville (foo-ke-a-tan-veel') was 
the chief accuser, who designated the victims to be arrested. 
In Nantes, Carrier (car-re-d'), and in Arras, Lebon (luh- 
bong'), made themselves infamous by their wholesale and 
wanton atrocities. They were all afterward the victims of 
the popular thirst for blood which their acts had created. 
The former had been active from the first in creating dis- 
order, and had seconded all the most violent measures of the 
Bevolutionists. 



* On the day of her execution, the queen had cut off her hair, which is said to have 
turned white in a single night some time before, through terror at the scenes she had 
witnessed. Notwithstanding this, and the pallor of her countenance, her great beauty 
was still apparent. She wore a white dress, and rode in a rude cart from her prison to 
the place of execution, with her hands tied behind her, an excited mob filling the streets 
and shouting with joy all the way. 

t " A colossal statue of Liberty, composed of clay, like the liberty of the time, then 
stood in the middle of the Place de la Concorde, on the spot now occupied by the 
obelisk. . . . Madame Roland stepped lightly up to the scaffold, and bowing before the 
statute of Liberty, as though to do homage to a power for whom she was about to die, 
exclaimed, 'O Liberty! Liberty! how many crimes are committed in thy name!' She 
then resigned herself to the hands of the executioner, and in a few seconds her head fell 
Into the basket placed to receive it."— Lamartine's Histor'y of the Girondists, 



284 KEYOLUTIOXARY FRANCE. [A. ». 1793. 

36. Excesses of the Revolutionists. — The supreme 
power was now firmly held by the extremists, whose head 
was the infamous Committee of Public Safety. In addition 
to the radical changes already instituted, they now attempted 
to efface all signs and tokens of royalty by destroying the 
tombs of the kings at St. Denis. This being accomplished, 
an effort was made to abolish Christianity. It failed in the 
Convention, but was adopted by the Commune ; and an im- 
posing ceremonial was held, at which all previous forms of 
belief were solemnly renounced, and a new religion, called 
the worship of Eeason, was substituted. The cathedral of 
Notre Dame was converted into a temple of Reason, and the 
churches in Paris were either closed or changed into temples 
for the new divinity. Busts of some of the more prominent 
Revolutionists were placed in them to be worshiped, and the 
most disgraceful scenes were enacted there on the last day of 
each decade.* 

37. Death of Hebert and Danton. — The armies of 
the Republic, in the mean time, were almost everywhere suc- 
cessful. In the south, Toulon was recaptured (December 
19, 1793) through the skill and daring of Napoleon Bona- 
parte, who here appeared prominently for the first time ; 
and in La Vendee, the royalists, after many battles and the 
loss of their ablest generals, were compelled to submit. In 

* In their enthusiasm or Wind hatred of everything modern, the Revolutionists 
changed not only laws, but descended into particulars of dress and custom. In imita- 
tion of the republics of antiquity, they adopted the ancient Phrygian cap of liberty, 
which, being of a red color, was called the bonnet rouge (bon-na roozh). All rank being 
abolished, titles were useless, and every man was addressed as citizen, every woman as 
citizeness. Trees of Liberty also were planted in commemoration of the new order of 
things. The spirit of uniformity was extended into the system of weights and measures, 
and led to the adoption of the decimal svstem ; and the desire for change produced a 
complete revolution in the manner of reckoning time. The year was divided into 
twelve months, of thirty days each, and was to begin on the 22d of September, 1T92, this 
day of the month being that of the autumnal equinox. Five more days being necessary 
to complete the year, they were adopted under the name of complementary days, and. 
were set apart to be observed as national festivals. The sixth complementary day, neces- 
sary every leap year, was reserved as a holiday in commemoration of the success of the 
Revolution. The months were named anew, September being called Yendemiaire (ron- 
da-me-dr), or month of vintage ; the next, Brumaire (bru-mar), or month of fog; Fri- 
maire {free-mar'), month of sleet; Xivose (?iee-voze'), month of snow; Pluviose (plu-re- 
oze); month of rain ; Ventose (vent-oze 1 ), month of wind ; Germinal {zher-me-nal), month 
of seeds or buds ; Floreal (flo-ra-aV) , month of flowers; Praireal (pra-ru-al'}, month of 
meadows ; Messidor (mes-se-dor 1 ), month of harvest ; Thermidor (tar-me-dor') , month of 
heat; Fructidor (frook-te-dor 1 ), month of fruit. Each month was divided into three 
decades, the last day of each decade being a day of rest or recreation. 



36. What body now controlled affairs ? What excesses were committed ? Give an 
account of the worship of Reason. 

37. What progress was made by the armies ? What celebrated man now first ap- 
peared ? What happened in the Convention ? What notorious men were executed ? 



A. B. 1794.] 



BEVOLUTIO]S"AftY FRANCE. 



285 



other quarters the gains and losses were about evenly balanced. 
Dissensions, however, now became apparent in the ranks of 
the revolutionists of the Convention. A party of moderate 
men sprang up, led by Danton and Desmoulins, who strove 
to restrain the Convention in its arbitrary acts. This was 
the signal for a general disruption of parties, in which each 
faction sought the ruin of the others. The first to suffer 
were Hebert and his followers, who were executed in March, 
1794. They had been charged with aiding the foreign ene- 
mies of France, and bringing ridicule on the Eepublic. Dan- 
ton, Desmoulins, and their adherents followed the Hebert- 
ists on the 5th of April. * 

38. Power of Robespierre. — The party of Eobespierre 
now controlled the Convention, and 
governed France, and this was the 
time chosen by him to carry, out cer- 
tain projects he had long entertain- 
ed. In forming a sufficiently pow- 
erful organization, however, for his 
purpose, it was necessary for him to 
check some of the more extreme 

members of the Convention, and ally i gji 

himself with those who had been his 
opponents. He had not hesitated to 
express himself as opposed to the 
worship of Eeason, and had caused an act to be passed abol- 
ishing the new religion, and decreeing the existence of a 
Supreme Being. Shortly afterward, an impressive ceremony, 
called the Festival of the Supreme Being, took place, in which 
Eobespierre was the central figure. His vanity disgusted 




ROBESPIERRE. 



* *' Danton assumed a lofty air on the scaffold, but nature for a moment overcame his 
pride. A cry escaped him, torn from him by the remembrance of his young wife. ' Oh, 
my best beloved!' he exclaimed with moistened eyes, 'I shall never see thee more.' 
Then, as if reproaching himself for his weakness, he said aloud, ' Come, come, Dan- 
ton, no weakness.' Then he turned toward the headsman and said with an air of au- 
thority : You will show my head to the people ; it will be well worth the display ! ' His 
head fell, and the executioner, complying with his last wish, caught it from the basket 
and carried it round the scaffold. The mob applauded. Thus end favorites ! "—Lamar- 
tine's History of the Girondists. 



38. What man now controlled the Convention ? In what public ceremony did he 
engage ? What was the result ? Who were Kobespierre's principal supporters ? What 
had he become ? 



286 KEVOLUTIOXAEY FRANCE. [JL. »„ 1794. 

many ; and their fears were roused, when, two days after, a 
law was passed, by which the punishment of accused persons 
was expedited. Supported in his most infamous measures 
by St. Just (san-zhoosf) and Couthon (coo-tong'), he had be- 
come an atrocious dictator, who held the liyes of his enemies 
in his hand. 

39. Execution of Robespierre. — Bold and immediate 
action, therefore, was necessary on their part to save them- 
selves. Both sides realized that a crisis was imminent, but 
Eobespierre was the first to act. Eising in his place, he de- 
nounced the committees of the Conyention. He was an- 
swered, and a long debate ensued. The following day the 
debate became more stormy. The excitement was increased 
by the exhibition of weapons carried by the members ; and, v 
after a scene of the wildest tumult, the arrest of Robespierre 
and his brother, Couthon, St. Just, and Lebas (luli-hah'), 
was ordered by the Conyention. Robespierre was rescued, 
howeyer, by the Jacobins and Communists, and taken to the 
Hotel de Ville. The Conyention then acted with unex- 
pected resolution. It declared Robespierre and his followers 
to be outlaws, called the National Guard to its defense, and 
ordered a sufficient force to march to the Hotel de Ville and 
re-arrest the prisoners. The following day (July 28, 1794), 
he and twenty-six of his accomplices were executed with 
the liveliest manifestations of joy on the part of the fickle 
populace who had been his admirers.* 

40. Extinction of the Jacobins. — With the fall of 
Robespierre, the fortunes of the Revolution began to decline. \ 

* " When Robespierre ascended the fatal car, his head was enveloped in a bloody cloth, 
his color was livid, and his eyes sunk. When the procession came opposite his house, it 
stopped, and a group of women danced round the bier of him whose chariot-wheels they 
would have dragged the day before over a thousand victims. Eobespierre mounted the 
scaffold last, and the moment his head fell the applause was tremendous. In some cases 
the event was announced to the prisoners by the waving of handkerchiefs from the tops 
of houses/'— HazliWH French Revolution. 

t "Robespierre had the unutterable misfortune of dying the same day on which the 
Reign of Terror ended, and thus of accumulating on his name the blood of punishments 
he would fain have spared, and the curses of victims he would willingly have saved. 

39. What contest ensued? Who was the first to act? What followed ? How 
was Robespierre rescued ? What course did the Convention then rake ? 

40. What effect had the death of Robespierre on The fortunes of ihe extremists ? 
What new party names were now used ? What course did the Thermidorians take ? 
What causes enabled their opponents to check them ? What club was abolished ? By 
whom was the Convention aided ? 



A. D. 1795.] KEVOLUTICWAEY PRANCE. 287 

The Convention was divided into two parties, the Terror- 
ists, and their opponents, the Thermidorians. The latter 
represented the reaction against the excesses of the Keign of 
Terror, and' being in the majority, began at once to undo 
the mischievous legislation of the previous year. * After a 
long struggle, the club of the Jacobins was closed, and the 
society was abolished, and many prominent members were 
arrested (1794). The haste of the Thermidorians, however, 
was too great. The failure of the crops, and the rapid de- 
preciation of the assignats, enabled the Terrorists to rouse 
the people against the Thermidorians as enemies of the pub- 
lic welfare. Crowds gathered around the building in which 
the Convention was assembled, calling for bread, the Con- 
stitution of 1793, and the release of the " patriots " (March, 
1795). Violent discussions followed for two months, the 
Jeunesse Doree coming always to the aid of the threatened 
Convention, f 

41. At the end of that time, the authority of the Conven- 
tion was re-established, and six of its members, who had 
aided the insurgents, were condemned to death. They all 
attempted to commit suicide ; but only three were successful, 
and the others were dragged to the scaffold and executed. 
Notwithstanding the want of harmony at the capital, the re- 
publican generals still continued successful. Carnot, as Min- 
ister of War, directed operations with his usual vigor ; while 
Jourdan captured Charleroi (shar-le-rwali), and compelled 
the allies to retreat after a battle at Fleurus {fluli-roo'), 

His death was the date, and not the cause, of the cessation of Terror. Deaths would 
have ceased by his triumphs, as they did by his death. . . . This m n was, and must 
ever remain, snadowy— undefined."— Lamar-tine's History of the Girondists. 

Outside of the Convention the Thermidorians were powerfully aided by an association 
of young men of the rich and middle classes, called the Jeunesse Doree, (ghuh-ness' do- 
ra ). Their efforts were directed principally against the Jacobins, whose excesses they 
sought to check. So decidedly had public feeling in Paris turned against the extremists 
that the bust of Marat was broken, and his effigy, after being dragged about the streets, 
was thrown into the sewer. 

t "The Revolution had onlv lasted five years. These five vears are five centuries for 
France. Never, perhaps, on this earth, did anv countrv produce, in so short a space of 
time, such an eruption of ideas, men. natures, characters, geniuses, talents, catastrophes, 
crimes, and virtues. . . . Men were born like the instantaneous personification of 
things which should think, speak, or act : Voltaire, good sense : Jean Jacques Rousseau, 
the ideal ; Condorcet, calculation ; Mirabeau, impetuosity ; Vergniaud, impulse ; Danton, 
audacity; Marat, fury; Madame Roland, enthusiasm; Charlotte Corday, vengeance; 
Robespierre, Utopia; St. Just, the fanaticism of the Revolution."— Lamartine's History 
of the Revolution. 



41 



Which party was finally victorious ? What progress did the armies make ? 



288 REVOLUTIONAKY FEAXCE. [A.D.I 79 5. 

which placed the Netherlands at his mercy (1794) ; Pichegru 
(peesh-groo') repulsed them in Brabant ; and Hoche, jon the 
Rhine, driving back Wurmser and the Duke of Brunswick, 
captured Spire and Worms. The army of the Alps had pre- 
viously opened the route to Italy, and Dugommier (du-gom- 
me-a), commanding that of the Pyrenees, after a decisive 
victory, began to prepare for the invasion of Spain. 

42. Conquest of Holland. — During the following win- 
ter (1794-5), Holland was conquered by Pichegru, who 
crossed the Meuse and the Waal on the ice, entered Amster- 
dam, and organizing the country as a republic, annexed it 
to the territory of France. * This important success led to 
a treaty of peace with Prussia, which was concluded at Basle 
(April 5, 1795). The successes of the French along the line 
of the Pyrenees disposed Spain to similar action ; and a 
treaty was signed, by which she agreed to recognize the 
French Eepublic, and to exchange that part of St. Do- 
mingo then held by Spain for the recent conquests of the 
French beyond the Pyrenees. 

43. The Royalists were still strong in the south of France, 
and constant struggles took place between them and the 
Republicans. In many of the large cities, the former rose 
against their adversaries, and, throwing them into prison^ 
repeated the scenes that had become so familiar during the 
Reign of Terror. In the midst of these excesses, an expedi- 
tion, organized by the English government and French ref- 
ugees, landed on the peninsula of Quiberon (ke-ba-rong'), 
with the intention of reviving in Brittany a war similar to 
that which had just been subdued in La Vendee. Fifteen 
hundred refugees, a like number of Chouans f {shoo-ahng'), 
and nearly six thousand paroled prisoners were landed from 

* This brilliant military feat owed its success partly to the excessive cold of the "winter 
of 1794-5. So extreme was it that, when the French reached Amsterdam, their cavalry 
and artillery advanced on the ice of the Zuyder Zee to the attack of the Dutch fleet, 
which had attempted to escape, but was frozen fast. 

t These were bands of lawless adventurers, who were not sufficiently strong to consti- 
tute an army, but who infested Brittany, committing their depredations in the night- 
time. Hence their name, from chouan, the French word for owl. 



42. Give an account of the conquest of Holland. What powers now signed trea- 
ties of peace ? What advnntages did France derive from these treaties ? 

43. Describe the expedition of Quiberon and its result. Who were the Chouans f 



A. ». 1795.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 289 

an English fleet, but were attacked and cut to pieces by 
Hoche (1795).* 

44. The Directory. — The defects in the new system 
of government had now become plain by experiment, and 
public opinion was ripe for a change. A new constitution 
was, therefore, prepared, which provided for two legislative 
bodies — the Council of Five Hundred, and the Council of 
the Ancients, f The executive power was lodged in a Direc- 
tory, appointed by the Council of Ancients, and consisting 
of five members, one of whom was replaced every year. The 
action of the Directory was governed by a majority vote, and 
each member served as presiding officer three months. 

45. Attack on the Convention. — Napoleon Bona- 
parte. — To prevent the Eoyalists from getting control of 
the new government, it was decreed by the Convention that 
two-thirds of the members composing the councils should 
be chosen from those then sitting in the Convention, leav- 
ing only one-third to be elected by the people. An out- 
break followed at once, the Royalists inciting the sections of 
Paris against the Convention, which leaned on the army for 
support. A committee of public safety, consisting of five 
members, was organized ; and General Menou (me-noo') was 
placed in command of the forces at the disposal of the Con- 
vention. Proving incompetent, he was replaced by Barras 
(lar-rah'), who called to his aid Napoleon Bonaparte, a 

* Only a few days before this the dauphin died. He had been separated from his 
mother just before her execution, and consigned for education to an illiterate cobbler 
named Simon. By him and his successor he was subjected to a course of systematic de- 
privation and cruelty which resulted in his death (June 8, 1795). Of this unfortunate 
child Carlyle says : " The boy, once named Dauphin, was taken from his mother while yet 
she lived, and given to one Simon, by trade a cordwainer, on service then about the 
Temple-Prison, to bring him up in the principles of Sansculottism. Simon raught him to 
drink, to swear, to sing the Carmagnole. Simon is now gone to the Municipality ; and 
the poor boy, hidden in a tower of the Temple, from which, in his fright and bewilder- 
ment and early decrepitude, he wishes not to stir out, lies perishing, his shirt not 
changed for six months ; amid squalor and darkness, lamentably, so as none but poor 
factory children and the like are wont to perish, and not be lamented."— Carlt/le's 
French Revolution. 

t The former was to consist of five hundred members, each not less than thirty years of 
age, one-third of their number retiring annually ; their business was to propose new 
laws. The latter consisted of two hundred and fifty members of not less than forty years 
each, one-third retiring annually ; their office being to confirm or reject the laws sub- 
mitted by the other council. 



44. Why was it thought best to prepare a new Constitution ? What three bodies 
now formed the government ? Give an account of each. 

45. Why was it decided to require two-thirds of the new members to betaken f-om 
the C< mvent ion ? To what did this lead ? How was the Convention defended ? What 
course did Napoleon Bonaparte pursue ? 

13 



290 REYOLTJTIOKAEY FRANCE. [A. ». 1795. 

young officer of artillery, who had distinguished himself at 
Toulon. The latter armed the members of the Convention, 
surrounded the building with troops, and sweeping all the 
approaches with artillery, broke completely the force of the 
attack (October 5, 1795). 

46. The Convention, finding its authority unquestioned, 
proceeded to the formation of the councils, and to the choice 
of a Directory. Then, having passed certain measures for the 
pacification of the country, it ended its labors (1795). The 
following day the councils began their sessions. The five 
members of the Directory * were chosen by the Council of 
the Ancients, and entered at once upon their duties (Novem- 
ber, 1795). The situation in which they were placed, how- 
ever, was difficult in the extreme. The impulse with which 
the Eevolution had begun was nearly exhausted, and three 
years of internal disorder and foreign conflict had produced 
a widespread feeling of weariness and exhaustion. The 
treasury was empty, the assignors had depreciated enor- 
mously, the army was wretchedly clad, and ill supplied with 
arms, and trade and commerce were almost destroyed. 

47. In the improvement of the finances, the Directory was 
only partially successful, f The efforts of the allies, how- 
ever, were fortunately slackened at this time by the with- 
drawal of Spain and Prussia, the former entering into an 
alliance with France against England. Hoche, also, had 
pacified La Vendee by concessions, and destroyed the Chou- 
ans of Brittany. Fresh troubles sprang up, however, at 
home. Democrats and Eoyalists became dissatisfied with 
the Directory ; and the former, under the lead of Babceuf 
(lali-buf), entered into a conspiracy to overthrow the Di- 
rectory, create a new convention, and usher in a reign of 

* They were Barras, Carnot, Letourneur (.li(h-toor-nur'), Eewbel (ru-beV), and La Re- 
veillere-Lepeaux (lah ra-va-yar' luh-po). Of these, Carnot was best known. 

t A temporary relief was found in the issue of a new kind of obligation called mandate 
(man-dak), but these soon depreciated as low as the assignats. 

46. What did the Convention do before it adjourned ? When did the councils be^in 
their sessions ? What difficulties did the Directory encounter ? 

47. Was the Directory successful in its treatment of ihe finances? What events 
favorable to France happened at this time ? Give an account of the conspiracy of 
Babceuf. 



A.D.I 796.] KEVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 291 

happiness for all by an equal division of property. In this 
plot, members of the Convention, a portion of the army, and 
the lawless classes who had formed the party of the Monta- 
gnards, participated. It was discovered, however, in season, 
and its two principal instigators committed suicide (May, 
1796). 

48. Campaign in Italy. — The military forces of the Ke- 
public, at this time, were disposed as follows : in the west, an 
army of observation under Hoche ; in the north, another under 
Jourdan ; in the north-east, a third under Moreau ; and in 
the south-east, a fourth under Bonaparte. * Austria and Eng- 
land being the most powerful allies against France, a com- 
bined movement of the armies was resolved upon against the 
former. The army of Italy was the first to move. In the 
spring of 1796, Bonaparte set out from Mce, and skirting the 
southern slope of the Alps, crossed them with 38,000 men. 
Then descending into the plains of Piedmont, by a number 
of brilliant movements, f he entirely defeated the Austrians in 

* Napoleon Bonaparte, who at this time hegan the brilliant military career which was 
destined to shed such luster on the arms of France, was born at Ajaccio in the island of 
Corsica, on the 15th of August, 1769, and was the second of eight children. Corsica hav- 
ing been annexed to France in 1768, he was a French subject at the time of his birth, 
though his parents were Italian. He was sent to the military school at Brienne, and 
afterward to that of Paris, from which he entered the artillery as a lieutenant. He ap- 
pears to have attracted the attention of some of his instructors, but his extraordinary 
military genius was not generally suspected. For some years his life was one of ob- 
scurity, his time being passed in the monotonous routine of the garrison, and his politi- 
cal opinions being apparently unsettled. When Paoli attempted to deliver Corsica to 
the English in 1793, Bonaparte formed one of the expedition which endeavored to pre- 
vent it. The expedition failed, and he fled to Marseilles, where he lived with his mother 
and sisters in poverty. When the republican army attacked Toulon, in December, 1793, he 
was intrusted with the command of the artillery, but accomplished little, because his 
advice was always overruled in council. A new general being placed in command, 
Bonaparte submitted his plans to him, and they were approved both by his general and 
the representatives of the Convention, who had been sent to Toulon to inquire into the 
want of success which attended the s.ege. His plan, which consisted in storming a high 
point which commanded both the city and the English fleet lying in the harbor, was suc- 
cessfully carried out, and resulted in the capture of the city. The defeat of the Thermi- 
dorians again cast him into obscurity, from which he emerged on the 5th of October, 
1795, when his artillery swept the streets of Paris with grape, and saved the Directory 
from the fury of the mob. H.s remarkable success in the campaign of Italy exl orted the 
admiration of Europe, and in a few years he rose to the height of power, and succeeded 
more thoroughly than any other man of modern times in identifying his personal for- 
tunes with those of the country which he served. 

t At the beginning of the Italian campaign, the old generals of the Army of Italy could 
ill conceal their surprise and dissatisfaction when they saw the stripling whom the 
Directory had sent to be their commander. When the council of war which h^ called, 
however, had ended, Massena said with emphasis to Augereau, as they went away, " We 
have found our master at last." Before Bonaparte entered upon the Italian campaign, he 
issued the following inspiring address to the army : " Soldiers, you are badly fed and al- 
most naked. Your country owes you much, but can do little for you. Your patience and 
courage do you honor, but can give you neither glory nor profit. I have come to lead 
you into the most fertile plains in the world : there you wi.l find large cities, rich prov- 
inces, honor, glory, and wealth. Soldiers of Italy, will you fail in courage ? " 



48. Where were the French armies placed? What plan of campaign was decided 
upon ? Who was the first to move ? What did Bonaparte accomplish in Italy ? 



292 REVOLUTIONARY PEAXCE. [A. 1>. 1797. 

a series of rapid engagements, capturing a large part of their 
army. * 

49. Entering the Venetian territory, in consequence of 
hostilities committed against the French, he captured the 
city of Venice, and overturned that ancient republic (1797). 
The emperor was at length compelled to assent to the terms 
of the treaty of Cam'po For'nii-o, by which an independent 
commonwealth was established in northern Italy, called the 
Cisalpine Republic, and the city of Venice was ceded to Aus- 
tria (October 17, 1797). In the mean time, Jourdan and Mo- 
reau, having been defeated by the Archduke Charles — a very 
able general — had been compelled to retreat to the French 
frontier, and thus were prevented from co-operating with Na- 
poleon. This brilliant campaign of less than a year excited 
the greatest enthusiasm in France, and lifted the young 
general, who had conducted it, to the first place among the 
generals of his time. Napoleon Bonaparte was twenty-seven 
years of age when he entered upon the campaign of Italy. 
With less than 60,000 men, he had fought twelve pitched 
battles in ten months, defeated three powerful armies, sev- 
eral times reinforced and amounting in all to 200,000 men, 
and sent to France 50,000,000 francs. 

50. The Plot of the 18th Fructidor.— While the 
Eepublic was thus successful abroad, at home it was threat- 
ened with dangerous dissensions. In May, 1797, the first 
elections for members of the councils were held, and many 
Royalists were returned. Their first action was an attempt 
to regain power. They elected two of their number to the 

* " The terrible passage of the Bridge of Lodi carried his name to the highest pitch, 
while the great personal bravery he displayed in it endeared him to the troops. The men 
who cannot always appreciate military genius and science, know perfectly well how to 
estimate courage, and they soon idolize a commander that shows himself ready to share 
in their greatest dangers. It was on this occasion that the soldiers gave Bonaparte the 
honorary and affectionate nickname of the 'Little Corporal.' He was then slight in fig- 
ure, and had almost an effeminate appearance. ' It was a strange sight,' says a Frencr 



veteran, 'to see him on that day on foot on the bridge, under a Feu cVEnfer, and mixed 

" "ke a little boy.' "—Bourienne's Memoirs. 



up with our tall grenadiers— he looked like 



49. What did he enter? Why? What city did he capture? What treaty was 
mad'^ ? Tts terms ? What h.npppned to the other divisions of the army ? 

50. With what wa* the Republic threatened ? What was the result of the elec- 
tion ? What were the first measures adopted ? What course was taken by the Re- 
publicans ? What by Ausereau ? What was then done ? What general was deposed ? 
What general died ? Wnat is said of Hoche ? 



A. D. 1797.] 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 



293 



presidency of the councils,* and to the vacancy in the Di- 
rectory ; while many acts which favored their cause, by re- 
pealing previous acts of the Eepublicans, were passed. The 
Eepublicans, however, though in a minority, took decisive 
measures. Belying upon the army, they called Augereau, 
with 12,000 men, to Paris, where he surrounded the hall in 
which the councils were in session, and restored the Bepub- 
licans to power. The latter repassed the laws which had 
been repealed, and arrested and sentenced to transportation 
forty members of the Council of Five Hundred, eleven of the 
Ancients, and two Directors, Carnot and Barthelemy (Sep- 




TOMB OF HOCHE. 



tember 4, 1797). The councils were revolutionized by de- 
claring the elections in forty-eight departments void, and 
filling the vacant seats with Eepublican deputies, while the 
two proscribed Directors were also replaced by Eepublicans. 
Moreau was also suspected of royalist tendencies, and de- 
posed from his command. Hoche, who succeeded him in 
the command of the two armies of the Ehine, died shortly 
after his promotion, at the age of twenty-nine. The memory 
of Hoche is still honored annually in France. 

* Pichegru, who had become a Royalist, was made president of the Council of "Five 
Hundred, and Barbe" Marbois (bar-ba ' mar-bwah') of the Ancients. 



294 EEVOLUTIONAEY FRANCE. [A. D. 1798. 

51. The terms of the armistice of Leoben foreshadowed 
such an increase of the territory of France that England 
would not agree to them, but continued the war. The treaty 
of Oampo Formio, however, ended the war on the Continent ; 
and Napoleon returned to Paris, where he was received with 
the most emphatic manifestations of joy and enthusiasm. 
The popular discontent, however, was still general and out- 
spoken, on account of the enormous taxes and the stagna- 
tion of the industries of the country ; and a new war was 
decided upon. Preparations were made for a descent upon 
England ; but, before they were matured, the Vaudois (vo- 
dwah'), oppressed by the canton of Berne, called the French 
to their aid, and the war which ensued ended in the annex- 
ation of Geneva to France, and the re- organization of Swit- 
zerland as an ally of France, under the name of the Helvetian 
Republic. 

52. Expedition to Egypt. — The same fate overtook 
Rome, against which France made war on account of an 
insult offered to the French ambassador. Berthier entered 
the city (February, 1798), deposed the Pope, and established 
a republic. In the mean time, the expedition designed to 
operate against England left Toulon ; but instead of attack- 
ing England directly, it sailed for Egypt, with the intention 
of menacing the English possessions in India. It consisted 
of a fleet of 400 vessels, and a part of the army of Italy, the 
whole commanded by Napoleon, who was accompanied by 
many of the marshals who had won their fame under his 
leadership, and by many artists and men of science and of 
letters. 

53. Battle of the Pyramids. — On the 12th of June, 
Malta was captured without a blow ; and, on the 1st of 
July, the army landed in Egypt, and, the following day, 

51. What power refused to recognize the armistice of Leoben ? What did the 
treaty of Campo Formio end ? How was Napoleon. received at Paris ? What expedi- 
tion was now decided upon ? What led to the establishment of the .Helvetian Kepub- 
lic? 

52. What political change took place in Eome ? Give an account of the expedition 
to Egypt. Who commanded it ? By whom was he accompanied ? 

53. Whatwere i? first captures? Who were Napoleon's antagonists at the batile 
of the Pyramids ? What events followed the battle ? 



A. D. 1798.] KEVOLUTIOKAEY PEANCE. 295 

captured Alexandria. The march upon Cairo was then he- 
gun. Here, for the first time, the French encountered the 
famous Mameluke horsemen of Egypt, who harassed them 
on the march, and finally made a stand which brought on 
a general action near the Pyramids * (July 21, 1798). In 
this battle, Napoleon, by a skillful disposition of his infan- 
try, completely neutralized the peculiar advantages which 
the Mamelukes f had so long enjoyed, and, defeating them, 
took possession of Cairo, and subdued lower Egypt. J While 
he was organizing a government for the country which he 
had conquered, he learned with astonishment of the destruc- 
tion of his fleet. 

54. Naval Battle at Aboukir. — He had given orders 
to Admiral Brueys (bru-d') to enter the port of Alexandria 
with his squadron, or, if that were not possible, to sail for 
Malta ; but the admiral disobeyed these orders, and an- 
chored his fleet in the bay of Aboukir {ab-oo-heer'). Here 
he was attacked by the English under Nelson (August 1), 
and after a battle which lasted from three o'clock in the after- 
noon till the following day, the French fleet was destroyed 
or dispersed, and the English remained masters of the Med- 
iterranean. By this disaster, the retreat of the land forces 
was entirely cut off. Napoleon turned his energies to the 
improvement of the country, giving special attention to 
agriculture and the establishment of new industries. He 
also ordered an examination of the ancient monuments of 
upper Egypt. 

* It was before this battle that Napoleon, calling the attention of his soldiers to the 
Pyramids which towered above them, issued the stirring address, " Soldiers, forty cen- 
turies look down upon you ! " 

t The Mamelukes (a word meaning in Arabic, Slav es).were of Turkish origin, and were 
bought by the Sultan of Egypt and placed in the army. In 1254, they had advanced to 
such a degree of power, that they made one of their number sultan, and founded a 
dynasty which occupied the throne of Egypt for centuries. 

t " Nothing in war was ever seen more desperate than the charge of the Mameluke 
cavalry. Failing to force their horses through the French squares, individuals were seen 
to wheel them round, and rein them back on the ranks, that thev might disorder them 
by kicking. As they became frantic with despaii they hurled at the phalanxes, which 
they could not break, their pistols, their poniards, and their carbines. Those who fell 
wounded to the ground dragged themselves on it, to cut at the legs of the French with 
their crooked sabers. But tneir efforts were all in vain."— ScotVs Life of Napoleon. 

54. Give an account of the naval enarngement of Aboukir. Who was the English 
commander? How did this engagement afiect the expedition? How did Napoleon 
occupy himself ? 



296 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. ». 1799. 

55. Turkey having declared war against France, Napoleon 
marched along the shore of the Mediterranean into Syria, 
capturing El Arish, Gaza, and Jaffa on the way. On the 
16th of April, 1799, he encountered the Turks at Mount Ta- 
bor and defeated them ; hut his victorious career was checked 
before the walls of Acre (ah' her), where the Pasha of Syria 
had taken refuge, and which was stubbornly defended by the 
English admiral, Sidney Smith. After repeated efforts to 
breach the walls without siege artillery, and seventeen at- 
tempts to storm it, Napoleon abandoned the siege and re- 
turned to Egypt. On his arrival, he learned that 18,000 
Turks had been landed at Aboukir. Notwithstanding the 
decrease of his force by pestilence and its arduous service in 
Syria, he attacked the Turkish army and completely de- 
stroyed it (July 24, 1799).* 

56. Though Napoleon was now master of Egypt, his 
communications with France were entirely severed, while 
her political condition gave him great anxiety. On the 11th 
of May, 1798, the Directory had interfered arbitrarily in the 
elections and raised up many enemies ; and, in the spring 
of the following year, another coalition of the powers of 
Europe \ was formed against France. 'In view of the latter, 
a conscription law was passed, which added 100,000 to the 
French army. The Eussians, under Suwarrow (su-or'ro), 
marched into northern Italy, and uniting with the Austrians, 
defeated the French armies in several battles, in the last 
of which Joubert was killed (August 15). This action 
ended for .a time the power of the French in Italy, and made 
the Directory very unpopular. 

57. At home, the quarrels between the councils and the 

* It was at the close of this dav that Kleber. moved to enthusiasm hy the magnitude 
of the victory, exclaimed as he embraced Napoleon, "Your greatness is like that of the 
world ! " 

t This coalition included England, Austria, Russia, a part of Germany, Naples, Pied- 
mont, and Turkey. 

5 5. Give an account of the invasion of Svria. Where was Napoleon repulsed ? 
Give an account of the attack on Acre. In whar battle did he engage on his return 
to Ejvpt? 

56. What save Napol on anxietv? What course had the Directory pursued? 
What coalition" was formed a? dn-t France ? What took place ; n Italy ? 

57. What quarrels were continued ? Who arrived from E^ypt? What victories 
did the French gam ? What was the result of the defeat of Suwarrow ? 



A. D. 1799.] KEVOLUTIOKARY FRANCE. 297 



Directory continued, both committing arbitrary and uncon- 
stitutional acts tending toward anarchy. In the mean time, 
Napoleon arrived from Egypt,* where he had left Kleber in 
command. The news of fresh victories, however, now came 
to draw the attention of France from discords at the capital. 
The English, under the Duke of York, were defeated in Hol- 
land ; and Massena defeated Suwarrow in a series of battles 
which lasted twelve days, and ended in a two days' combat at 
Zurich, where he won a victory which cost the allies 30,000 
men, and caused the withdrawal of Russia from the alli- 
ance. 




CHATEAU OF ST. CLOUD. 

58. Revolution of the 18th and 19th Brumaire. 

—In Paris, a crisis was rapidly approaching. Plots were 
maturing by several parties, but Sieves (se-es') was the first 

* He left Egypt in August, 1799, setting sail from Damietta, and crossing the Mediter- 
ranean, which was patrolled by English cruisers. He landed at Frejus, October 8, 1.99, 
and on the 21th was in Paris. Though he remained quietly at home for several days alter 
his arrival, refusing the attentions and offers of different parties, it is probable that his 
mind was made up in regard to his action in the coup (Vital of the 18th Brumaire before 
he left Egypt, as he said before sailing, "The reign of the lawyers is over. 



5 8 . What events were transpiring in Paris ? Who was the first to act ? What res- 
olution was adopted? Who had the command of the troops? What paralj'zed the 
Directory ? 

13* 



298 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. ». 1799. 

to act, having secured the co-operation of Napoleon. On 
the 9th of November, 1799, several members of the Ancients, 
who had entered into the plot, succeeded in causing the 
council to pass a resolution by which the sessions of the 
legislative bodies should be held, from that time, at St. 
Cloud (Moo'). The reason for the change was the fear that 
another Reign of Terror was about to begin. Napoleon was 
intrusted with the command of the troops necessary to make 
the transfer. The action of the Directory was paralyzed 
by the resignation of three of its members, among them 
Si eyes. 

59. Meantime Paris was filled with troops, and the build- 
ing in which the councils sat at St. Cloud was surrounded 
by them. A resolution was introduced in the Council of 
Five Hundred, that the members should renew their oaths 
to support the Constitution. It was referred to the Council 
of the Ancients, and that body was considering it when Na- 
poleon entered. He addressed them, declaring that the Con- 
stitution had been violated, that it was not strong enough to 
save France from anarchy ; he said that he had only accepted 
the command of the troops for the purpose of bringing the 
strong arms of the nation to the support of the deputies 
who constituted its head, and ended by promising to resign 
his power as soon as the danger was passed. He afterward 
entered the hall of the Five Hundred with four grenadiers 
to make a similar speech, when the whole Assembly rose as 
one man with cries of "Down with the Dictator!" and 
crowded around him, one member even attempting his life ; * 
but he was rescued by fresh arrivals of troops, and left the 
hall. In the confusion which followed, a report was cir- 
culated among the troops that the deputies had attempted 
their general's life ; and a detachment of grenadiers then 
entered the hall, and cleared it at the point of the bayonet. 

* A Corsican named Arena it is said drew a dagger, and attempted to stab him ; but 
his hand was struck up by one of the grenadiers, who received the blow in his arm. 
Some historians, however, assert that no weapons were either used or shown. 



59. What further was done ? What part did Napoleon take in effecting the revo- 
lution ? 



A. D. 1800.] EEY0LUTI0NAEY FEAtfCE. 299 



The Consulate. 

60. The Council of the Ancients, heing the only body in 
session, then passed a resolution abolishing the Directory, 
expelling sixty members from the Council of Five Hundred, 
and creating a provisional executive of three members pend- 
ing the promulgation of a new Constitution, which was to 
be prepared by two commissions of twenty-five members 
each. Bonaparte, Sieves, and Boger-Ducos (ro-zhd '-du-co') 
comprised the new executive consular commission. The 
second of these presented a Constitution to which Napoleon 
objected, the part assigned to him being a subordinate one. 
One more to his liking was passed on the 24th of December, 
1799.* It is known as the "Constitution of the Year 
VIII." By it the administration of the government was 
given to three consuls, each chosen for ten years, the first 
having almost kingly power, the other two being merely his 
advisers. \ 

61. Napoleon First Consul. — The new Constitution 
being submitted to the people was accepted by a large 
majority. Napoleon was made First Consul, and Camba- 
ceres {cam-ias-ser-rd') and Lebrun were chosen as his asso- 
ciates. Talleyrand was made Minister of Foreign Affairs, 
and Fouche (foo-sha) Minister of Police. Napoleon, whose 
power was now almost supreme, established himself in the 
Tuileries (February 19, 1800), and set himself vigorously 
to work to pacify the country and build up its ruined in- 

* The stronger will and greater ability of Napoleon made themselves felt at once, and 
soon gave him the ascendency in the commission. No one perceived this more clearly 
than his associates, especially Sieyes, who referring to him, said, " We have now a mas- 
ter ; he not only wishes to do everything, but sees the way, and has the power to do it." 

t The laws were to be prepared by a Council of State, the members of which were ap- 
pointed by the consuls, and could be removed by them. They were then submitted to 
a Tribunate, of 100 members for examination, and were adopted or rejected by a legiflatfre 
bodn of 300 members. Finally, a Senate of 80 members appointed for life was created to 
decide whether laws were constitutional. As the members of the Tribunate and the 
legislative body were chosen by tr e Senate, and this in turn was the creation of the con- 
suls, it will be seen that the First Consul was almost the only power in France. 

60. Whatmeasnres did the Council of the Ancients take? Who were chosen to the 
Consular Commission? What were the principal features of the Constitution of the 
Year VIII.? 

61 . Who was chosen First Consul ? Who were his associates? To what did Na- 
poleon now devote himself ? 



300 KEVOLUTIONAEY EEAN/CE. [A. ». 1800. 

dustries. The system of local government was entirely 
changed, party leaders who had been banished were per- 
mitted to return, freedom of worship was guaranteed, and 
strenuous efforts were made to heal party divisions and to 
unite all Frenchmen in a movement for the regeneration of 
France. 

62. The royalist feeling in La Vendee still creating dis- 
turbances there, Napoleon invited the chiefs of the move- 
ment to a conference, and won them all over, except Cadou- 
dal, who, however, being without support, was obliged to 
abandon resistance. He then offered peace to England and 
Austria. The latter would not treat without consulting 
England, her ally ; and that power refused to treat except 
on terms humiliating to France. Napoleon, therefore, pre- 
pared for war. Two armies were organized : one on the 
Ehine, under Moreau ; the other, at the base of the Alps, 
under Napoleon in person. In May, 1800, the latter began 
the passage of the Alps* by way of Mount St. Bernard, 
and in a few days descended their southern slope, and placed 
his entire army across the line of retreat of the Austrian Gen- 
eral, Melas, who was besieging Massena in Genoa and pre- 
paring to invade France. 

63. Campaign in Italy. — Turning at once on his 
course, Melas fell back to Turin and began his homeward 
march. The French were vastly outnumbered, Melas hav- 
ing 130,000 men, Napoleon only 60,000. The first encoun- 
ter was at Montebello, where Lannes (Ian) with 12,000 men 
met an Austrian force of 18,000, and defeated it.f Five 

* This famous exploit was attended -with enormous difficulty and danger. Cannons 
were dismounted and placed in the trunks of trees, and then dragged by ropes over the 
snow, the mules when exhausted being relieved by relays of men. When the army 
reached the fortress of Bard, which commanded a narrow pass in the mountains, all but 
the artillery passed it in single file by a goat-path which was discovered on the opposite 
side of the defile, and so far above the fort as to be beyond the elevation of its guns. The 
artillery, however, was dragged past it in the night, in silence, and over roads which had 
been strewn with hay, straw, and earth, their wheels having been bound with wisps of 
tow to muffle their sound. The march throughout was conducted at night or in the 
early hours of the day, to avoid the avalanches which the rays of the sun occasioned. 

t For his gallantry in this action, Lannes was made Duke of Montebello. 

62. What course did Napoleon pursue with the royalists in La Vendee ? Why did 
he invade Italy ? What armies were organized ? What route did Napoleon take, and 
where did he place his army? 

63. Give an account of the battle of Montebello. Who specially distinguished 
himself there? Describe the battle of Marengo. Whose arrival decided the action 
m favor of the French ? 



A. ». 1800.] EEVOLTJTTO^ARY FEAKCE. 301 

days after, the Austrian general, with 33,000 infantry, 7,000 
cavalry, and 200 guns, made a determined attempt to open 
a way to Austria through a French force of 20,000 men 
drawn up on the plain of Marengo. After twelve hours of 
obstinate fighting, in which the battle was twice lost by the 
French, the arrival of Desaix (duh-sa) with 6,000 men 
finally decided the action in their favor.* The battle of Ma- 
rengo freed Italy a second time from Austrian rule (1800). f 
64. Events in Egypt and Germany. — Battle of 
Hohenlinden. — Negotiations for peace were at once opened 
witli Austria ; but that country was still embarrassed by its 
pledges to England, and a long delay was the result. Malta, 
in the mean time, was forced by the English fleet to sur- 
render, and the French army, which Napoleon had left in 
Egypt, and which had reconquered that country in the bat- 
tle of He-li-op'o-lis, suffered a serious loss by the assassina- 
tion of General Kleber, at the hands of a Turkish fanatic, on 
the day of the battle of Marengo. A. few months afterward 
(1801), the French conditionally surrendered to the Eng- 
lish.! In Germany, Moreau had compelled the Austrians to 
abandon Ulm and retreat to the neighborhood of Munich. 
Near that city, around the little village of Hohenlinden, 
Moreau, with 60,000 men, met the Archduke John with 
70,000 men (December, 1800), and after a night conflict 
in the forest, and in the midst of a blinding snowstorm, 

* Desaix fell pierced by a ball in the chest, shortly after he had begun his attack. His 
loss was declared by Napoleon to be " irreparable." 

t It was on Napoleon's return to Paris in the winter of 1800 that an attempt was made 
to blow him up in his carriage as he was on his way to the opera. The street was ob- 
structed by an overturned cart, under which was suspended a keg containing explosives. 
The windows of his carriage were broken> but Napoleon escaped unhurt, and attended 
the opera as though nothing had happened. The explosion killed eight persons and 
wounded more than sixty, besides shattering many houses. The plot was attributed at 
first to the Jacobins, and 130 were transported. It was afterward discovered to be the 
work of the royalists, several of whom were put to death. 

± After the death of Kleber, General Menou took command of the French army. The 
English government being resolved to expel the French from Egyrt, dispatched a force 
under Sir Ralph Abercromby, who landed with his army March 7, 1801. Battles were 
fought on the 13th and 21st ensuing, near Alexandria, in the latter of which Abercromby 
fell mortally wounded; but the English were victorious. Eosetta and Cairo were then 
taken by the English ; and finally Menou surrendered, on the condition that he and his 
army should be sent back to France. The French expedition to Egypt had no clearly de- 
fined object. The design was thought to be to threaten or assail the East Indian pos- 
sessions of England ; but in this, it was a failure. It appears to have had no other result 
than to illustrate the genius and energy of Napoleon ; and some have thought that it was 
merely intended to keep him away from the political movements of Paris. 



64. What reverses did the French suffer? What fortune attended Moreau ? Give 
an account of the battle of Hohenlinden. 



302 KEVOLUTIOKABY FRANCE. [A.D.I 802. 

routed him, and drew up his victorious army within thirty 
miles of Vienna. 

65. Treaties of Luneville and Amiens. — Austria 
was now compelled to yield to the terms which Napoleon 
imposed. These* were, that the Rhine should constitute the 
eastern boundary of France, and the Adige the western limit 
of the Austrian possessions in Italy, and that Austria should 
recognize the republics which the French had established. 
The treaty which secured these results was known as that of 
Luneville (lu'ne-veel) (February, 1801). England, as before, 
refused to take part in the treaty, and continued the war for 
another year. The successes of France, however, both in 
the field and in the cabinet, and the general desire of the 
powers of Europe for peace, induced her to sign the treaty 
of Amiens (March, 1802). By this, she recognized the 
great changes that had taken place in Europe, and restored 
to France her colonies. In St. Domingo, however, the 
natives had risen * and taken possession of the island. 
Napoleon sent an expedition (1802) to reconquer it, and was 
at first successful ; but its great distance from France, and 
the severity of the climate for Europeans, were found to be 
effective obstacles to retaining it. 

66. Re-organization of France. — Napoleon was again 
free to devote himself to reforms at home, and began the work 
at once. Roads, canals, harbors, and bridges, necessary for 
the development of the country, were constructed ; twenty- 
nine secondary schools, called lyceums, were opened in dif- 
ferent parts of France ; and cities were improved by the con- 
struction of public works, or embellished by parks and monu- 
ments which commemorated the brilliant services of the 
army, f The First Consul applied himself incessantly, also, 

* Their chief, Toussaint L'Ouverture (too-sang' loo-ver-ture'), was taken prisoner, and 
carried to France. By order of Napoleon, he was confined in prison, where he died in 
1S03, after ten months' captivity. 

t The establishment of the Legion of Honor dates from this time. It was an attempt to 
create a new order of nobility, based upon merit alone. Though it met with strong op- 
position, the act passed, and the institution still exists. 



65. What were the terms imposed by Napoleon on Austria? What was the treaty 
called? What course did England take ? What is said of St. Domingo? 

66. To what did Napoleon now devote himself ? What reforms in administration 
did he make ? How were his relations with the Pope improved ? 



A. ». 1803.] REV0LUTI0NAKY FRANCE. 303 

to reforms in administration, the chief of which were the 
collection of taxes, the division of France by a new method 
to facilitate its proper government, and the preparation 
of three new codes— civil, penal, and commercial.* The 
complaints, also, which the Pope (Pius VII.) had made 
against those articles of the French Constitution which con- 
flicted with his authority were quieted by a concordat ; and 
the services and observances of the Church were conducted 
as before. 

67. The great improvement which had taken place in the 
affairs of France, both at home and abroad, the desire that 
he who had made it should be free to continue it, and the 
gratitude felt for his great services, led the Senate to submit 
to the people a proposition to make Napoleon consul for life, 
with power to appoint his successor. This dignity was ac- 
cordingly granted (August, 1802). A fresh dispute, how- 
ever, now sprang up with England concerning Malta. By 
the treaty of Amiens, England had agreed to deliver the 
island to the Knights of St. John. She now refused to 
do it, and war was therefore declared by Napoleon (May, 
1803). A royalist plot was devised shortly after for the 
assassination of Napoleon, which was encouraged by the 
British government. Its leaders were Cadoudal, Pichegru, 
and Moreau. It was discovered, and Cadoudal and twelve 
of his accomplices were put to death, Pichegru was found 
strangled in his prison, and Moreau was banished. 

68. Execution of the Duke d'Enghien — Napo- 
leon becomes Emperor. — The Duke d'Enghein (clong- 
ghe-ahng'), in whose interest this plot was supposed to have 
been attempted, was secretly carried off from the castle 
of Ettenheim (et'ten-hime), in Baden, by order of Napo- 
leon, taken to Vincennes, tried by court-martial, and shot 

* The results reached hy the council of lawyers over which Napoleon presided were 
all brought together into one body of laws known as the Code NaiJoleon, a work of great 
merit even in the estimation of Napoleon's enemies. 



67. What change was mode at this time in the office which Napoleon held ? What 
was done with regard to Malta? What plot was formed against Napoleon ? 

68. What prominent person was executed? In what way ? What was the result? 
When did Napoleon become emperor ? What other persons received titles ? 



304 KEVOLTTTIONAKY FKANCE. [A. ». 1804. 

(March, 1804). This act intensified the hatred of the royal- 
ists against Napoleon ; and the people of France, feeling that 
he needed some additional guaranty against similar plots, 
determined not only to increase his power, but to place it 
upon so sure a basis that even his death would not prevent 
the continuation of his policy. On the 2d of December, 
1804, Napoleon was crowned Emperor of France in the 
cathedral of Notre Dame. The ceremony was performed 
by Pope Pius VII. in person, with accompaniments of more 
than ordinary splendor. On the same occasion, Josephine 
was crowned empress by Napoleon, whose brothers, Joseph 
and Louis, were made French princes, and eighteen mar- 
shals were created. * 

The Fiest Empiee. 



1§04 



69. Napoleon I. — In the midst of the festivities 

to which attended his coronation, Napoleon did not for- 
1§14 g e f- kjg g Tea t designs, one of which he now proceeded 
to execute. Recognizing England as the ruling member of 
the coalitions which were constantly being formed against 
France, he determined if possible to humiliate her. For this 
purpose he gathered a large force at Boulogne, with the inten- 
tion of making a descent upon her coast. Immense prepara- 
tions were made ; but, at the last moment, the navy failed 
to carry out the part assigned to it, and the expedition was 
abandoned. Without hesitation, Napoleon put his forces 
in motion to repel the invasion which the third coalition was 
maturing. Russia, Austria, Sweden, and Naples were to- 
gether marching to attack him. 

* Napoleon entered the cathedral wearing a golden crown of laurel, which he after- 
ward removed. The ceremony was then conducted according to ancient usage. The 
Pope anointed him with holy oil, blessed his sword and scepter, and would have crowned 
him. but Napoleon Drevented him by taking the crown with his own hands and placing it 
upon his head. He then performed a similar office for Josephine, who knelt on the steps 
before him, and both were conducted to the throne, which had been erected at the 
rear of the cathedral, while the heralds announced the coronation to the people and the 
army, who filled the air with their acclamations and the thunder of artillery. Napoleon 
was afterward crowned King of Italy, and put on at his coronation the iron crown of the 
Lombards. 

69. What project did Napoleon attempt to execute? Why did it fail ? What 
powers formed the third coalition ? 



A. I>. 1805.] 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 



305 



70. Capture of Ulm. — Battle of Trafalgar. — Trans- 
ferring his troops with great rapidity from Boulogne to the 
eastern border of France he entered Bavaria, which the Aus- 
trian forces, under the Archduke Ferdinand and General 
Mack, had invaded. By a series of brilliant maneuvers he 
captured Ulm with Mack and his army of 30,000 men, and 
entered Vienna in triumph (November, 1805). This victory 
was balanced by a serious naval defeat which took place off 
Cape Traf - al - gar', on ^^^^ . ^SBMh== 

the southern coast of : ~: w 

Spain, in which the com- 
bined French and Span- 
ish fleets were destroyed 
by that of the English 
under Nelson (October, 
1805). North of Vienna, 
a powerful Eussian army 
was advancing under the 
Emperor Alexander. At 
the approach of Napo- 
leon, Francis Joseph left 
Vienna with the force at 
his command, and has- 
tened to meet it. The 
united armies, number- 
ing 100,000 men, took 
up their position at Austerlitz, where Napoleon with 80,000 
men came up with them. 

71. Battle of Austerlitz.— Treaty of Presburg.— 
The battle began at daylight, f and was soon decided at every 

* This column was erected to commemorate the great expedition for which Napoleon 
made preparation. It is about 164 feet hish, and 13 feet in diameter ; and upon the top is 
a bronze statue of Naooleon. in his imnerial robe. 

t The "sun of Austerlitz " was freouently referred to by Napoleon in after life. The 
campaign which terminated at that place was remarkable for the severity of the weather 
through which it was conducted. Driving storms of rain and sleet constantly attended 





N^jgjr^*' 



COLUMN OF BOULOGNE. 



70. In what way did Napoleon meet the next attack ? Who were his antagonists J 
What was his first success ? What reverse did the navy of France experience ? Why 
did not the canture of Vienna end the war? 

7 1 . Describe the battle of Austerlitz. What treaty followed it ? What terms were 
granted to Russia and Austria ? How was the Confederation of the Rhine formed ? 



306 EEVOLUTIOXAEY EEAXCE. [A. D. 1806. 

point in favor of the French, owing to the masterly ma- 
neuvers of Napoleon (December 2, 1805). The Emperor of 
Austria came in person to treat for peace. Alexander -was 
permitted to return to Russia with his army ; and a treaty 
was signed at Presburg (December 26), by which Austria 
relinquished her claim to Venetia, Istria, and Dalmatia, 
which were added to the kingdom of Italy, and surrendered 
Suabia and the Tyrol to the ally of France, Bavaria. Seve- 
ral German principalities were abolished, and the Dukes of 
Wurtemberg and Bavaria received the title of king, in rec- 
ognition of their services as allies. The G-erman Empire, 
which had existed since the time of Charlemagne, was abol- 
ished ; and sixteen princes in the south and west of Germany 
were united, forming the Confederation of the Ehine, which 
was placed under the protection of Napoleon. * 

72. Other changes rapidly followed. In England, Pitt 
died (January, 1806) ; in Italy, the Bourbon King Ferdi- 
nand IV., who had aided the allies, was deposed, and was 
succeeded by Napoleon's brother Joseph, as king of the Two 
Sicilies (March) ; the kingdom of Holland was re-established 
in favor of another brother, Louis (June) ; two of his sisters 
received duchies in Italy; Murat (mu-raJi'), who had mar- 
ried a third, was created Grand Duke of Cleves and Berg ; 
and Berthier (jbdr-te-a), Napoleon's chief of staff, was re- 
warded with the principality of Neufchatel (nush-ah-teV), 
in Switzerland. Napoleon hoped thus to surround France 
with friendly powers, which should serve as a bulwark 
against his enemies. Scarcely had he reached Paris, how- 
it. The officer sent by Napoleon to demand the surrender of TJlm conld scarcely find a 
trumpeter to accompany him, the soldiers on all the advanced posts having: been forced 
to seek shelter from the blinding rain. Napoleon himself frequently rode for days to- 
gether with soaked and dripping garments. The morning of the battle of Austerlitz, 
however, was clear and cold, and a bright sun rose, as if to guide him to victory. It was 
the anniversary of his coronation. 

* On his return from Austerlitz. Napoleon was received with unbounded enthusiasm. 
Such astonishing military exploits had never before been witnessed. The Senate con- 
ferred upon him the title of " The Great," and the bronze cannon which he had captured 
were melted and converted into a column to commemorate his victories— the Column of 
the Grand Army, in the Place Vendome. It was at this time that Napoleon obliterated 
the last trace of the republic by suppressing the republican calendar and restoring the 
Gregorian. 



72, What were the principal changes which occurred in Europe? On whom were 
dignities conferred ? What did Napoleon hope to do ? 



A. ». 1S06. 



REVOLUTIONAKY PRANCE. 



307 



ever, on his triumphant return from Austerlitz, when news 
of another invasion reached him. 

73. The Fourth Coalition. — In the campaign just 
ended, Prussia had intended to take part * against Napoleon, 
with an army of 200,000 men ; but the rapidity and aston- 
ishing success of the French emperor's movements prevented 
her from acting ; indeed, the campaign was over before she 
could move. Supported by Russia, she now put her troops 




COLTTMN OP THE GRAND AKMT. 

in motion toward France, but without waiting for her ally 
to come up. The Duke of Brunswick, with nearly 200,000 
men, began his march, and was leisurely concentrating his 
forces when he learned, with amazement, that the French 
emperor, with a powerful army, was on his left, and on the 
point of cutting off his communication with the capital. 

* The Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia had been pledged In the most impres- 
sive manner to continue the war against France, by the ingenuity of the beautiful Queen 
of Prussia, who conducted them at midnight to the tomb of Frederick the Great, and 
there bound them by a solemn oath. 



73. What countries entered into the fourth coalition? What general took the field 
against Napoleon ? How was the Prussian army divided? What loss did the Prus- 
sians suffer in the battles of Jena and Auerstadt? 



308 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. ». 1807. 

The Prussian army was in two divisions : one of 60,000 
men at Jena (ya'nah), the other at Auerstadt (ow'er-staht), 
twelve miles distant. With his wonted skill and celerity 
Napoleon made a sudden attack upon each in succession, 
and gained a decisive victory (October 14, 1806).* 

74. The Berlin Decree.— Battle of Eylau.— The 
French forces rapidly pursued the fleeing Prussians, and 
compelled them to surrender, successively occupying all the 
strong places of the Elbe and the Oder, including Magde- 
burg. Napoleon continued his march to Berlin, which he 
entered in triumph, f There he issued his famous decree, 
declaring the ports of Great Britain in a state of blockade, 
and closing those of the Continent to her commerce. He 
then directed his march upon Warsaw, intending to winter 
there in order to meet the Bussian Emperor, who was ad- 
vancing with a formidable army, and with whom the King 
of Prussia had taken refuge. A series of combats ensued 
north of Warsaw ; and the two armies finally met at Eylau 
(i'loiv), where an obstinate battle was fought in a blinding 
storm of snow, without decisive result (February, 1807). 
Both sides were so badly crippled by this action, and the 
severity of the season was so great, that nearly all operations 
were suspended for the winter. Napoleon then laid siege 
to Dantzic, which capitulated after a siege of fifty-one days. 

75. Battle of Friedland. — Peace of Tilsit. — In the 
summer, the contest was renewed, and terminated by the 
French in a short and brilliant campaign. A new allied 
army of 140,000 men suddenly advanced against Napoleon, 
hoping to find the ample forces at his command scattered 

* The carnage was fearful. The Prussians lost 20,000 killed ; and 20,000 were taken pris- 
oners, besides losing 300 pieces of artillery and 60 standards. The military force of 
Prussia was almost annihilated in a single hattle. 

t •• Of 160,000 men who marched to meet us, 25,000 were either killed or wounded, 100,000 
taken prisoners, 35,000 dispersed, and not one of them able to reoass the Oder. Magde- 
burg, Spandau, Custria, Stettin— all the strong places of the Elbe and the Oder were 
occupied by us. In one month (from October 8th to November 8th), the Prussian mon- 
archy had ceased to exist."— Duruifs History of France. 



74. What further successes did Napoleon meet with ? What was the Berlin De- 
cree? Why did the French proceed to Warsaw? What battle was fought ? What 
city was captured by the French ? 

75. Give an account of the battle of Friedland. To what peace did this lead? 
What changes of territory were made by the peace of Tilsit ? 



A. D. 1807.1 KEV0LUTI0NARY FRANCE. 309 

beyond supporting distance oyer the region between the Nie- 
men and the Vistula. A series of combats took place, which 
ended in the battle of Friedland {freed' land), where the 
strength of the allies was utterly broken (June 14).* This 
signal victory was followed by the peace of Tilsit, f by which 
Prussia was shorn of some of her possessions in the south. 
The new kingdom thus created was known as that of West- 
phalia, over which Napoleon's youngest brother, Jerome, 
was made king ; and Prussian Poland was re-organized un- 
der the name of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and placed 
under the protection of Saxony. 

76. Bombardment of Copenhagen. — Invasion of 
Portugal. — Napoleon was now at the height of his power. 
He had humbled his most formidable adversaries on the Con- 
tinent, and surrounded his empire with a girdle of friendly 
States, dependent for their very existence upon his will. 
England, however, the soul of all the recent coalitions 
against him, remained, by reason of her powerful navy, 
almost untouched. His efforts to build up a navy strong 
enough to compete with hers having failed, he now devoted 
himself to cutting her off from the trade of Europe by per- 
fecting the means of enforcing the Berlin decree. England 
issued retaliatory decrees, bombarded Copenhagen, and cap- 
tured the Danish fleet, on the pretext that Denmark was in 
danger of being drawn into the coalition of the northern 
powers of Europe, which Napoleon had succeeded in forming 
against her. The latter then sent Junot (zhoo-no') to invade 
Portugal, whose ports had been left open to the commerce 

* By this victory, 60,000 Russians were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners, 120 cannon 
were captured, and the port of Konigsburg, with 300 vessels laden with military stores 
and 160,000 muskets, fell into the hands of the French. 

t The ceremonies attending the meeting of the emperors before the peace of Tilsit 
were devised by Napoleon, and were accompanied with much splendor and dramatic 
effect. A richly decorated raft was moored in the middle of the river Niemen between 
the two armies, and in view of a multitude of people who crowded the banks. At the ap- 
pointed time, the Emperors of France and Eussia approached in boats from the opposite 
shores, and, meeting on the canopied raft, embraced each other and consulted together. 
This ceremony was repeated on the following day, the King of Prussia accompanying 
the Emperor Alexander. The latter afterward took up his residence with Napoleon in 
Tilsit. 



TO. What was Napoleon's position amona; the monarchs of Europe at this time? 
How did he attempt to injure England? Why did England bombard Copenhagen? 
What took place in Portugal ? 



310 KEYOLUTIO^AEY FKAKCE. [A. ». 1808. 

of England. The royal family fled at his approach, and 
sailed for Brazil (November, 1807). 

77. Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain. — The anarchy 
which existed in Spain, caused by the dissatisfaction of the 
people with their dissolute Court, and the intrigues of the 
latter against Napoleon while he was absent on his Prussian 
campaign, induced him to take advantage of the opportunity 
offered at this time for strengthening his power in the Penin- 
sula. He compelled the royal family of Spain to abdicate in 
his favor, and transferred his brother Joseph from the throne 
of Naples to that of Spain, Joseph's place at Naples being 
given to Murat. The Continental policy of Napoleon had for 
some time met with serious opposition in Italy, the Pope es- 
pecially having incurred his displeasure to such an extent 
that portions of his territory had been wrested from him, and 
annexed to the kingdom of Italy. The Pope objected also 
to the religious administration of Napoleon in Spain and 
Portugal ; and the general discontent produced in those 
countries gave England, Napoleon's constant enemy, an op- 
portunity to interfere against him. 

78. Insurrection in the Peninsula. — A general up- 
rising in Spain and Portugal, in the spring and summer of 
1808, ended in the capture of Baylen (bi-len'), including a 
French army of 18,000 men, the flight of the new king, and 
the evacuation of Portugal by Junot. The latter coun- 
try was occupied by the English under Sir Arthur Welles- 
ley., afterward the Duke of Wellington. In the midst of 
these reverses to the«arms of France, Sweden declared war 
against her, and Austria was preparing a new coalition to 
crush her. Not wishing to enter upon a struggle in the 
Peninsula till he could be secure from invasion in the north, 
Napoleon invited the Emperor of Eussia to an interview, at 
which he hoped to obtain guarantees for the peace of Europe. 

77. Why did Napoleon interfere in the affairs of Spain? Wliat course did he 
tnke? What was the feeling in Italy? What power took advantage of the feeling 
against France? 

78. What reverses were experienced by the French in the Peninsula? How was 
France threatened in the north? Give an account of the meeting at Erfurt, its ob- 
ject and results ? What progress did Napoleon make in Spain ? 



A. ». 1803.] KEV0LUTI0NAKY FKANCE. 311 

The meeting took place at Erfurt (dr'foort), and lasted three 
weeks ; and in the festivities which attended it many of the 
crowned heads of Europe participated. Haying strength- 
ened their previous friendship by the exchange of vows of 
reciprocal support in their schemes of conquest, the two em- 
perors separated. Napoleon then invaded Spain with 80,000 
men, and after a series of victories, entered Madrid (Decem- 
ber, 1808), and re-instated his brother Joseph, accompany- 
ing the act with a decree which corrected many ancient 
abuses, and instituted salutary reforms. 

79. The Fifth Coalition. — The following month, an 
English army under Sir John Moore was repulsed and driven 
to the sea-coast ; and the French forces entered Lisbon, and 
again subdued Portugal. The success of Napoleon in the 
Peninsula, however, was seriously compromised by his de- 
parture for France, to which the advanced state of the 
Fifth Coalition now recalled him. Austria and England 
were again leagued against him, the former invading Bavaria, 
the ally of France, with an army of 171,000 men, command- 
ed by the Archduke Charles. With his accustomed rapidity, 
Napoleon set out from Paris for the scene of conflict, reach- 
ing it in four days. Davout (dah-voo') at Ratisbon, and 
Massena at Augsburg, were ordered to concentrate their 
forces at Abensberg {ah' bens-berg), where they met and de- 
feated a portion of the Austrian army. Two days afterward, 
the main body was encountered at Eck'muhl (April, 1809), 
where a general engagement ensued, which ended in the 
rout of the Austrians, who fell back to Rat'isbon for the pur- 
pose of crossing the Danube. 

80. Capture of Vienna. — Another desperate struggle 
took place before that city, which was finally carried by 
storm. Though only the rear guard of the Austrians was 
captured there, their army was cut in two, the Archduke 
Charles with one portion being north of the Danube, and 

79. Why did Napoleon leave Spain? What general was now opposed to him? 
Where were the first encounters, and what was the result? 

80. What important success followed the capture <>f Ratishon? Why did not the 
capture of Vienna end the war? Whv were the combats near Vienna indecisive? How 
did Napoleon occupy himself near Vienna, and what re-inforcements did he receive ? 



312 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. D. 1810. 

the remainder being on the south. Napoleon attacked the 
latter, which retreated, hoping to cover Vienna. In May, 
Napoleon reached that city, which fell after a two days' can- 
nonade. The Archduke, however, was still north of it with 
a large army. Crossing the Danube by a bridge of boats, 
Napoleon began a series of battles at As pern and Essling, 
which were constantly interrupted by the partial destruction 
of his bridges. In a short time, the French army, strength- 
ened by the arrival of an army from Italy, under the Viceroy 
Eugene and numbering 180,000 men, again crossed the river. 

81. Battle of Wagram. — Treaty of Vienna. — 
Avoiding the strong intrenchments which the enemy had 
thrown up at Aspern and Essling, Napoleon met the Austrian 
forces at Wa'gram (July 6), where a bloody and decisive battle 
was fought, the Austrians losing 31,000 men in killed, wound- 
ed, and prisoners, and 40 pieces of cannon. This victory 
was followed by an armistice, and later by the treaty of Vienna 
(October 14), by which Austria was compelled to pay a large 
sum in money, and to submit to a loss of territory, and to 
the destruction of the defenses of Vienna. 

82. In Italy, the Pope, continuing his opposition to Na- 
poleon, finally excommunicated him. The latter retaliated 
by annexing Rome to France (June, 1809), and carrying the 
Pope a prisoner to Florence, and then removing him to Fon- 
tainebleau (fon-tane-Uo'). In Holland, Napoleon's brother 
Louis, hesitating between his duty toward his subjects and 
his pledges to the Emperor, did not enforce the continental 
blockade with sufficient rigor. Napoleon, therefore, deposed 
him, and Holland became a part of the French Empire 
(July, 1810). 

83. Second Marriage of Napoleon. — A few months 
before, the second marriage of Napoleon * had taken place, 

* Napoleon had, In the spring of 1796, married Josephine Beauharnais, a native of Mar- 
tinique, and the widow of the Viscount Alexandre Beauharnais, one of the victims of 
the Reign of Terror. Napoleon was greatly attached to her ; and the influence she exert- 
ed over him often restrained him from measures of violence and severity. As the wife 



81. Describe the battle of Wa.sram and its results ? 

82. What measures did Napoleon take in Italy and nolland? 

83. What change took place in Napoleon's family rdntions? What course did 
affairs take in the Peninsula ? Who commanded the English forces? 



A. D. 1811.] KEVOLUTIONAKY PRANCE. 313 

(April, 1810). He had divorced Josephine in the winter 
of 1809, and now took as his wife the Archduchess Maria 
Louisa, daughter of the Emperor of Austria. In March, 
1811, a son was born to them, whom the Emperor designated 
as his successor, and who received, while yet in his cradle, 
the title of King of Eome. During the years 1810 and 1811, 
the war in Spain was pushed with vigor, Sir Arthur Welles- 
ley, who commanded the English, being opposed by Suchet 
(su-s7icV), Soult (soolt), Mortier (mor-te-a), Ney (na), and 
Massena. The latter gained some advantages over the Eng- 
lish, but having forced them back to the line of Tor 'res 
Ve'dras, near Lisbon, found it impossible to dislodge them. 
He was finally compelled to evacuate Portugal, and the 
following year the French forces were driven slowly back 
into Spain.* 

84. On the Continent, the French Empire now compre- 
hended the richer half of Europe. Spain and Portugal were 
still a part of it ; and by far the larger part of Italy, and the 
vast extent of territory stretching from the Adriatic to the 
mouth of the Elbe, either directly or indirectly acknowl- 
edged the sway of Napoleon. The despotic measures, how- 
ever, necessary to the consolidation and control of so many 
states with varying interests, the heavy war debts imposed 
by the conqueror on the countries he had invaded, the 
humiliations f to which they had been subjected, and the 
restrictions upon commerce caused by the blockade of the 
ports of the Continent, produced great discontent and re- 
sentment throughout Europe. His marriage with the royal 
family of Austria also alienated, to some extent, his republi- 
cs the First Consul and as Empress of France, she acquitted herself with remarkable 
ability, and succeeded in drawing around her the most brilliant society of France. In 
this way. she contributed not a little to her distinguished husband's success. H&r son, 
Eugene Beauharnais was made by Napoleon viceroy of Italy. Her daughter, Hortense 
Beauharnais, became the wife of Napoleon's brother Louis, and was the mother of Napo- 
leon III. Josephine died in 1814. 

* The attacks made by the English fleet against the colonies of France were also 
successful. Cayenne, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Mauritius, and Java were successively 
wrested from her between the years 1809 and 1811. 

t Besides reducing Prussia and Austria to the condition of second-rate powers by a 
division of their territory, he had sent the sword of Frederick the Great as a trophy 
to Paris, and blown up the defenses of Vienna. 



84. What was the size of the French Empire at this time ? What causes produced 
general discontent in Europe ? What is said of the conscriptions ? 

14 



314 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. ». 1812. 

can admirers. To all these causes of complaint was added the 
exhaustion in France occasioned by the ruinous conscriptions 
necessary for the execution of his vast designs. * Even his 
ally, the Emperor of Eussia, was now compelled to submit 
to annoying restrictions, which inured to the aggrandize- 
ment of France alone. 

85. War against Russia. — When, therefore, England, 
financially distressed by the blockade of the Continent, 
made advances to Eussia, she found a willing listen er. 
Napoleon discovered that his ally was wavering ; and, as 
Alexander divided with him the supremacy of Europe on 
the Continent, his only hope of success lay in compelling 
him to submit by humbling him. He determined upon an 
invasion of Eussia, and at once began his preparations. On 
the 12th of May, 1812, he established his court at Dresden, 
where he was met by the Emperor of Austria, the King of 
Prussia, and all the monarchs of Europe who were his allies. 
On the 22d of June, war was declared against Eussia ; and 
three days after, Napoleon crossed the Niemen with more 
than 600,000 men. f Poland welcomed the invader. Napo- 
leon pushed on to Moscow, constantly engaging the Eus- 
sians, who slowly retreated before him, burning towns and 
villages, and laying waste the country. 

86. Arriving at Smo-lensk', he captured the city after a tre- 
mendous conflict, which ended with the retreat of the Eus- 
sians. About two weeks after this, he fought a desperate bat- 
tle with the Eussian army at Bor-o-di'no {-de' no) ; but gained 
no decisive victory (September 7th). On the loth of Sep- 
tember, the French army entered Moscow in triumph, it hav- 
ing been evacuated by the Eussians the day before. 

* Napoleon himself was conscious that the character of his soldiers had entirely- 
changed. The difficulty with which the battle of Wagram was won was due to his hesita- 
tion to expose his troops in a hazardous but decisive movement, which he feared to make. 
"Had I my veterans of Austerlitz here," said he, " I would execute a maneuver that now 
I am afraid to undertake." 

t " The French army, with its auxiliaries, which formed about one-third, numbered 
640,000 men, more than 60,000 horses, and 1,200 pieces, of artillery."— Duruy's History of 
France. 

85. What produced the war with Russia ? What occurred at Dresden ? How was 
the war begun by Napoleon ? 

86. What city was captured? Where did the Russians finally encounter the 
French ? Who were successful ? What followed ? 



A. D. 1812.] BETOLUTIOKAKY FKANCE. 315 

87. Burning of Moscow. — The joy of the victors, on 
entering the city, gave place to surprise at finding it almost 
entirely deserted ; and on the next night, fires broke out on 
all sides, and fanned by high winds which constantly changed 
their direction, destroyed four-fifths of the city. For three 
days and nights the awful spectacle continued, at the end of 
which time, the French army found itself without shelter in 
an enemy's country, while a Russian winter was approaching. 
Napoleon attempted to negotiate, but his offers were re- 
pelled ; and the Russians commenced to menace his commu- 
nications with Smolensk, where his magazines and reserves 
had been left. A retreat was therefore ordered ; and the 
army, poorly clad and scantily fed, began its long march 
homeward, exposed to all the rigors of a northern winter, 
and harassed on every side by hordes of Cossack cavalry. 

88. After the winter commenced, the French soldiers per- 
ished by thousands from cold and famine. * To add to their 
sufferings, they were harassed by the Russian army, with 
which they were in almost constant conflict until they had 
crossed the Ber-e-si'na (-ze'nah) River, the passage of which 
was disputed by the Russians in strong force. The loss was 
frightful. Multitudes fell by the sabers of the Russians, but 
still larger numbers perished in the icy waters of the river ; 
so that less than 100,000 men remained to Napoleon of the 

* " On the 6th of November, the Russian winter set in with unwonted severity. Cold 
fogs first rose from the surface of the ground, and obscured the heretofore unclouded 
face of the sun ; a few flakes of snow next began to float in the atmosphere, and filled 
the army with dread ; gradually, the light of day declined, and a thick, murky darkness 
overspread the firmament. The wind rose, and soon blew with frightful violence, howl- 
ing through the forests, or sweeping over the plains with resistless fury. The snow fell 
in thick and continued showers, which soon covered the earth with impenetrable cloth- 
ing, confounding all objects together, and leaving the army to wander in the dark 
through an icy desert. Great numbers of the soldiers, in struggling to get forward, fell 
into hollows or ditches which were concealed by the treacherous surface, and perished 
miserably before the eyes of their comrades ; others were swallowed up in the moving 
hills, which, like the sands of the desert, preceded the blast of death. To fall was cer- 
tain destruction ; the severity of the tempest speedily checked respiration, and snow 
accumulating around the sufferer soon formed a little sepulcher for his remains. The 
road, and the fields in its vicinity, were rapidly strewed with these melancholy emi- 
nences ; and the succeeding columns found the surface rough and almost impassable for 
the multitude of these icy mounds that lay upon their route."— Alison's History of 
Europe. 



87. What conflagration took place? What was the result of it? Why did the 
French retreat ? 

88. Describe the retreat of the French. The passage of the Beresina. What 
remained of the gi and army ? What is said of Ney? When did Napoleon reach 
Paris? 



316 REVOLUTIONAKY FRANCE. [A. I>. 1813. 

splendid army with which he had set out.* During these 
terrific scenes and conflicts, Marshal Ney had won for him- 
self the appellation of the "Bravest of the brave." f Na- 
poleon abandoned the army soon after the passage of the 
Beresina, and reached Paris on the 18th of December. 

89. Arrived in Paris, Napoleon re-established his authori- 
ty, which had been endangered for a short time by a skillful 
plot ; and, notwithstanding his terrible reverse in Eussia, he 
obtained another levy of troops. In the following April, 
he found himself at the head of a new army of 300,000 
men. His power, however, was waning. Austria and Prus- 
sia had turned against him on receiving the news of his re- 
verses ; and the latter country now joined Russia and Eng- 
land in a sixth coalition to destroy him. Sweden soon after 
entered the alliance, urged on by the jealousy of Berna- 
dotte {ber-na-dot'), although Napoleon had made him prince 
royal of that country. 

90. Campaign in Prussia. — Battle of Leipsic. — 
Napoleon again took the field, moving with his usual vigor 
and rapidity. In May, 1813, he defeated the allies at Lutzen 
and Bautzen ; and an armistice was asked by them and grant- 
ed. In the interval, Austria completed her preparations and 
entered the coalition. The war was then resumed, a two days' 
battle at Dresden % being decided in favor of Napoleon (Au- 
gust). His army gradually wasted away, however, in these 
ceaseless struggles. Nevertheless, at Leipsic, § less than two 

* " We left on the other side of the Niemen 300,000 soldiers, killed or taken prisoners ; 
but nevertheless we had not been beaten in a single engagement. The winter and famine, 
not the enemy, had destroyed the grand army. The Russians themselves, accustomed as 
they were to their terrible climate, suffered dreadfully. In three weeks, Kutusof lost 
three-fourths of his effective force."— Duruy's History of France. 

t " Calm in the midst of a storm of grape-shot, imperturbable amid a shower of balls and 
shells, Ney seemed to be ignorant of danger'; to have nothing to fear from death. This 
rashness, which twenty years of perils had not diminished, gave to his mind the liberty, 
the promptitude of judgment and execution, so necessary in the midst of the compli- 
cated movements of war. This quality astonished those who surrounded him more even 
than the courage in action, which is more or less felt by all who are habituated to the 
dangers of war."— Alison's Miscellaneous Essay*. 

t Here Moreau, fighting on the side of the allies, was mortally wounded. He had re- 
sided some time in America, an exile, but returned at the request of the Emperor Alexan- 
der to take part in this great movement against Napoleon. 

§ This battle, from the great number of nationalities engaged in it, is called in history 
the Battle of the Nations. 



89. What did he do on his arrival? What other coalition was formed against 
him? 

90. Describe the campaign in Prussia. Give an account of the campaigns of Wel- 
lington in Spain. 



A. D. 1814.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 317 

months afterward, 160,000 French, although surrounded by 
300,000 of the allies, maintained a combat of three days, 
and were again victorious. The exhaustion thus produced 
made retreat necessary ; and the remnant of the French army 
began its homeward march. At Hanau, 60,000 Austrians 
and Bavarians disputed the crossing of the Rhine. Another 
battle ensued ; and the French army, only 70,000 strong, re- 
entered France, which was already threatened with an inva- 
sion on the south by the English, under "Wellington. That 
general, who had conducted a long and arduous campaign 
in the Peninsula, illustrated by the victories of Ciudad 
Rodrigo (the-oo-dad r ro-dre'-go), Badajos (had-a-7ioce'), Sal- 
amanca, Vittoria, and San Sebastian, at length succeeded in 
driving the French out of Spain (1813). 

91. Invasion of France. — Capitulation of Paris.— 
The retreat of Napoleon was followed by the invasion of 
France. In January, 1814, four hostile armies were ap- 
proaching : in the north, an army under Bernadotte, which 
had conquered Holland, and was moving through Belgium ; 
in the south, the English, under Wellington ; in the north- 
east, the army of Blucher, which entered France through 
Frankfort ; in the east, the grand army of the coalition, 
under Schwarzenberg {shwartz en-berg). The last two were 
expected to make a junction in the eastern part of France, 
and together march upon Paris. 

92. Leaving Soult in the south and Maison in the north, 
to operate against Wellington and Bernadotte respectively, 
Napoleon gathered all his available forces to prevent the 
junction of the armies under Blucher and Schwarzenberg. 
In this attempt, a series of battles followed each other in 
rapid succession, which amply illustrated Napoleon's amaz- 
ing vigor and fertility of resource. Every victory, however, 
was won by the sacrifice of a portion of his exhausted army, 
and made little impression on the dense masses which were 

91. What armies invaded France ? What was the object of the invasion ? 

92. What course did Napoleon pursue ? What was the result ? What followed 
the capitulation of Paris ? 



318 EEVOLUTION/ABY FRANCE. [A. D. 1814. 

converging on the capital. On the 31st of March, 1814, 
Paris capitulated ; and the Senate, under the guidance of 
Talleyrand, * established a provincial government, and a few 
days after, decreed the dethronement of Napoleon, abolished 
the right of succession in his family, absolved the people 
and the army from their oath of fidelity to him, and re- 
instated on the throne the Bourbon family, in the person of 
Louis XVIII. , a brother of the unfortunate Louis XVI. 

93. Abdication of Napoleon. — When the news of the 
capitulation of Paris reached him, Napoleon was at Fontaine- 
bleau, with 50,000 men. During the progress of this last 
desperate struggle against overwhelming numbers, many 
trusted generals and officials, whose fortunes he had made, 
betrayed him, and went over to the enemy, leaving him 
powerless. Napoleon, therefore, accepted the terms which 
the allies offered. Bidding adieu to his troops at Fontaine- 
bleau, he signed his abdication ; and, on the 20th of April, 
set out for the island of Elba,f which had been assigned 
to him as a place of exile. Maria Louisa and her son had 
already left Paris the day preceding its capitulation. 

94. Results of the Reign of Napoleon. — During 
the reign of Napoleon, many political and social changes 
occurred in France, which were due partly to his own great 
ability, and partly to the skill with which he directed the 
forces of the Revolution. The great public works begun or 

* Prince de Talleyrand, one of the most illustrious of French statesmen and diploma- 
tists, had taken a prominent part in all the preceding revolutions, rnd, as minister of 
foreign affairs, had negotiated most of the important treaties of the time. He had pre- 
dicted the fall of Napoleon in 1812; and the latter becoming unfriendly to him. he 
turned against him, and sent important information to the allies when they were march- 
ing on Paris. He was therefore made Minister of Foreien Affairs under Louis XYLTL, 
and was a member of the Congress of Vienna. He died in 1838. Alison says of him : 
" The very fact of his having survived, both in person and influence, so many changes of 
government, which had proved fatal to almost all his contemporaries, of itself con- 
stituted a colossal reputation ; and when he said, with a sarcastic smile, on taking the 
oath of fidelity to Louis Philippe in 1S30, ' (Test le rroteieme' [It is the third], the expres- 
sion, repeated from one end of Europe to the other, produced a greater admiration for 
his address than indignation at his perfidy. . . His witticisms and bon mots were admir- 
able ; but none, perhaps, more clearly reveals his character and explains his success in 
life than the celebrated one 'that the principal object of language is to conceal the 
thought.' "—Alison's History of Estrone. 

t A small Island near the north-west coast of Italy. 



93. Where was Napoleon when he received the news of the surrender of Paris ? 
What course did many of his former friends pursue ? What was he compelled to do ? 
Where was he sent ? 

94. What is said of the public works undertaken by him ? Of what did the most 
important consist ? In what ways was his influence beneficial ? 



EE VOLUTION AKY FEANCE. 319 

completed by him were numerous, and still remain to attest 
his astonishing activity and the intelligent interest he mani- 
fested in everything that related to the material prosperity 
of the people. They embraced costly docks, ship-yards, or 




ARCH OP TRIUMPH, PARIS. 



arsenals in almost every important harbor of France ; beau- 
tiful and substantial bridges in very many cities and towns ; 
the restoration of cathedrals and churches destroyed or in- 

JLIPJS k PlP bab 1 1 y th e most splendid structure of the kind in the world. It was com- 
Uhfdwli? $%??}?£?£ commemorate the exploits of the « grand army ; » but not fin- 
h»«P 1$ *&+&&& n ? f * Lou i 8 ^"iPPe- K stands in the Place de VEtoile, and from a 
te 1 ^, feet h 7 75 **;?*• rises to a height of 162 feet, the central archway Win" 95 fee? 
high The under walls are inscribed with the names of 384 generals and I 96 victorTef Ten 
broad avenues radiate from the open place where it stands. vicsoues. len 



320 KEVOLUTTONARY FRANCE. 

jured during the Kevolution ; the drainage of marsh lands ; 
and a vast system of canals and public roads, the latter 
opened, at immense labor and expense, oyer mountains till 
then deemed practically insurmountable.* He created new 
industries, and encouraged manufactures by welcoming in- 
ventors to his court, established institutions for the extirpa- 
tion of beggary, and founded schools and colleges. He was 
also a patron of science, letters, and art, beautifying his 
capital with galleries, museums, and monuments, and taking 
special pleasure in the company of men whose liyes had been 
passed in the more advanced fields of intellectual effort. 

95. The influence of Napoleon on the destiny of France 
has been profound and lasting. As a soldier, he stands 
alone in modern times. All the qualities which constitute 
the successful general were repeatedly exhibited by him, and 
place him in a position of precedence which stands unques- 
tioned. To all these he added a thorough knowledge of 
the peculiar nature of his soldiers, and a nervous eloquence 
which enabled him to rouse them at pleasure to the height 
of energy and enthusiasm, f Of his ability as an administrator, 
also, ample proofs remain. From the time of his appoint- 
ment as First Consul till his downfall, every department of 
government felt the influence of his organizing mind. His 
labors for systematizing and facilitating the government of 

* Only a f ew of the many works originating with, or completed by Napoleon, can here 
be mentioned. These are the naval and water works at Dunkirk, Havre, Boulogne, Cher- 
bourg, and Nice ; the bridges of Turin, Bordeaux, Lyons, Sevres, Rouen, and two of those 
in Paris ; the canal between the Rhine and the Rhone, the Scheldt and the Somme, the 
Ranee and the Vilaine ; those of Aries, St. .Quentin, and Pavia; the great roads over 
Mt. Simplon, Mt. Cenis, Mt. Geneva, and the Corniche ; the draining of the marshes of 
Bourgoin, Cotentin, and Rochef ort : the completion of the Louvre, the erection of the 
Bank of France, the Exchange, the Madeleine, the Arch of Triumph, the Arc of the Car- 
rousel, of many statues and monuments, and more than twentv fountains in Paris alone. 

t The affectionate admiration with which Bonaparte was regarded by his soldiers was 
manifested in many ways during the Italian campaign. His small stature and undoubted 
bravery led them to bestow upon him the nickname of " the little corporal ; " while the 
conduct of two regiments which he had occasion to reprove for cowardice at the battle 
of Castiglione furnishes abundant evidence of the anxiety which his soldiers felt to de- 
serve his praise. Forming them before him, he addressed a few words of reproach to 
them, and ended by directing his chief of staff to write upon their colors : " They are no 
longer of the Army of Italy." The bitterness of their feelings on receiving this severe 
rebuke was shown in a remarkable manner. Quitting the ranks, they crowded around 
him, and besought him to spare them the intended disgrace, and give them another op- 
portunity to prove their courage. After some hesitation, he consented ; and in the bat- 
tle of Rivoli he had the satisfaction of seeing them resume their place among the bravest 
of his soldiers. 

95. What is said of Napoleon's influence on France ? As a soldier, how is he re- 
garded ? What was his ability as an administrator ? What is said of his industry ? 
His motives, and the means he employed ? 



KEVOLUTIOKAEY FKAKOE. 321 

France and consolidating his power, were arduous and almost, 
unceasing ; and to this work he brought an unyielding will 
and a power of physical endurance seldom equaled. The 
means he employed to carry out his vast designs, however, 
and the motives which animated him have been severely 
censured ; and the moral aspect of his remarkable career has 
been generally condemned. * 

96. Character of Napoleon. — In person, Napo- 
leon was below the medium height, and, during his early 
years, was slenderly built ; being thin, at times, to emaci- 
ation. His head was disproportionately large, with features 
classically molded, an olive complexion, and large, dark 
eyes. He was habitually abstracted, seeming to commune 
with himself even when listening to others ; yet his con- 
versation was engaging, from the vigor and clearness of 
his thought, and the condensed precision of his language. 
When angry, he was hasty and even violent; in time of 
danger, he was calm, and never, apparently, so thoroughly 
master of himself as in the tumult of the battle-field. 
His habits were simple in the extreme. He slept only 
four or five hours a day, ate and dressed plainly, shared, if 
necessary, the coarse fare of his soldiers, and on the march 
seemed insensible to fatigue. His sudden rise from obscu- 
rity to absolute power ; his stirring and laconic addresses to 
his army, followed by immediate and overwhelming success 
in battle ; the grandeur of his designs ; and a certain heroic 
cast of mind which led him in conversation to draw his 
illustrations from the great men and deeds of antiquity, sur- 
rounded him with an air of mystery, and powerfully con- 
tributed to that personal magnetism which he exerted over 
all who came into his presence. 

* " Washington appears in grander proportions as a moral than as an intellectual man, 
while Napoleon was a moral dwarf ; and I do not well see how he could be otherwise. 
Dedicated from childhood to the profession of arms, all his thoughts and associations 
were of a military character. Without moral or religious instruction, he was thrown 
while a youth into the vortex of the Revolution ; and in the triumph of infidelity, and 
the overthrow of all religion, and the utter chaos of principles and sentiments, it was 
not to be expected he would lay the foundation of a religious character."— J. T. 
Headley— Napoleon and His Marshals. 

96. What was the personal appearance of Napoleon ? Mention some of bis pecu- 
liarities. What were his habits. What added to his influence ? 

14* 



322 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. D. 1815. 



Eestoratiok OF THE Bourbons. 

1814 97. Louis XVIII.— The dethronement of Napo- 
to leon was followed by the dismemberment of the Em- 
pire, and the reduction of France to its limits in 
1792. The new king, styled Louis XVIII., being then in 
England, his brother, the Count of Artois (ar-twah 1 ), was 
made Lieutenant-General of the kingdom till he should ar- 
rive. On the 3d of May, Louis entered Paris, and proceed- 
ing to Notre Dame, accompanied by the representatives of 
all the allied powers then in the city, offered thanks for his 
restoration. On the 30th of May, the treaty with the allies 
concerning the limits of France was concluded, the details 
being left to a Congress which met at Vienna ; and on the 
4th of June, the constitutional charter which Louis had 
granted, was presented and accepted. Though there were 
many liberal features in it, they were nullified by the power 
which the king reserved to himself of altering them accord- 
ing to his pleasure. The Bourbons, in other words, com- 
prehended so slightly the changes that had taken place in 
France, that they proposed to restore everything, as far as 
possible, to its condition before the Kevolution.* 



The Hundred Days. 

98. Return of Napoleon from Elba. — While the 
Congress of Vienna was deliberating in March, 1815, the 
astounding news was received that the Emperor Napoleon 
had escaped from Elba and landed in France, f This was soon 

* This conduct of the Bourbons gave rise to the expression which is still used to de- 
scribe minds that are insensible to progress: "Like the Bourbons, they have learned 
nothing and forgotten nothing." Louis XVIII. always spoke of the year 1814 as the nine- 
teenth of his reign, ignoring entirely the political changes which had occurred in France 
since the death of the Dauphin in 1795. 

t " It had been irrevocably determined by the allied sovereigns that they would no 
longer either recognize Napoleon as a crowned head, or suffer him to remain in Europe ; 
and that his residence, wherever it was, should be under such restrictions as should 
effectually prevent his again breaking loose to desolate the world. Napoleon himself, 
however, was anxious to embark for America."— Alison's History of Europe. 



97. Who was called to govern France after the downfall of Napoleon ? What 
changes were made ? Wliat did the Bourbons propose to do? 

98. How were the deliberations of the Congress of Vienna interrupted? Where 
did Napoleon land ? What did he do ? What action was taken by the allies ? 



A. D. 1815.] KEVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 323 

found to be true. Thoroughly informed of the dissatisfied 
state of feeling in France, and believing that the allied pow- 
ers would finally decide to banish him from Europe, he left 
Elba secretly and landed at Cannes (can), in the south of 
France, where he issued a stirring appeal to the army, and 
started on a triumphal journey to the capital. He went by 
way of Grenoble and Lyons, everywhere welcomed by the 
people, who accompanied him in crowds, and joined by the 
soldiers, who deserted to his standard.* On the 19th of 
March, Louis XVIII. left Paris in terror ; and the following 
day Napoleon re-entered the Tuileries, where he was received 
with enthusiastic joy by those assembled to meet him. 
The Empire was re-established at once, several objectionable 
features of the former imperial constitution being omitted. 
These changes were announced at an imposing ceremony 
held on the 1st of June, in the Field of May. His pacific 
utterances, however, were disregarded by the allies, who 
issued a proclamation calling upon Europe to arm itself 
against him. 

99. The Seventh Coalition. — The Battle of 
Waterloo. — The seventh coalition against Napoleon was 
thus formed, nearly a million men marching against him. 
Hastily organizing his army, he entered Belgium with 
130,000 men, hoping to conquer his enemies before they 
could unite, f At Fleurus and Ligny, on the 16th of 
June, he encountered a Prussian army under Blucher, and 
defeated it. On the 18th, at Waterloo, he met the English 
under Wellington. The battle began at about eleven o'clock 

* " Advancing to the front of the advanced guard, tn the well-known surtout and 
cocked-hat which had hecome canonized in the recollections of the soldiers, he said 
aloud to the opposite rank, in a voice tremulous from emotion, ' Comrades, do you know 
me again ? ' ' Yes, sire ! ' exclaimed the men. ' Do you recognize me, my children ? ' he 
added. ' I am your emperor ; fire on me if you wish ; fire on your father : here is my 
hosom ; ' and with that he hared his breast. At these words the transports of his soldiers 
could no longer he restrained ; as if struck by an electric shock, they all broke their ranks, 
threw themselves at the feet of the emperor, embraced his knees with tears of joy, and 
with indescribable fervor again raised the cry of Vive V Empereur ! Hardly had they 
risen from the ground when the tricolor cockade was seen on every breast, the eagle re- 
appeared on the standard, and the whole detachment sent out to combat the emperor 
ranged itself with fervid devotion on his side."— Alison's Historr/ of Europe. 

t His plans were laid with all his accustomed skill, but thev were betrayed by General 
Bourmont, who, on the 14th of June, treacherously deserted Napoleon, and went over to 
the camp of Blucher, with several other officers. 



99. What was Napoleon's plan of action? In what battles did he engage? De- 
scribe the battle of Waterloo. What was the result ? 



3-24: REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. ©. 1815. 

in the morning, and lasted till seven in the evening. Up to 
the latter hour the contest was undecided, each side merely 
holding its position in the hope of re-enforcements. They 
came at last to the allies, Blucher arriving with 30,000 men 
and turning the right wing of the French. * The retreat be- 
gan at once, and ended in a disastrous rout. A few desper- 
ate attempts were made by the old guard of Xapoleon f to 
check the tide, but without success ; the remnants of the 
scattered army everywhere sought safety in flight. J 

Second Eestoration of the Bourbons. 

100. Xapoleon hastened to Paris, where he attempted 
to obtain means to oppose the allies, who were marching 
a second time on the capital. His efforts were without 
success. The fear of another invasion, and the knowledge 
that France was exhausted by the tremendous exertions 
and sacrifices already made, led the legislative chambers to 
withdraw their confidence from Xapoleon and to demand 
his abdication. This was given by him on the 22d of June,§ 
with a recommendation in favor of his son. Pleasures were 
taken to install the latter under the title of Xapoleon II., 
but the approach of the allies destroyed all unity of action ; 
and, on the 7th of July, the allied armies, headed by "Wel- 

* "On a sudden, a cannonade was heard on the extreme right of our army. 'It is 
Grouchy ! ' exclaimed rhe soldiers. It cannot be Grouchy, thought Xapoleon. It was in 
fact a third enemy; it was Blucher, who, at the head of 30,000 Prussians, passed from be- 
hind Bulow upon our right flank:. Then our soldiers, thinking themselves betrayed, 
cried aloud, Sauve qui oeut : and the last armv of France, pressed in front bv those 
who remained of Wellington's 90,0O\> men. and on the right by the 66,000 Prussians 
of Blucher and Bulow, rolled back upon itself, its ranks became disordered, and soon 
there was nothing but a horrible confusion." —Duruy's History of France. 

t It was in this battle, when the Old Guard was in vain attempting to drive back the 
overwhelming masses of the enemy by repeated charges, that its general, Cambronne, 
is said to have uttered the memorable words, " The guard dies, but never surrenders." 
Here also Napoleon had at first decided to court death bv placing himself in the center 
of one of the squares of his guard, and ordering it into the thickest of the fight. He 
was dissuaded, however, bv his officers. 

% " The loss of the allies was immense in this battle. That of the British and Hanove- 
rians alone amounted to 10.6S6. of whom 2.047 were killed, exclusive of the Prussians, who 
had lost 6.000 more. The Prussian loss on the 16th and l^tb. including the action at 
Wivres on the latter of these davs. was 33.132. Of the French armv. it is sufficient to say 
that its loss was at least 40.000; but. in effect, it was totallv destroved, and scarcely any 
of the men who fought at Waterloo ever again appeared in arms."— Alison's History of 
Europe. 

S This last short exercise of power by Xapoleon. from his landing at Cannes to his sec- 
ond abdication, is known as the " Reign of the Hundred Days." 



100. What course did Xapoleon pursue? How was he received in Paris ? For 
what purpose did he go to Rochefort ? What was his fate? 



A. D. 1815.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 325 

lington and Blucher,' entered Paris. A few days after, the 
halls of the chambers were closed ; and Louis XVIII., ad- 
vised by Fouche of all that had occurred, re-entered the 
city. Napoleon went to Eochefort, whence he intended to 
sail for the United States ; but finding all means of escape 
removed by the vigilance of British cruisers, he surrendered 
himself to Captain Maitland of the English frigate Bel-ler'o- 
phon (July 15, 1815). By agreement of the allied sover- 
eigns, he was sent to the island of St. Helena,* where he 
continued to reside as a prisoner till his death, in 1821, at 
the age of 52 years. 

101. Among the first acts of the restored king, was one 
to disband the army, and punish the officers who had de- 
serted to Napoleon, f By the second treaty of Paris (Novem- 
ber, 1815) the territory of France was reduced within the 
limits of 1790; and she was compelled to pay war indemni- 
ties to the invaders, and to sustain an army of occupation 
for three years in certain designated forts on the frontier. 
The galleries and museums of Paris were also stripped of 
the famous works of art which Napoleon had sent to them 
as trophies of his many campaigns. J The blindness of the 
Bourbons to the influences which were at work around them, 
prevented them from doing anything of moment to har- 
monize the country. Old animosities revived, and distur- 
bances took place in many parts of France. These troubles 
were increased by the tyrannous acts of the first chamber 
elected after the return of the king to Paris. Louis him- 

* St. Helena is a small rocky island in the South Atlantic Ocean. 

t Nineteen officers, mostly of the rank of general, were thus proscribed ; thirty-eight 
prominent officials under the empire were banished or put under surveillance ; and 
twenty-nine members were excluded from the Chamber of Peers. Of the first class, La- 
bedoyere (lah-bed-o-yar") and Marshal Ney were shot. The former had commanded the 
garrison at Grenoble, the first body of troops that surrendered to Napoleon on his return 
from Elba. Ney had volunteered to take the command of the troops sent out to arrest 
Napoleon, promising to " bring back the Corsican to Paris in an iron cage , " but on see- 
ing his old commander, he forgot his promises and his oaths. He was shot in the gar- 
dens of the Luxembourg by a platoon of grenadiers, falling dead instantly, pierced 
by thirteen bullets in the head and breast. The same year, Murat landed in Calabria, in 
the hope of exciting an insurrection and regaining the throne of Naples ; but he failed, 
and was arrested and shot. 

1 Previous to the second treaty of Paris, Russia, Prussia, and Austria had entered into 
what was afterward known as the Holy Alliance, by which each guaranteed to the other 
its possessions. 



101. What course did Louis take with the army? How was France affected by the 
Second Treaty of Paris ? What was the State of the country ? 



326 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. ». 1820. 

self, becoming displeased with it, dissolved it, and convened 
a new one which was more moderate. 

102. Assassination of the Duke of Berry. — The 

effect of the principles which the Kevolution of 1789 had 
made familiar to the people of Europe, but which had 
been obscured by the mighty wars waged by Napoleon dur- 
ing so many years, now began to manifest itself in many 
ways in different countries. The reaction against the old 
order of things in church and state was general. Insurrec- 
tions broke out in Spain and Italy ; political troubles oc- 
curred in Germany ; and in France an independent party 
was organized in the Chamber of Deputies to oppose the 
king. The hatred toward the Bourbons increased ; and, in 
1820, the Duke of Berry, the nephew of the king, and the 
member of the Bourbon family on whom the succession de- 
pended, was assassinated by a young man named Louvel 
(loo-vel), who boldly declared that his intention was to rid 
France of the family. * 

103. Though the assassin of the Duke of Berry declared 
that he had no accomplices, his act was charged to the 
liberal party, and brought it into disfavor. The annual 
elections showed a steady gain to the royalists ; and the lib- 
erals, overcome in the assembly, resorted to the formation 
of secret societies throughout France. Disturbances oc- 
curred at various places, the authors of which were pun- 
ished with great severity. An opportunity of diverting at- 
tention from troubles at home now occurred, which the king 
improved. The illiberal policy of the king of Spain, Fer- 
dinand VII., had so displeased his subjects that the insur- 
rection which began in 1820, still continued, the army un- 
der General O'Donnell taking an active part by declaring 
for the liberal constitution of 1812. 

* His design was not successful. The Duke of Berry had only a daughter at the time 
of his assassination. The Duchess of Berry, however, gave birth to a son after her hus- 
band's death, who was known as the Duke of Bordeaux, or Count de Chambord {sham- 
bor). The birth of this prince gave great joy to the royalists. 

102. What was the feeling in Europe at this time ? In what countries especially 
was the popular discontent shown? What political murder took place in France? 

103. What led to the formation of secret societies ? What occurred ? What took 
place in Spain ? 



A. D. 1824.] 



[REVOLUTIONARY FKANCE. 



327 



104. Invasion of Spain.— Death of the King.— Rus- 
sia, Austria, and Prussia, acting on the terms of the Holy- 
Alliance, persuaded Louis to send an army into that country 
to suppress it. The Duke of Angouleme, therefore, entered 
Spain (April 7, 1823) with a powerful army, overturned the 
liberal government, and re-instated Ferdinand. The result 
of the Spanish expedition had the desired effect in France. 
It gave the king temporarily the support of the army, which 
had shown signs of disaffection. Louis, however, did not 
long survive the success thus gained. He died in 1824, after 
a short and uneventful reign. He was amiable, but weak 
and bigoted, and governed largely by his ministers. He 
originated no measures designed for the permanent welfare 
of his people. 




1824 105 

to brother of 
]§30 



THE BOURSE, PARIS (COMPLETED IN 1826). 

Charles X. — Charles, Count of 



Artois, 
Louis XVIII. , was now called to the 
throne. Much was hoped from him at his accession, 
but the popular expectation was soon disappointed. In the 



104. What action did France take with regard to Spain? What advantage did 
the king gain hy his expedition to that country ? Why was this of little value to 
him ? What was the character of Louis XVITT . ? 

105. Who succeeded Louis XVIII. ? Who was the Count of Artois? What 
course did he pursue ? What was done with regard to the National Guard ? 



328 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. I>. 1830. 

contests which were constantly carried on between the ultra- 
royalists and the liberals, and which gradually grew more 
violent, he steadily supported the former. Laws were passed 
with his approval, allowing indemnity to many of the emi- 
grants whose property had been confiscated; severe penal- 
ties were decreed against any destruction or theft of the 
property of the Church ; many officers who had served un- 
der the Eepublic or the Empire, were discharged ; and an 
attempt was made to restrict the liberty of the press. This 
last measure met with such violent opposition that it was 
abandoned. A few days after, the National Guard of Paris, 
returning from a review held by the king, testified their joy 
at the defeat of the measure by insulting cries under the 
windows of the minister, and the next day, the guard was 
disbanded by order of the king (1827). 

106. Conquest of Algiers. — An opportunity of appeas- 
ing the popular displeasure presenting itself at this time, 
the king hastened to embrace it. For many years the Dey of 
Algiers had committed outrages on the subjects of France ; 
and he finally insulted the French consul, and fired upon 
the envoy who was sent to demand satisfaction. An expe- 
dition was, therefore, organized, consisting of a large army 
and fleet ; and, within less than a month after it landed, 
Algiers was conquered, and the Dey fled to Europe (1830). 

107. The Revolution of 1830.— Under cover of the 
glorious news from Algiers, the king issued four ordinances 
of the most arbitrary nature. The first suspended the lib- 
erty of the press ; the second dissolved the Chamber of 
Deputies ; the third restricted the privilege of voting ; and 
the fourth changed the time of meeting of the electoral col- 
leges. Astonishment and indignation were everywhere visi- 
ble at this violation of the constitution ; crowds gathered 
around the Palais Royal ; many public bodies declared the 



106. What war was entered upon ? Why was it undertaken, and what furnished 
a pretext for it ? 

107. At the termination of the Algerine war, what did the king do? How was 
his action received ? Who commanded the troops ? Why was he unpopular? What 
was the result of the contest ? 



A. ». 1830.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 329 

ordinances unconstitutional ; and the price of the public 
securities fell. On the 27th of July, several newspapers ap- 
peared in spite of the ordinance against them. They were 
immediately seized. The angry crowds grew larger, and the 
troops were ordered out. Barricades were erected, and fight- 
ing began and was extended oyer the city, lasting for three 
days. At the end of that time, the people were victorious. 

108. Abdication of Charles X. — A provisional govern- 
ment was then formed under the direction of Lafayette, who 
had regained his popularity. The National Guard was re- 
established, Charles X. was dethroned, and the Duke of Or- 
leans was declared Lieutenant-General of France. Refusing 
to believe that the disturbance in Paris was indeed a revolu- 
tion, Charles X., who was at St. Cloud, declined to resign. 
When he discovered his mistake, he offered to revoke his 
ordinances, but was told that it was too late. He then de- 
cided to leave France, and sailed with his family from the 
port of Cherbourg (August 16, 1830).* The week previous, 
the Duke of Orleans was declared King of the French, under 
the title of Louis Philippe (fe-leep'). 

The Bourbon-Orleans Family. 



1830 1^9. Louis Philippe. — The country was par- 
to tially pacified on the accession of the new king,f 
by his adoption of the tricolor and a new charter 
of rights, and by the arrest of the ministers of Charles X. 
By yielding thus to the demands of the people, offense was 
given to the other European powers ; and the king found 

* He resided for a time in England, afterward at Holyrood Castle, at Edinburgh, which 
was placed at his disposal by the British government. 

t Louis Philippe was the oldest son of the notorious Philippe Egalite of the Revolution. 
He had taken part in that movement, and had fought at the battles of Valmy and Jem- 
mapes. At the execution of his father he succeeded to the title of Duke of Orleans ; but 
being on that account banished from France, led a wandering life in Switzerland, the 
United States, and England, sustaining himself for a time as a teacher of mathematics 
and modern languages. His varied experiences had brought him into contact with the 
masses of the people, and as he had always shown liberal tendencies, his accession was 
welcomed as the beginning of a new era for France. 



108. Who formed a provisional government ? What change was made in the gov- 
erning power ? What course did Charles X. take ? Who was declared king ? 

109. What were the first events of the reign of Louis Philippe? Their effect? 
Where did popular movements occur ? Their effect on France? Who became Min- 
ister of the Interior ? 



330 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. ». 1832. 

it necessary, after a time, to abandon his liberal policy. Re- 
newed discontent at home was the consequence, which was 
increased by the intrigues of the Duchess of Berry in behalf 
of her son. Popular movements also took place in Belgium,* 
Poland, Italy, and Germany, which the king could not di- 
rectly favor without imperiling the material welfare of 
France. Hence arose a policy of vacillation which pleased 
no one. A decided stand was finally taken by the appoint- 
ment of Casimir Perier (pa-re-a) as Minister of the Interior. 

110. The efforts of this minister, though vigorous, did 
not allay the growing dissatisfaction, which reached its 
height when the fall of Warsaw completed the suppression 
of the second uprising in Poland, f In Italy, secret socie- 
ties created insurrections among the subjects of the Pope 
(Gregory XVI.), which Austria interfered to quell. This 
action gave offense to France, which sent a fleet to Ancona 
to resist the extension of Austrian influence in Italy. At 
home, however, the weakness of the king was evident. 
Plots were discovered against him and his family ; and 
trades riots and uprisings of the workingmen occurred in 
many parts of France, which the army found it difficult to 
suppress. J In 1832, the cholera made its appearance and 
added its horrors to the general disquiet. One of its vic- 
tims was Perier, whose death was greatly regretted notwith- 
standing the disagreement of parties in regard to his policy. 

111. One cause of apprehension was removed at this time, 
by the death of the Duke of Reichstadt {Napoleon II.), 
the son of Napoleon, who died at Schonbrunn at the age of 

* Belgium was separated from Holland In 1830, and was erected Into an Independent 
kingdom. 

t The news of the fall of Warsaw, which was accompanied with many acts of great 
severity, produced a violent commotion in Paris. Crowds assembled in the Place Ven- 
dome, calling the ministers to account for the course they had pursued in regard to 
Poland. One of them, Sebastiani, hoping to escape the anger of the crowd, made use of 
the following equivocal sentence : " At the latest accounts, quiet reigns in Warsaw." 
Hence the popular expression, " Order reigns in Warsaw." 

X A peculiar and dangerous feature of these tumults was the growth of communism, 
or the notion that all property should be divided and shared equally by all men. 



110. Were the efforts of the new minister successful ? What increased the dissat- 
isfaction of the people ? Why was a fleet sent to Ancona ? What other troubles ex- 
isted ? What is said of the cholera ? 

111. What death occurred ? What were the measures of the new cabinet ? What 
alliance did Prance enter into ? Why were the " laws of September " passed ? 



A. ». 1839.] EEVOLUTIOKARY FEAKCE. 331 

twenty-one. A few months after the death of Perier, a 
new cabinet * was formed (October 11, 1832), which carried 
forward several salutary measures, one of the most impor- 
tant of which was the organization of a system of primary 
instruction (1833). The following year, France, with Eng- 
land, Spain, and Portugal, entered into what was known as 
the Quadruple Alliance, for the protection of constitutional 
government in the last two countries. Attempts upon the 
life of the king f becoming more frequent, several strin- 
gent laws were passed in 1835, called the laws of Septem- 
ber, So profound was the hatred against the king, however, 
among certain classes, that the new laws had little effect in 
checking these attempts. 

112. One by one, the ministers who formed the cabinet of 
1832 had resigned, till in 1836 it was entirely altered. The 
king, wearied with these constant changes, which were gen- 
erally caused by the opposition of the Chamber of Deputies, 
determined to pursue a more vigorous course. Sustained 
by one of his advisers, Count Mole (mo-la), he made a 
short-lived effort to rule as well as reign. He partially at- 
tached Prussia to his interests by the marriage of his oldest 
son to the Princess Helen of Mecklenburg, compelled Mexico 
and Buenos Ayres to make restitution for outrages upon 
French citizens, by sending hostile fleets to their shores, and 
after an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Con- 
stantine in Algeria, finally succeeded (1837). These tri- 
umphs, however, were neutralized by the vacillating policy 
of the king in Europe. The evacuation of Ancona, which 
took place in 1838, was regarded as a surrender to the men- 
aces of Austria, and at once produced a crisis. The ablest 
members in the legislative chamber united against Count 
Mole and brought about his resignation (March, 1839). 

* This cabinet was formed by Marshal Soult. Its principal members were De Broglie, 
Thiers, and Guizot. 

t The most atrocious of these was that of an Italian named Fieschi, who had con- 
trived an infernal machine, which exploded as the king with his staff was attending a 
review. A shower of bullets was discharged into the crowd, killing Marshal Mortier 
(mor-te-a), several soldiers, and workmen, and a young girl. Fieschi was tried and exe- 
cuted. 

112. What course did the kin? now adopt ? Why ? What did he succeed in do- 
ing ? What led to a crisis ? Who resigned ? 



332 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 



[A. D. 1840, 



113. The league of the deputies fell to pieces on the ac- 
complishment of its object. For several weeks great confu- 
sion prevailed, the want of a firm governing hand manifest- 
ing itself in another uprising in Paris. This result put an 
end to the quarrels among the deputies, and a new ministry 
was formed by Marshal Soult (May 12, 1839). The new 
cabinet was called at once to take action on the question in 
dispute between Turkey and Egypt — the beginning of an 




TOMB OF NAPOI/EON. 



intervention in the affairs of the former which, under the 
name of the Eastern Question, has continued to claim the 
attention of Europe to the present time. France favored 
Egypt in her attempt to subdue Syria ; Eussia and England 
opposed her. England, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, how- 
ever, signed a treaty by which the Eastern Question was set- 
tled, without the knowledge of France (July 15, 1840). 

114. Angry at this want of good faith, France, under 
the lead of ^Thiers, made preparations for war. The allied 



113. What led to an uprising in Paris ? What did it result in ? Who formed a 
cabinet ? What question engaged its attention ? What treaty was signed ? 

114. What followed ? Who resigned ? Give an account of the removal of the re- 
mains of Napoleon. Where were they deposited ? 



L842 



A. ». 1842.] EEVOLUTIOKARY FEANCE. 333 

fleet in the Mediterranean, however, by its vigorous assaults 
and capture of Acre, had virtually decided the question. 
Thiers, having no longer the support of the king, resigned, 
and a peace ministry was formed under the direction of Gui- 
zot (gwe-zo'). In December, 1840, the remains of Napoleon 
were brought to France. The Prince de Joinville, a son 
of Louis Philippe, repaired to St. Helena with a fleet, and, 
on his return to European waters, first learned of the diffi- 
culty between France and England. Believing war between 
the two countries to be imminent, and fearing an attempt at 
capture by the English, he pledged his officers to die rather 
than deliver up the remains of the emperor. These were 
afterward deposited with imposing ceremonies in a tomb 
specially constructed for them under the dome of the church 
of the Invalides.* 

115. Shortly after, the five great powers of Europe signed 
a treaty by which the Sultan of Turkey was empowered to 
prevent any foreign war vessel from entering the Bosphorus 
(1841). Under the guidance of Guizot, the condition of 
affairs in France was, for many years, one of order and 
quiet. All fears of foreign war passed away ; while, at 
home, the disturbances which had marked the first years of 
the reign of Louis Philippe entirely disappeared, f In 1842, 
the Duke of Orleans met with a violent death by being 
thrown from his carriage ; and a new law was passed by 
which the succession was devolved upon his son, the Count 
of Paris, at the age of eighteen, the Duke of Nemours 
to act as regent. The following year, Victoria, of Eng- 
land, in testimony of the cordial understanding between her 
government and that of France, visited the latter country ; 

* Or rather in the church of St. Louis, forming a part of the Hotel des Invalides, which 
was founded by Louis XIV. as an asylum for veteran soldiers. It stands on the left bank 
of the Seine, covering, with its courts, etc., an area of about sixteen acres, west of the 
Faubourg St. Germain. 

t The foreign enterprises begun or completed during the latter years of the reign of 
Louis Philippe were numerous and important. Besides some small annexations made by 
the navy in the South Pacific (1S41-3), an embassy was sent to China, which succeeded in 
opening that vast empire to the influences of Christianity. 



115. What treaty was signed ? What was the condition of France under Guizot ? 
Who met a violent death ? On whom was the succession devolved ? Who visited 
France ? 



334 KEVOLUTIOHARY FRANCE. [A. D. 1848. 

and the king afterward returned the visit, and was admitted 
to the Order of the Garter. 

116. The most important enterprise prosecuted during 
this period for the material advantage of France was the 
conquest of Algeria. Several years before, the city of Al- 
giers had been taken ; but now a union of all the native 
Arab tribes opposed to the French was formed under the 
celebrated chieftain, Abd-el-Kader (hah'der). After an ac- 
tive campaign, in a difficult country, and under a burning 
sun, during which the war was extended from Algeria to 
Morocco, the power of Abd-el-Kader was completely broken 
in a decisive battle ; and he surrendered, some months after, 
to General Lamoriciere (la-?nor-e-se-dr f ), and was sent a 
prisoner to France (1847). 

117. Under the apparent quiet which France had enjoyed 
for several years, the principles of the Kevolution were still 
at work, their influence being steadily exerted in favor of 
greater liberty for the masses of the people. In 1847, the 
popular party presented to the Assembly resolutions asking 
for the removal of the property qualification in regard to 
voters, and a change in the composition of the Chamber it- 
self, by which the delegates should be more directly the 
representatives of the people. These requests were refused. 
The movers then appealed to the country, holding meetings 
and banquets everywhere, that the measure might be brought 
before the people in the most public manner. These meet- 
ings increased in number, and the speeches made were of 
the most imflammatory nature. The ministry, at length, 
interfered by prohibiting a banquet which had been an- 
nounced to take place in Paris on the 22d of February, 
1848. In spite of the prohibition, a great crowd gathered 
at the appointed time and place, and the ministry asserted 
its authority by calling out the regular troops. The Na- 
tional Guard was assembled, but they sided with the peo- 
ple in the struggle which had already begun. 

116. What conquest was effected ? To whom did Abd-el-Kader surrender ? 

117. What principles were still active ? What did the popular party ask ? What 
followed ? What course did the ministry adopt ? What was the result ? 



A. D. 1848.] EEVOLUTIOKAKY FKANCE. 335 

118. The king soou saw the gravity of the situation, and 
attempted to appease the anger of the people by accepting 
the resignation of his minister, G-uizot. When this was an- 
nounced, the fighting which had been going on at the barri- 
cades ceased, and the city was illuminated in rejoicing at the 
popular triumph. A band of armed men belonging to the 
popular party, howeverj while passing the office of the Min- 
ister of Foreign Affairs, which was guarded by a battalion 
of regulars, through some misapprehension was fired upon 
by the latter, fifty-two persons being killed. The cry of 
"Treason!" was at once raised, and a riot broke out 
which the king attempted to quell by further concessions. 
It was too late, however. The fighting was renewed with 
increased violence. Attacks were made upon many of the 
public buildings ; the troops wavered in their allegiance, 
receiving the king coldly ; and so threatening did the revolt 
become that the latter was at length compelled to seek safety 
in flight. * 

119. The mob then broke into the Tuileries, pillaging and 
destroying indiscriminately ; and, dragging out the throne, 
publicly burned it. They thronged also into the legislative 
chamber ; drove out the deputies, who were attempting to 
proclaim the accession of the young Count of Paris and the 
regency of his mother ; and called upon certain popular 
leaders to establish a provisional government. A republic 
was finally proclaimed with Lamartine {-teen) at its head, f 

120. The character of Louis Philippe has been the subject 
of much discussion, owing to his inconsistent action at dif- 
ferent periods of his reign. His concessions to the popular 

* The king reached England after many difficulties, and died there in August, 1850, at 
the age of seventy-seven, after spending two years in complete privacy. 

t An effort was made to adopt the red flag of the communists, but it was defeated by 
Lamartine, in a speech of great eloquence and power, delivered under the most trying 
circumstances, when an incautious word might have cost him his life. The tricolor was 
at length adopted as the ensign of the new republic. " The red flag," said the orator, "has 
only made the tour of the Champ de Mars, drawn in blood ; while the tricolor has made 
the tour of the world, carrying everywhere the name and glory of the country." 



118. What concession was made ? With what effect ? What caused a renewal 
of the insurrection ? The result ? 

119. What was done by the mob ? What was proclaimed ? Who was selected as 
the head of the government ? 

120. What is said of the character of Louis Philippe ? With what was he 
charged ? 



336 KEVOLUTKWARY FRANCE. [A. D. 1848. 

party displeased the Koyalists, without being radical enough 
to satisfy the party for which they were made. Perhaps the 
explanation of his conduct is to be found in his inability to 
discern clearly the tendencies of the transition period in 
which he was placed. He was accused of avarice, and a 
leaning toward despotism and intrigue. The latter charge 
grew out of the marriage of his son, the Duke of Montpen- 
sier (mong-po7ig-se-cV), to the sister of the Queen of Spain, 
under such circumstances that their son, it was thought, 
would fall heir to the throne. 

121. Notwithstanding the difficulties with which Louis 
Philippe had to contend, many reforms were made during 
his reign, the chief of which were, the abolition of the death 
penalty for certain political offenses ; the suppression of the 
trade in slaves and their gradual emancipation ; the amelior- 
ation of the condition of children employed in factories ; and 
the creation of a system of primary instruction, which has 
been already mentioned. This last measure was due to the 
efforts of G-uizot ; and, before his resignation and flight in 
1848, the number of schools of all kinds in France amounted 
to more than 60,000, with an attendance of three millions 
and a half. Louis Philippe completed also the church of 
La Madeleine and the Arch of Triumph, built the palace of 
the Quay D'Orsay, the Hotel de Ville, the School of Pine 
Arts, the Column of July,* and that of Boulogne, and con- 
verted the palace of Versailles into a magnificent historical 
museum, filled with trophies to illustrate the glory of France. 

The Second Eepublic. 

122. Though the most liberal measures were adopted by 
the new government, it failed to satisfy the demands of the 

* The Column of July was erected in 1840 in memory of those who fell during the three 
days of July, 1830, when Charles X. was driven from the throne. 



121 . Give an account of the reforms introduced by Louis Philippe. What build- 
ings did he cause to he constructed or improved ? 

122. What caused further trouble to the government? What led to outbreaks ? 
What assembly met ? What interfered with it ? 



revolutionary France. 




15 



)38 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 



[A. D. 1848. 



political speculators, who had gradually been acquiring im- 
mense influence over the masses. Crude theories in regard 
to finance, social equality, and the relations of labor and 
capital, now found expression in public meetings, which were 
numerously attended, and led to serious outbreaks. On the 
23d of April, deputies were chosen throughout Prance to the 
National Constituent Assembly, which was charged with the 
preparation of a new constitution.* Its labors were vastly 
increased, and sometimes openly interrupted by the extrem- 
ists, who drew into their employ the most abandoned classes, 
and defied the Assembly by the erection of barricades. 




CASTLE OFHAM.t 

123. The army was at length summoned to Paris, togeth- 
er with the National G-uard of the adjoining departments. 
After four days' fighting (June 23-26), during which the 

* This body again solemnly proclaimed the republic, and confided the executive power 
to a commission consisting of five members : MM. Arago, Gamier Pages, Marie, Lamar- 
tine. and Ledru Rollin. 

t Ham is situated about 67 miles north-east from Paris. Its old castle was used for 
some time as a state prison. It was built by the Count de St. Pol, in 1470. Its central 
tower is 100 feet high, and the walls are 36 feet thick. Joan of Arc was kept here for a 
few days, after she was taken prisoner ; and Mirabeau was imprisoned in it for some 
time. Louis Napoleon, Cavaignac, Lamoriciere, and others were confined in the castle. 
(See note to «[[ 124.) 

123. How was the not suppressed ? What were the chief provisions of the new 
constitution ? 



A. D. 1851.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 339 

Assembly invested General Cavaignac {Tcah-van-yac) with 
the dictatorship, the riot was suppressed.* The new con- 
stitution was announced in November. By it the sovereign 
power was intrusted to an assembly of 750 representatives. 
The executive consisted of a president, who was chosen for 
four years, but could not be re-elected till after an interval 
of four years. In all matters of peace or war, he exercised 
a joint power with the Assembly. Any Frenchman, twenty- 
five years of age, was eligible to office ; and every French- 
man, twenty-one years of age, and in the enjoyment of his 
civil and political rights, was an elector. 

124. On the 10th of December, 1848, Louis Napoleon 
Bonaparte f was chosen President of the Republic. The 
Legislative Assembly, which opened its session a few months 
after, was at once divided into parties, and disputes began 
between the Assembly and the President. These reached 
their height, when a resolution to amend the electoral law 
of 1849 was introduced. The quarrel grew constantly more 
bitter, till, on the 2d of December, 1851, the President, in 
violation of the Constitution, dissolved the Assembly, ar- 
rested the leaders of both parties, declared Paris in a state 
of siege, and appealed to the country to sustain him. This 
usurpation (celebrated as the coup d'etat (Jcoo-da-tah'), or 
stroke of state policy) roused the most determined resist- 
ance. Paris was again in arms ; but the army had been won 
over by the President, and the struggle was short. After 
some disturbances in other parts of the country, which were 
soon suppressed, France, (by a vote of 7,437,216 against 

* The forts and prisons overflowed with the captured insurgents. More than 11,000 were 
held as prisoners, and 100,000 muskets were taken. Twelve generals of the regular army 
were killed or wounded, and the Archbishop of Paris was shot down as he was advan- 
cing toward the insurgents on an errand of mercy. 

t Louis Napoleon was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, being the son of Louis, 
King of Holland, and Hortense Beauharnais (bo-ar-na'), the daughter of Josephine. At 
his birth, in 1808, there was little prospect that he would ever be called to ascend the 
throne. By a series of opportune deaths, however, he was left in 1832 the direct heir to 
the imperial succession. As the empire had been discarded by the French, all his hopes 
of success in his designs upon the government lay in restoring it. He made two unsuc- 
cessful attempts to do this : the first, at Strasbourg in 1836. where he endeavored to per- 
suade the garrison to declare him emperor ; the second, at Boulogne in 1840, where he pur- 
sued a similar course. In both cases he was arrested, being sent as a prisoner, on the lat- 
ter occasion, to the fortress of Ham. After five years' imprisonment, he made his escape, 
and spent the next three years principally in England. 

124. Who was chosen president? What dispute arose? What course did the 
president take ? With what power was he clothed ? 



340 EEVOLUTIOXAEY FKAHCE. [A. ». 1852. 

640,737) sustained the President in his arbitrary acts by re- 
electing him President for ten years, and clothing him with 
power to frame a new constitution. * 

125. The only military expedition of moment undertaken 
by France, during the presidency of Louis Napoleon, was 
that to Eome, under General Oudinot {oo-de-no'). For some 
time the Pope (Pius IX. ) had been an exile from his capital, 
Eome being organized as a republic, under the government 
of Mazzini (mat-ze-ne). Believing that the capture of Eome 
was intended by the commander of the Austrian army then 
in Bologna, an attack was made on the city by the French, 
which failed. Being reinforced, they renewed the attack, 
with 25,000 men, and succeeded (July 2, 1849). On the 
4th of April, 1850, the Pope returned under the protection 
of the French, who have constituted his principal support 
for seventeen years. 

The Second Empiee. 

1852 1^6. Napoleon III. — Louis Napoleon, after his 
to famous coup (Tetat, was virtually clothed with the 
powers of a dictator. The constitution which he 
presented for the acceptance of the country, in the begin- 
ning of 1852, revived the consular powers of the first Napo- 
leon. On the 2d of December, 1852, he was chosen Empe- 
ror, under the title of Napoleon IILf Associated with 
him in the administration of the government, were the Sen- 
ate and Legislative Body ; the former consisting of 150 mem- 
bers, the latter of 261. A Council of State was charged with 
the duty of preparing laws ; the Legislative Body voted upon 

"-"Thus was brought to an end the experiment of parliamentary government in 
France. It had lasted more than thirtv-flve years ; and on reviewing the stormy vicissi- 
tudes, the revolutionary excesses, the bloody civil conflicts of that period, we can hardly 
be surprised that the great majority of the 'French people viewed its suppression with 
indifference, if not approval.*'— Student's History of France. , , 

t On the 30th of January, 1S53. the emperor was married to Eugenie, Countess of Teba 
(ta'bah), descended from one of the most illustrious families of Spain. 



125. What military expedition was undertaken ? Give an account of the taking 
of Eome. Who was restored ? How long was he sustained by the French ? 

126. What authority did Louis Napoleon acquire by the coup d'etat f What did 
the constitution revive ? To what position was he chosen ? What were the other 
branches of the government ? 



A. D. 1854.] REVOLUTIONARY FEANCE. 341 

them ; while the Senate watched oyer the maintenance of 
the Constitution, and was placed in direct relation with the 
people by the duty imposed upon it of receiving their peti- 
tions. 

127. Crimean War. — Hardly was the new government 
installed in power, when the designs of Eussia in the south- 
east of Europe brought on a war in which France felt herself 
constrained to engage. Under the pretext of protecting the 
interests of the Greek Church, Eussia invaded the princi- 
palities of the Danube, with the intention of seizing Con- 
stantinople. The execution of this scheme would not only 
have been an infringement of the treaty of 1841, by permitting 
the fleets of Eussia to pass the Dardanelles, but would have 
put in peril the communications of England and France with 
their colonies in India and Algeria respectively. The two 
latter powers, therefore, united to resist these encroachments. 
On the 3d of July, 1853, the Eussians invaded the Turkish 
territory ; but it was not until after several months of fruit- 
less negotiation that war was formally declared. 

128. The first attacks by the western powers were made in 
the Black Sea, where the port of Odessa was bombarded by 
the French and English (April 22, 1854). The Eussians 
then evacuated the Danubian principalities, and an Austrian 
army of observation entered Wal-la'chi-a to guarantee the 
Sultan's possessions in that quarter. The combined forces 
of France, England, and Turkey then sailed for the Crimea, 
with the intention of attacking the strongly fortified post 
of Se-bas'to-pol. The French were commanded by Mar- 
shal St. Arnaud* (ar-no') ; the English by Lord Eaglan.f 
Landing at some distance from Sebastopol, they met the 
Eussians on the banks of the Alma (September 20, 1854), and 

* A few days after the battle of the Alma, St. Arnaud resigned his command to General 
Canronert (-bar 1 ) ; three days after, he died at sea. on his way hack to Trance. His sue- 
?o« ^ retaine( i command only a few months, being prostrated also by sickness. In May, 
1H55, General Pelissier was appointed commander of the French forces. 

T liord Raglan also died of disease, contracted during the war, on the 28th of June, 1855. 

127. What brought on a war ? In what scheme did the Russians engage ? Why 
was it opposed by France and England ? 

128. What were the first events ? What course did the Russians pursue ? What 
was done by the French and English forces? Who were the respective command- 
ers ? What battles were fought ? With what result J What followed ? 



342 KEVOLUTIOXARY FRAXCE. [A. ». 1856. 

defeated them, and again near Inkermann (November 5), 
with a similar result. After much suffering from disease 
and the rigor of the season, the allies entered upon the siege 
of Sebastopol, which was obstinately defended by the Kus- 
sians. 

129. A powerful line of fortifications surrounded the city, 
strengthened at intervals by immense towers, the largest of 
which were the Malakoff and the Great Redan. The first 
attempt of the French to storm the former failed; but a 
second attack, made three months afterward, succeeded, 
the English also carrying the Great Redan. The capture 
of the Malakoff decided the fate of the city. The Russians 
abandoned it, destroying an immense amount of war mate- 
rial, but leaving also a large quantity which fell into the 
hands of the victors. The fall of Sebastopol virtually ended 
the war. The Emperor Nicholas having died (March 2, 
1855), his successor (Alexander II.) consented to the terms 
imposed by the Congress of Paris (February, 1856).* 

130. Among the questions discussed at the Congress of 
Paris was that of the "balance of power," which was grad- 
ually assuming increased importance in the eyes of the states- 
men of Europe. The occasion for this discussion was found 
in the repeated interferences of Austria in the affairs of Italy. 
Victor Emmanuel II., King of Piedmont, having established 
a liberal government in that country, the hopes of the peo- 
ple of Italy turned toward him as their defender against the 
encroachments of Austria. In time, they hoped to free them- 
selves from such aggressions by the union of all the states of 
Italy under one government. The development of this feel- 
ing led, at length, to a resentment between the two countries, 
which ended in war. France, whose tenure of Rome was 
threatened by the advances of Austria in the north of Italy, 

* The cordial understanding between France and England was signalized on the 15th of 
April. 1855, by a visit which the emperor and emnress made to the queen in London. This 
courtesy was returned by the queen in August.* 

129. Describe the fortifications of Sebastopol. What part of the attack was as- 
signed to the French ? What to the Enslish ? Were thev successful ? What was the 
result of the capture of Sehastoool ? 

130. What important question was discussed at the Congress of Paris ? Why was 
it introduced there ? Why did France ally herself with Piedmont? 



A. ». 1866.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 343 

took the side of Piedmont ; and their alliance was further 
cemented by the marriage of Prince Napoleon, the cousin of 
the emperor, with the daughter of Victor Emmanuel. 

131. When the Austrians crossed the Ticino (te-chee'no), 
the Emperor Napoleon * immediately put his troops in mo- 
tion to aid his ally (1859). Entering Italy at Genoa, he 
crossed the mountains, and established his headquarters at 
Alexandria. The first action was at Mon-te-bel'lo (May 20). 
This was followed by the engagement at Pa-les'tro (May 30), 
between the Austrians and the troops of Victor Emmanuel, 
and that of Ma-gen 'ta (June 4), which opened the road to 
Milan. The emperor and Victor Emmanuel entered that 
city in triumph four days after. The Austrians fled toward 
Verona, but turned suddenly upon their pursuers at Sol-fer- 
i'no (-ee'no) (June 24), and made a final effort to retrieve 
their losses. The battle began at 3 o'clock in the morning, . 
and lasted eighteen hours, at the end of which time the Aus- 
trians crossed the Mincio (meen'cho) in great disorder, f 

132. The Austrian disasters, which culminated at Solfer- 
ino, led to the conference at Vil'la-fran'ca and the treaty of 
Zurich (October, 1859). By the latter the foundation of an 
Italian Confederation was laid. Lombardy was attached to 
Piedmont ; Parma, Mod'e-na, and Florence were also united 
to it by yote of the people ; and Nice and Savoy, at a later 
date (1860), were annexed to France. The movement for 
the unity of Italy went rapidly on from this time ; and, at the 
close of the year 1866, the French troops were finally with- 

* Soon after Napoleon was proclaimed emperor, attempts began to be made upon his 
life. One was made in 1853; another in 1855. On the 14th of January, 1858, Pieri and 
Orsini, aided by two other Italians, formed a plot for his destruction. Hand-grenades 
were thrown into the crowd which surrounded the doors of the opera, as the emperor 
and empress were entering the building, which burst and caused the loss of many lives. 
Both the emperor and the empress escaped unharmed, but Pieri and Orsini were ex- 
ecuted. These repeated attempts led to the passage of an act by which the regency was 
to be conferred upon the empress, in certain contingencies, in favor of her son, the prince 
imperial, who was born March 16th, 1856. 

t The French force in this action was 140,000 : the Austrian, 160,000 ; the loss of the lat- 
ter being 22,000. 



131. In what way was the war begun ? What were the first three important bat- 
tles ? What city was opened to the allies by the victory of Magenta ? What decisive 
battle followed ? 

132. What conference and treaty followed ? What changes in Italy were agreed 
upon ? What progress was made in uniting the States of Italy? What other expedi- 
tions were undertaken by Napoleon III. ? 



344 REVOLUTIOHAKY FRANCE. [A. D. 1866. 

drawn from Eome. Several foreign expeditions were under- 
taken by the Emperor Napoleon, the first of which was that 
to China. This was conducted by the French and English 
together, who desired to trade with China on terms of equal- 
ity, and to give better protection to their subjects thus 
engaged. They demanded, therefore, a revision of former 
treaties, by which a greater number of ports should be 
opened to their vessels. In 1857, Canton was captured, and 
negotiations began ; but these were deceptive, and other ac- 
tions took place. The allies finally entered Pekin, where 
the object of the expedition was accomplished (October, 
1859). 

133. By a similar expedition, certain ports of Japan were 
opened (1858), while a war, entered into by the French and 
Spaniards against the Emperor of Anam (an-nahm'), the 
same year, ended with the opening of three ports to com- 
merce, the cession of three provinces to France, the estab- 
lishment of freedom of worship for Christians in Anam, and 
the payment of a war indemnity (1862). In 1860, the per- 
secution of the Christians of Syria by the Druses (droo'seez), 
a fierce and warlike race, inhabiting that country, led to the 
intervention of the French, who sent a small force for their 
protection. This was followed by a more formidable expe- 
dition to Mexico, sent for the redress of grievances of long 
standing, to which the recent condition of anarchy in that 
country had added (1861). France, England, and Spain had 
originally taken part in this expedition ; but the last two 
powers withdrew almost at the outset. The French forces, 
under General Forey (fo-ra) and Marshal Bazaine (bah- 
zdn'), penetrated to the capital (1863), where a provisional 
government was established, which ended in the erection of 
an empire, the Archduke Maximilian, brother of the Em- 
peror of Austria, being called to the throne (1864). Pledges 
were given by the new emperor for the payment to France 

133. What was done in Japan and Anam ? What countries engaged in the expe- 
dition to the latter ? Why was the expedition to S3 r ria undertaken ? What was the 
nominal reason of the expe liticn to Mexico ? What nations took part in it ? What 
was the result of ii ? 



A. D. 1870.] REYOLUTIONAEY FEAKCE. 345 

of the expense of the expedition, and the losses suffered by 
French residents ; but the French forces abandoned the 
country early in 1867 ; and, soon afterward, an insurrection 
against Maximilian resulted in his capture and defeat, when, 
by order of the Mexican General Juarez, he was shot (June 
19, 1867). 

134. For a few years subsequent to 1867, France was un- 
disturbed, and applied herself to the development of her 
resources ; but many forces were silently at work to urge her 
on the disastrous course which she afterward adopted. One 
of these was the ancient feeling of jealousy entertained by 
her for centuries toward the powers beyond the Ehine. This 
feeling, which had its foundation in difference of race, 
reached its height during the wars of the first Napoleon, 
and was intensified at a later date by the aggrandizement of 
Prussia at the expense of Austria (1866). The rise of Prus- 
sia was rapid and steady, and was accompanied by warlike 
preparations on the most extensive scale. The balance of 
power in Europe was thus threatened, and the feeling was 
general in France that war was imminent; and, in that 
event, little doubt was felt that the arms of Prussia would 
be turned against France. Corresponding preparations were, 
therefore, made by the latter, and both waited only for a 
pretext for declaring war.* 

135. This was found in the necessity which arose of find- 
ing a new sovereign for the throne of Spain. The wretched 
government of that country by Queen Isabella led to her 
expulsion in 1868. Two years of partial anarchy followed ; 
and, in 1870, it was proposed to place upon the throne the 
Prussian prince, Leopold of Ho-hen-zoriern. Explanations 
from Prussia were at once demanded by France, the ardor 

* " Two ways were open to him [Napoleon III.] by which he might maintain himself 
upon his throne. Either he must resolve to abandon the principle of Caesarismand give 
to France internal freedom, or he must dazzle her with brilliant victories abroad, and 
rescue the principle of personal government."— Rustow's War for the Rhine Frontier. 



134. What was the condition of France subsequent to 1867? What was the feel- 
ing toward Prussia, and why was :'t entertained? What course did both pursue ? 

135. What was th° pretext for war? In whav year was war declared ? What was 
the condition of the Prussian army, and how was it aided ? What was the strength of 
each army ? 

15* 



346 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. D. 1870. 

of the latter for war being reflected in the urgency of the 
French ambassador. On the 23d of July, 1870, war was 
formally declared, and the French soon after marched to the 
Rhine. The superiority of the Prussians in numbers, disci- 
pline, and general management was soon apparent ; and this 
advantage was increased by the action of the German States 
bordering on the Rhine, all of which declared for Prussia. 
The French armies, under Marshals MacMahon and Bazaine, 
numbered 350,000 ; the Germans, under Von Moltke (moW- 
ha), were estimated at 600,000. 

136. The first important engagement took place at Weis - 
sen-burg (August 4), where MacMahon was defeated. Two 
days after, occurred the battle of Worth, where he was again 
defeated with great loss. Bazaine was equally unfortunate. 
Being constantly driven back, he at length made a stand at 
Gravelotte (grav-el-of), on the 18th of August, where he was 
worsted, falling back with 175,000 men to the city of Metz, 
which formed the center of an intrenched camp of immense 
strength. MacMahon's corps was now the principal one in 
the open field. It encountered the enemy again on the 30th, 
and was again defeated, and forced to retreat to Sedan (sa- 
dong'). The German pursuit was relentless; and, only two 
days after, the French were again attacked at Sedan,* and a 
decisive battle was fought, which resulted in the utter defeat 
of the French and the surrender of their army, including 
the Emperor Napoleon himself, f 

137. The Germans now began their march toward Paris, 
leaving a sufficient force to prevent the escape of the troops. 
In that city, the greatest consternation prevailed. The 

* " In the town of Sedan, where the whole army of MacMahon was crowded together in 
narrow streets, a confusion reigned which it is entirely impossible to describe. Napo- 
leon resolved to capitulate ; but he did not regard himself as commander-in-chief. Gen- 
eral Von Wimpffen, who had commanded during the day, was to arrange the capitula- 
tion of the army. Napoleon surrendering his person only."— Eustow's War for the Rhine 
Frontier. 

t He was sent as a prisoner to the palace of Wilhelmshohe, in Germany, where he re- 
mained till the declaration of peace. 



136. What were the first two engagements, and who was the French commander ? 
What result followed the battle of Gravelotte ? To what place was MacMahoq 
finally driven ? What was the result of the battle of Sedan ? 

137. Toward what city did the Germans then march? Who was made regent ? 
What was the effect in Paris of additional reverses ? What part did the mob take ? 



A. D. 18 70.] REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 347 

empress, haying been made regent, convened the legislative 
bodies early in August, accepted the resignation of the minis- 
try which had advocated the war, and arranged to form an- 
other. General Trochu (tro-slioo 1 ) was intrusted with the 
command of all the forces left to defend the capital. News 
of repeated reverses, however, continued to arrive, and the 
popularity of the Emperor sank to such an extent, that on 
the receipt of the news from Sedan, his dethronement was 
openly advocated. While the question was under discussion, 
the legislative chamber was entered by a noisy mob, which 
broke up the session with shouts of "Long live the Repub- 
lic!" 

The Third Republic. 

138. The empress, fearing for her personal safety, fled to 
England. A meeting of republicans then assembled at the 
Hotel de Ville, and organized a new government, with a 
temporary Commission of National Defense. On the 19th 
of September, the German army arrived before Paris ; and 
on the 21st, its investment was complete. The only hope for 
the besieged lay in securing the intervention of allies, or in 
receiving aid from some of the forces left invested in the 
fortresses of the frontier. For the former purpose, Thiers 
was sent on a mission to the courts of Europe, but was un- 
successful ; and all hope from the latter source was dispelled 
near the close of September, when Toul and Strasbourg * 
capitulated. Paris was now shut off from all communica- 
tion with the outer world, while the number of its besiegers 
was constantly increased by the arrival of troops freed by 
the surrender of the frontier garrisons. The most extraor- 
dinary means were adopted to get out of the city and to 
communicate with its inhabitants. Many people left the 

* The famous cathedral, one of the finest Gothic edifices in Europe, was considerably- 
damaged during the siege of the city, hut has been restored. This building was founded 
in 504 A. D. The spire is 466 feet high, or 33 feet higher than St. Peter's in Rome. The 
church is very rich in sculpture. Its clock is one of the wonders of the world. 



138. What became of the empress? To whom was the government then in- 
trusted ? What hopes had the people in Paris ? How were these dispelled ? What 
was the condition of Paris ? What means of communication were adopted ? 



348 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. D. 1871. 

city in balloons, and letters were sent to and fro by carrier 
pigeons. * 

139. The situation in the city became daily more critical. 
Divided counsels led to insubordination among the troops 
and discontent among the people. On the 19th of January, 
1871, a sortie was attempted, but it was easily repulsed by 
the overwhelming masses of the besiegers. A few slight 
successes which the French afterward obtained, only served 
to illuminate somewhat the general gloom, which was soon in- 
creased by the scarcity of food and the prospect of a famine, f 
After many weeks of suffering, which the inhabitants were 
encouraged to sustain by the publication of false dispatches 
describing successes which never occurred, the news of the 
capitulation of Metz threw the city into a fever of excitement ; 
and the extremists took advantage of this to incite the people 
against the authorities. Order being restored, negotiations 
were resumed ; and resulted, after many disagreements and 
delays, in a declaration of peace, the princij)al conditions of 
which were that the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine should 
be ceded to Germany, and that France should pay a war 
indemnity of 5,000,000,000 francs (about 11,000,000,000), 
and submit to the occupation of certain portions of her ter- 
ritory till this sum should be paid. 

140. The Emperor Napoleon was then released and went 
to England. As there had been no recognized authority in 

* " At the beginning of the siege, one of the absorbing topics of discussion among the 
Parisians was the means of communication with the outer world. The French had 
always had a fancy for ballooning, and were probably in advance of the rest of the world 
in this respect. They now applied their experience to a practical use, and soon a service 
of mail balloons was organized, starting from Paris twice a week. At first they were 
dispatched in the afternoon ; but soon they found that the balloon did not rise quickly 
enough to escape the bullets of the Prussians encamped upon the hills which surround 
Paris. So they changed the hour of departure to one in the morning. The speed of the 
balloon is sometimes marvelous. Starting at one o'clock, one of them fell into the sea 
off the coast of Holland at daylight. The passengers were rescued by a fishing-smack. 
A second descended in Norway on the verv morning it left Paris. Of ninety-seven bal- 
loons that left Paris during the siege, ninety-four arrived safely. Two fell into the hands 
of the enemy, and one was never heard of."— Hoffman'- 's Camp, Court, and Siege. 

t The meat In the city was seized by the authorities, and every one was put upon an al- 
lowance. Horse flesh, dogs, cats, and rats became articles of food, and fuel was dealt 
out in daily rations. 

139. What was done in January with the view of relieving the city ? What suc- 
cess attended it '? What effect did the news of the surrender at Metz have ? What 
terms were imposed by the Germans ? 

1 40. Where did the Emperor Napoleon go ? For what purpose was a National As- 
sembly convened ? Where and when did it meet ? Who was placed at the head of 
affairs ? Why did the Assembly afterward meet at Versailles ? 



BEVOLUTIONABY FEANCE. 



349 



Prance since his capture, Prussia had stipulated that a Na- 
tional Assembly should be convened to treat with her.* In 




CATHEDRAL OF STRASBOURG, t 



s ig^ssssiHs^^« 



350 BEVOLUTIOBABY EBANCE. [A. D. 1871. 

the elections for this, which now took place, the two frag- 
ments of the government for the national defense, which had 
become separated during the siege of the capital, opposed 
each other ; and a portion of it being still in Paris, now 
occupied by the Germans, became an object of distrust 
to the rest of France, which looked to that at Bordeaux 
for guidance. In that city, the new National Assembly 
met early in 1871. Another government was there estab- 
lished, Thiers being chosen as a sort of petty king, with 
power to name his associates. The Assembly wishing to be 
nearer the Prussians, but fearing to place itself in the power 
of the rabble of Paris, transferred its sessions to Versailles. 
This was regarded with great disfavor in Paris, where the 
National Guard still retained its arms. Several other meas- 
ures, necessary to the restoration of quiet and the observance 
of their pledges, were taken by the new government, among 
others that of disarming the National Guard. 

141. This was resisted ; and the mob, under the direction 
of the extreme party known as Eed Eepublicans, took up 
arms and erected barricades. The disorganized state of the 
army only added to the general confusion, when it was called 
upon to quell the insurrection. In a short time, the Com- 
mune was master of Paris, and the red flag floated from the 
palace of the Tuileries. The same scenes of violence which 
had often before attended the rule of the most abandoned 
classes, were again enacted. Persons were arrested on the 
most trivial suspicions, and summarily shot ; churches were 
desecrated ; banks and private dwellings were pillaged ; and 
all the depraved agents of anarchy and vice found an ample 
field for the exercise of their peculiar calling.* 

* The Column of the Grand Army in the Place Vendome was pulled down with special 
indications of disgust; the house of Thiers was destroyed, and organized hands of 
women and even children assisted in the work of destruction, facilitating the burning of 
buildings by the use of petroleum. As the hatred of tbe Communists was most bitter 
against royalty, their vengeance was wreaked upon the structures which the monarchs 
of France had erected or adorned. Some of the most beautiful buildings in Paris were 
thus destroyed ; among them the Hotel de Ville, the Palais Royal, and the Palace of the 
Tuileries. The venerable Archbishop of Paris was imorisoned, and afterward shot with- 
out sanction of law ; and hundreds of lives were sacrificed with wanton atrocity. 



141. In what way, and by whom, was the authority of the new government dis- 
puted ? What was the result in Paris ? 



A. B. 1873.] KEVOLUTIONAKY FKANCE. 351 

142. Daily conflicts with the regular troops took place, 
but the Communists were finally subdued. The govern- 
ment, of which Thiers was the chief executive, then resumed 
its sway, and continued in power two years, when Thiers, 
finding it impossible to reconcile the contending factions, 
resigned (May, 1873). Marshal MacMahon was then elected 
President in his stead. 

143. During the reign of Napoleon III., the French, pro- 
tected by the comparative stability of their government, de- 
voted themselves to the development of their resources ; and 
rapid strides were made in all the departments which conduce 
to the material welfare of a people. While denying the peo- 
ple political liberty, and exercising a strict censorship over 
the press, he was careful to encourage internal improve- 
ments, and strove to render his capital the center of Europe 
in everything that related to taste and fashion. Many rail- 
roads, canals, and lines of telegraph were opened under his 
auspices, the most notable works of this kind, undertaken 
during his reign, being the piercing of Mount Cenis (sen-e), 
by a tunnel through which France and Italy are connected 
by rail, and the construction of the Suez canal, by which 
the Mediterranean is connected with the Eed Sea, thus fur- 
nishing a short route from Europe to India. 

144. In matters of taste, the efforts of Napoleon III. were 
specially directed to the embellishment of Paris. His most 
extensive scheme in this respect was the construction of new 
streets and boulevards, and the widening of old ones, under 
the direction of Baron Hausmann. Particular attention 
was also given by him to the restoration of ancient cathe- 
drals, churches, and buildings of various kinds all over 
France, and to the erection of monuments commemorative 
of the valor of the French. In 1855, and again in 1867, the 
attention of the civilized world was drawn to Paris by the 

142. Which side was successful ? How long was Theirs the chief executive? 
Why did he resign ? Who succeeded him ? 

143. What was done by the French in the way material advancement during the 
reign of Napoleon III. ? What were two of the most important works undertaken '? 

144. How was the result of his rule shown in Paris ? In what special works did 
he engage ? In what years were World's Fairs held in Paris ? 



352 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. [A. D. 1877. 

opening of a Universal Exposition, designed to exhibit, on 
the grandest scale, the advance made by the nations of the 
earth in the various fields of agriculture, science, and art. 

145. At the present time there are three aspirants for the 
throne of France : the Count of Chambord, who represents 
the legitimate Bourbon succession ; the Count of Paris, who 
is the heir of the Orleans dynasty ; and the son of Napoleon 
III., who received the title of Napoleon IV. at a meeting of 
his partisans in England, on which occasion his claims were 
advocated. Each of these three has his adherents in France, 
and even in the Assembly, though the form of government 
is now republican. At the present time (July, 1877), 
President MacMahon is appealing to the country to sus- 
tain him in a question which has arisen between him and 
the Assembly. That body was dissolved by him in June, 
and a new election will shortly take place. 

145. What claimants to the throne of France are now living ? Why are they all 
excluded ? What crisis now exists ? 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 353 



State of Society. 

146. Political Changes. — An intelligent observer would 
have easily discerned, at the time of the accession of Louis 
XVI., that a great convulsion was impending. The opin- 
ions of men had undergone a change. Principles which 
they had previously accepted as of undoubted truth, they 
had abandoned, under the teaching of the bold and able 
writers who had attacked all the institutions previously es- 
tablished — social, religious, and political. 

147. The following have been given as the causes that led 
to that awful convulsion known as the French Eevolution : 
1. The despotism, recklessness, and profligacy of the govern- 
ment of France during the three preceding reigns ; 2. The 
oppressions to which the lower classes were subjected from 
the unjust laws which favored the nobility and clergy by 
exempting them from their due share in the weight of 
taxation ; 3. The dissemination of knowledge among the 
people, and the spread of infidelity, occasioned by the writ- 
ings of Vol-taire', and others ; 4. The notions and feelings 
in favor of popular freedom inspired by the success of the 
American Eevolution, in which so many of the French na- 
tion had borne a distinguished part. Besides these causes, 
must be added the disorders of the finances, which almost 
suspended the powers of the government.* 

148. After being for so many years deprived of all share 
in the government, the people seemed suddenly aroused to a 
sense of their natural rights ; and a passionate fervor in be- 
half of civil and political liberty seemed to pervade all 

* " The provincial nobles, who were by far the most numerous, were, with few excep- 
tions, miserably poor and uneducated : shut up within the pale of their rank, they were 
excluded from the law, from commerce, and from many of those roads to wealth which 
were open to plebeians. Their titles and their exemptions from taxation were their only 
distinctions. These distinctions, however, made them look down with contempt on 
their unprivileged though richer neighbors, by whom they were in turn despised for 
their poverty and pride. In addition to all these evils, the false philosophy of the times 
had weakened the influence of religious principle throughout France. Thus the very 
cords were loosened which bind society together, and very slight impulses were suffix 
cient to burst them asunder." 



146. What might have been discerned at the commencement of the reign of Lonis 
XVI. ? What were the indications of the impending convulsion ? 

147. Mention the causes of the French Revolution. 

148. What was the condition of the popular mind ? How was it excited ? 



354 REYOLUTIOXAET FBAtfCE. 

ranks and classes. * This was constantly fanned by the cir- 
culation of pamphlets, which advocated the most extreme 
and revolutionary views, and which infused into the public 
mind a thorough hatred and contempt of the court, particu- 
larly of the queen, f 

149. The third estate — the people — had bided their time, 
and at last it came. The first session ' of the far-famed 
States- General of 1789 gave, in various minor incidents, in- 
dications of the storm that was so soon to burst forth with 
resistless fury. The representatives of the people refused to 
sit with uncovered heads, when the nobles and clergy, ac- 
cording to the old custom of every former session, put on 
their hats after the completion of the king's speech ; and 
this led to a tumult only to be ended by the king's taking 
off his own hat. % 

150. Since that great era, revolution has been the charac- 
teristic of French politics. No government that has been 
established has been other than insecure and temporary, be- 
cause it has not rested on principles thoroughly fixed and 
matured in public opinion. The popular mind, indeed, has 
seemed to revolt from all government, only submitting to it 
for a time as a dreadful necessity. The Commune of 1871 
was the last, but perhaps the most striking illustration of 

* " The harvest of long centuries was ripening and whitening so rapidly of late ; and 
now it is white, and is reaped rapidly, as it were in one day. Heaped in this Reign of 
Terror ; and carried home, to Hades and the Pit ! Unhappy sons of Adam ; it is ever 
so ; and never do they know it nor will they know it. With cheerfully smoothed coun- 
tenances, day after day, and generation after generation, they, calling cheerfully to one 
another, Well-speed-ye, are at work, sowing the wind. And yet, as God lives, they shall 
reap the whirlwind ; no other thing, we say, is possible, since God is a Truth, and His 
world is a Truth."— Carli/le's French Revolution. 

t" Every press throughout France," says one who was residing in Paris in 1789, "is 
busied in printing pamphlets in favor of liberty ; and. in the bookshops of Paris, every 
hour produces something new." Carlyle, in his peculiar style, remarks of this. "De- 
nunciation of Lettres-de- Cachet, of despotism generally, abates not; the Twelve Parlia- 
ments are busy ; the Twelve Hundred Placarders, Ballad-singers, Pamphleteers. Paris is 
what, in figurative speech, they call ' flooded with pamphlets ; ' flooded and eddying 
again. Hot deluge, from so many patriot ready-writers, all at the fervid or boiling point, 
each ready- writer, now on the hour of eruption, going like an Iceland Geyser ! " 

X " We remark only that, as his Majesty, on finishing his speech, put on his plumed 
hat, and the Noblesse according to custom imitated him, our Tiers-Etat Deputies did 
mostly, not without a shade of fierceness, in like manner, clap on, and even crush on, 
their slouched hats, and stand there awaiting the issue. Thick buzz among them, be- 
tween majority and minority, of Couvrez-vous, Decoiivrez-vous ! (Hats on, Hats off !) To 
which his Majesty puts an end by taking off his own royal hat again."— Carli/le's French 
Revolution. 

149. What is said of the Third Estate ? Of the meeting of the States-General ? 
What incident is referred to ? 

150. What has beeu the condition of things since ? What is said of the Commune 
of 1871 ? 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 355 

this condition of the public mind — like that of a maniac, 
in blind fury destroying friends and foes, and trampling un- 
der foot the most precious products of human industry and 
genius. 

151. Costume. — In the first part of the reign of Louis 
XVI., the rising spirit of republicanism was seen in the 
change of costume. When Dr. Franklin visited France in 
1776, in behalf of his American compatriots, the people 
were charmed with his simplicity of dress and manners ; 
and their love for the cause which he represented led them 
to imitate him. Gold lace and embroidery, and powdered 
curls gave way to plain dresses and straight-cut hair ; * but 
this was soon followed by an extraordinary affectation of 
English modes of costume. 

152. At the beginning of this period, the ladies wore 
hoops, and dressed their hair in the most extreme fashion. 
It was drawn up in the form of a huge pyramid on the top 
of the head ; and caricatures might be seen representing the 
hair-dresser mounted on a ladder dressing a lady's hair. 
The publication of the simple story of Paul and Virginia 
by St. Pierre, which was read in all fashionable circles, 
helped to produce the revolution in dress which followed. 
Virginia, in her simple robe of white muslin and her plain 
straw hat, became at once the model ; and the silks, satins, 
and velvets were banished in favor of white muslin dresses 
and straw hats a la Virginie, f 

153. During the first part of the Eevolution, the antique 
came into vogue, in imitation of the classic heroes of re- 
publican Greece and Rome. Afterward, when the dreadful 

* Count Segur, In his Memoires, speaking of the arrival of the American deputies, says : 
It was as if the sages of Kome and Greece had suddenly appeared ; their antique sim- 
plicity of dress, their firm and plain demeanor, their free and direct language, formed 
a contrast to the frivolity, effeminacy, and servile refinements of the French. The 
taste of fashion and nobility ran after these republicans, and ladies, lords, and men of 
letters, all worshiped them." 

t" Still more significant are two books produced on the eve of the ever-memorable 
explosion itself, and read eagerly by all the world : Saint Pierre's Paul et Virginie, and 
Louvet s Chevelier de Faublas, note-worthy books ; which may be considered as the 
last speech of old Feudal France."— Carlyle's French Eevolution. 

151. What changes in costume took place ? How did Dr. Franklin's visit affect 
this ? 

152. Describe the ladies' costume at the beginning of the period. How carica- 
tured •> What effect had the publication of Paul and Virginia f 

153. What other changes are referred to ? 



356 [REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 

guillotine was throwing its baneful shadow over every house- 
hold, and the human tigers of the Eeign of Terror were 
gorging themselves with gore ; when every knock that was 
heard at the door of a dwelling-house seemed like the sum- 
mons of the executioner, there was little thought of dress, 
and fashion was for a time dethroned. * But when that ter- 
rible period had passed, the people, by a natural reaction, 
gave way to their wonted gayety of manners and living ; 
and again began to indulge their taste for rich and stylish 
clothing. 

154. Laws and Education. — The civil administration 
of Napoleon I. was characterized by the highest intelligence, 
and the most beneficent enterprise. The Code Napoleon has 
already been spoken of. It was perhaps the grandest of 
all his achievements for the good of France, f But he did 
much also for education, of which there was no system in 
France before his time. He created twenty-nine lyceums, 
in which the instruction given was literary, scientific, and 
moral, and encouraged education in them by 6,400 free 
scholarships. He created ten law schools, and six medical 
schools ; and to the Polytechnic School, he added the School 
of Eoads and Bridges. The system of primary instruction, 
now so complete in France, was, however, created after Na- 
poleon's time. 

155. Public Works, Manufactures, etc. — The pub- 

* " Then came those days when the most barbarous of all codes was administered by 
the most barbarous of all tribunals ; when no man could greet his neighbors, or say his 
prayers, or dress his hair, without danger of committing a capital crime ; when spies 
lurked in every corner ; when the guillotine was long and hard at work every morning ; 
when the jails were filled as close as the hold of a slave-ship ; when the gutters ran foam- 
ing with blood into the Seine ; when it was death to be great-niece to a captain of the 
royal guards, or half-brother of a doctor of the Sorbonne. While the daily wagon-loads 
of victims were carried to their doom through t'ie streets of Paris, the proconsuls whom 
the sovereign committee had sent forth to the departments, reveled in an extravagance 
of cruelty unknown even in the capital. The knife of the deadly machine rose and fell 
too slow for their work of slaughter. Long rows of captives were mowed down with 
grapeshot. Holes were made in the bottoms of crowded barges."— Macau lay. 

+ In the discussions preliminary to this work, Napoleon himself took part. "He ani- 
mated everything with his own enthusiasm," says Duruy; "he astonished the old juris- 
consults by the depth of his views, and above all by that good sense, which in legislation 
is worth more than all the science of jurisprudence. Thus was elaborated that charter 
of the family and of property which the corps legislatif adopted in its session of 1804, 
and which received, three years afterward, the name it merited— the Code Napoleon." 



154. What is said of the Civil administration of Napoleon I. ? Of the Code Na- 
poleon ? What did Napoleon do for education? What schools did he create ? 

155. What is said of public works ? The harbor of Cherbourg ? Of manufac- 
tures ? 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 357 

lie works, including magnificent buildings, public monu- 
ments, roads, etc., are far too many to enumerate. Among 
them may be mentioned the great breakwater at the harbor 
of Cherbourg, which was commenced in 1783, but not fin- 
ished till 1853. Every species of manufacture' was encour- 
aged, especially such as require the exercise of the arts of 
design ; and thus was laid a foundation for that extraordi- 
nary skill which, in this respect, has placed France above all 
other nations. 

156. Science and Arts. — During the present century, 
France has shared, in common with other civilized nations, 
that astonishing progress in science and in the useful arts 
which have done so much to advance the interests of man- 
kind by improving the condition of society. The railroad, 
the steamship, the telegraph, have revolutionized the social, 
political, and military system of every civilized nation in the 
world ; and in none has there been greater progress in the 
use of these than in France. The World's Fair (Exposition 
Universelle) has been an important auxiliary in developing 
the industrial and artistic capabilities of this great nation. * 

157. Agriculture. — Among enlightened measures to 
promote national progress, may also be mentioned the en- 
couragement of agricultural science by the establishment of 
associations of agriculturists, to discuss the best methods of 
cultivation, by the creation of assurance companies to secure 
the farmer against loss by unfavorable seasons, and by a 
Society of Credit, for the purpose of loaning capital to farm- 
ers at the lowest possible rate of interest. The teaching of 
agriculture, as a branch of elementary instruction, has also 
been prescribed in the schools. 

158. Literature. — Every department of literature is 
adorned by the products of French genius. In the early 

* The idea of the Exposition Universelle originated in France, hut was first realized in 
England. In the Paris Exposition of 1867 there was presented in an eminent degree the 
wonderful creative skill of the French people. 



156. What is said of the progress of science and art ? Of the Universal Exposi- 
tion ? 
15 7. How has agriculture been fostered ? 
158. What authors are mentioned ? For what famous ? 



358 KEYOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 

part of this period, may be mentioned Volney (1757-1793), 
eminent for his historical research ; Crebillon (1674-1762), 
a tragic poet who ranks next to Corneille and Eacine ; 
Malesherbes (1721-1794), author of Thoughts and Maxims ; 
Andre Chenier (shen-e-a') (1762-1794), the poet of the Eevo- 
lution, whose career was cut short by the guillotine ; Beau- 
marchais (ho-mar-sha') (1732-1799), the author of The Mar- 
riage of Figaro and The Barler of Seville, two famous come- 
dies ; and Bernardin St. Pierre (1737-1814), who wrote the 
popular novel Paul and Virginia. 

159. At a later period, there were Mme. de Stael (stahl) 
(1766-1817), the most talented woman of her time, who 
wrote Corinne and other works of genius ; Mme. de G-enlis 
(zhong-W) (1746-1830), the authoress of many interesting 
novels and juvenile works ; Sismondi (1773-1845), author of 
the history of the French and Italian republics ; Chateau- 
briand (shah-to-bre-ahng') (1769-1848), who wrote the Ge- 
nius of Christianity, remarkable for the purity and finish of 
its style ; and, still later, the poet of the people, Beranger 
(be-rahn-zha') (1780-1857), the statesmen and historians 
Guizot (1787-1874) and Thiers (born 1797), Mignet (meen- 
ya r ) (born 1796) and Michelet (meesh-a-lti) (1798-1874), 
also historians, Cousin (koo-zahng') (1792-1867), the phi- 
losopher, and Victor Hugo (born 1802), poet, historian, 
philosopher, and moralist, remarkable for the splendor and 
fertility of his genius. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

A. D. 

1774. Louis XVI. Reigned 19 years. 
1778. Treaty of alliance with the United States. 
1787. Assembly of the Notables. 

1789. Meeting of the States-General. Commencement of the Great 
Revolution. 

1791. Meeting of the Legislative Assembly. 

1792. The Republic declared. 

159. Mention the authors of a later period. For what distinguished ? 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 359 

1793. Execution of Louis XVI. Reign of Terror. 

1794. Execution of Robespierre. 
1794-5. Conquest of Holland. 
1895. Day of the Sections (Oct. 5.) 
1796-7. Napoleon's Campaign in Italy. 

1797. Treaty of Campo Formio. 

1798. Expedition to Egypt. Battle of the Pyramids. 

1799. The Consulate Established. 

1800. Napoleon First Consul. Battle of Marengo. Assassination of 

Kleber. 

1801. Treaty of Luneville. 

1802. Treaty of Amiens. 

1804. Napoleon I. Emperor. Reigned 10 years. 

1805. Surrender of Ulm. Battle of Trafalgar. Battle of Austerlitz. 

Treaty of Presburg. 

1806. Battles of Jena and Auerstadt. Berlin taken. 

1807. Battle of Eylau. Peace of Tilsit. 

1808. Insurrection in Spain. 

1809. Taking of Vienna. Battle of Aspern and Wagram. 

1810. Second marriage of Napoleon. 

1812. Invasion of Russia. Burning of Moscow. 

1813. Battles of Lutzen, Dresden, and Leipsic. 

1814. Invasion of France. Capture of Paris. Abdication of Napoleon 

(April 11.) 

1814. Louis XVIII. Reigned 10 years. 

1815. Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon banished to St. Helena. 

1820. Assassination of the Duke of Berry. 

1821. Death of Napoleon. 

1824. Charles X. Reigned 6 years. 

1830. Taking of Algiers. Abdication of Charles X. 

1830. Louis Philippe. Reigned 18 years. 

1840. Napoleon's remains brought to France. 

1842. Death of the Duke of Orleans. 

1847. Subjection of Abd-el-Kader. Conquest of Algeria. 

1848. Revolution. Louis Philippe escaped from France. 

1848. The Second Republic. Louis Napoleon chosen President. 

1849. Rome taken by the French. The Pope restored. 

1852. Napoleon III. Emperor. Reigned 18 years. 

1853. Commencement of the Crimean war. 

1855. Taking of Sabastopol. 

1856. Treaty of Paris. 

1859. Battle of Magenta and Solferino. 
1859. Treaty of Zurich. 



360 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 



1859. The French entered Pekin. 
1861. Expedition to Mexico. 
1864. Maximilian Emperor of Mexico. 
1867. Mexico abandoned by the French. 
1870. War declared against Prussia. 

1870. Battle of Sedan. Napoleon a prisoner. 

1871. Siege of Paris. (September 21.) 
1871. French Republic under Thiers. 
1871. The Commune of Paris. 

1873. McMahon elected President. 

1877. Dissolution of the Legislative Assembly by MacMahon. 



GENEALOGY OF THE BONAPARTE FAMILY. 



Carlo Bonaparte, 
married to Letizia Ramolino. 

I 



Joseph. 

Napoleon, 

King of 

Naples 

and 

of Spain. 



Napoleon I. 



Napoleon II. 

King of Rome, 

son of 
Maria Louisa 
(died in 1832). 



Lucien, 

Prince 

of 

Cassino. 



I 
Elisa, 



Lonis 

Napoleon, 

King 

of 

Holland. 



I I 

Pauline. Caroline. 



Napoleon 
Charles. 



Napoleon 
Louis. 



I 

Jerome, 

King 

of 
West- 
phalia. 



1 
Charles Louis 
Napoleon 
(Napoleon III.) 



Napoleon (TV.), Eugene Louis Joseph. 

Prince Imperial, 

son of Eugenie, Countess of Teba, 

(horn in 1856). 



REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 361 



QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL REVIEW. 

Page 

1. When did the reign of Louis XVI. begin and end ? 259 to 278 

2. Name, in order, the principal events of his reign 259, 278 

3. State what yon can of Necker, the Geneva banker 260, 262, 266, 267, 268 

4. Relate the causes and events that led to the Great Revolution 259-268 

5. State all you can respecting the Bastile. 266 and note, 267 and note, 270 

6. State what you can of the Count of Mirabeau 263, 271 and note 

7. Give the history of the Jacobins 270-287 

8. Relate the events leading to the execution of Louis XVI 270-278 

9. Give the history of the Girondists 273-283 

10. Give the history of the Montagnards 273-285 

11. State what you can of Charlotte de Corday 281 and note 

12. Give an account of the first Coalition against France 278, 282, 288 

13. State all you can of Danton 275, 276 and note, 285 and note 

14. State all you can of Robespierre 278-286 and note 

15. State all you can of Marat. '. 280 note, 281 

16. How was the Directory formed ? Give its history 289-299 

17. Give an account of the Dauphin, son of Louis XVI 289 and note 

18. Give an account of Bonaparte's campaign in Italy 291-294 

19. Of his expedition to Egypt and Syria 294, 295, 296, 297 

20. What were the events during the Consulship of Napoleon ? 299-304 

21. State how Napoleon came to be made Emperor 303, 304 

22. What were the successes of Napoleon during the " third coalition " ? — 304-307 

23. What, during the " fourth coalition " ? 307-311 

24. What, during the "fifth coalition"? 311-318 

25. State all you can of Josephine, Napoleon's first wife 312 and note, 304, 313 

26. Give the events from the first abdication of Napoleon till his return to 

France 318-322 

27. Give the events of the " Reign of the Hundred Days " 322, 323, 324 

28. What were the results of Napoleon's reign ? 318, 319, 320, 321 

29. Describe his character, peculiarities, and habits 321 

30. Give the events in the reign of Louis XVIII 322-327 

31. Give the events in the reign of Charles X 327, 328, 329 

32. When did the reign of Louis Philippe begin and end ? 329, 335 

33. What were the principal events in the reign of Louis Philippe ? 329-335 

34. Relate the events that led to the establishment of the second empire 336-340 

35. Give the cause, events, and results of the Crimean war 341, 342, 343 

36. Describe the successes of the French in China and Japan 344 

37. Give the cause, events, and result of the expedition to Mexico 344, 345 

38. What was the cause of the war with Prussia? 345, 346 

39. Relate the principal events of the war 347, 348 

40. Inthelifeof Napoleon III 339 and note to 349 and note 

41. In the conflicts with the Commune 350, 351 

42. How were the resources of France developed during the reign of Napo- 

leon III. ? 351 , 352 

43. Give, in full, the causes of the French Revolution 259, 353, 354 

44. State what is said of the costumes worn 355 

45. Of laws and education 356 

46. Of public works, manufactures, etc 356, 357 

47. Of science, arts, agriculture, and literature 357 

48. What kind of a government has France at the present time ? 

49. Who is now at the head of the government ? 

16 



IUDEX. 



A» PAGE 

Abd-el-Ka'der 334 

Ab'e-lard 95 

A'bens-berg 311 

Aboukir (ab-oo-keer') 295, 296 

Academy, French 248 

Academy of Inscriptions and Belles- 

Lettres 249 

Academy of Painting and Sculpture.. 248 

A-ca'di-a 228 

Acre (a'ker) 296, 333 

Adrian, Pope 35,38 

Aerius (a-e'she-us) 23 

Agincourt (qj'in-court) 125 

Agnadello (an-yah-del'lo) 156 

Agriculture 50, 241, 357 

Aix (aks) 15 

Aix-la-Chapelle (aks-lah-shah-pel 1 ) . . . 38 

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of 238 

Al-be-ro'hi (-ro'ne) 232, 233 

Albigenses (al-be-jen'sez) 75,79 

Alcum (al'kwin) 40 

Al-e-ma'ni-a 41 

Al-e-man-i 24 

A\en$(m(ah-la/m-song'),Duke oL 184, 185 

Alexander I. of Russia 305, 311 

Alexander II. of Eussia 342 

Alexis 60 

Algiers 219,334 

Algiers, Dey of 328 

Alma 341 

Alsace {al-sahs') 348 

Alva, Duke of 173,178,180 

Amboise (am-bj.vahs') 144, 147, 178 

Amboise, Cardinal 160 | 

American Revolution 261, 353 

Am'i-ens 302 

Amsterdam 217 

Amusements 187 

Anam (an-nahm') 344 

An-as-ta'tius {-she-us) 26 

An-co'na 330, 331 

Angouleme (ahn-goo-ldm'), Duke of.. 327 

Anjou (a/m-joo') 57, 66 

Anjou, Duke of 119,179 

An-nap'o-lis „ 228 

Anne of Austria 207 

Anne of Beaujeu (bo-zhah') 141, 142 

Anne of Brit'ta-ny.. 95, 142, 153, 160, 189 

An'ti-och 61 

Antoine (an-twahn') de Bourbon 

(boo?"'bo)i) 177, 194 

A'quse Sex'tiee 15 

Aquitaine (ak-we-tan) 34, 68, 119 

A-qui-ta'ni-a. 10, 18, 22, 29 

Arabs 59 

Arch, Pointed 93 

Architecture 93, 147, 187 

Aries (arte) 20 

Armagnac (ar-mahn-yak'), Count of. 125, 

126 



Armagnacs 123, 124, 125, 126 

Army, Re-organization of 132 

Arques (ark) 194 

Ar'ras, Peace of 131 

Art 145, 209, 248, 357 

Arthur, Prince 74, 75 

Artois (ar-twah'), Count of 322 

As'pen 312 

Assignats {as-seen-yah') 270, 287, 290 

Astrology 146 

At'ti-la 22,23 

Auerstadt (ow' er-staht) 307 

Augereau (o-zha-ro 1 ) 293 

Augsburg (owgs-boorg') 220 

Au-gus'tu-lus 39 

Augustus 19 

Augustus II. of Poland 235 

Aumale (o-mahl 1 ), Duke of 182 

Aus'ter-litz 305 

Aus-tra'si-a 29 

Austria. . . 204, 205, 232, 236, 237, 241, 277, 
291, 330 

Austria, House of 139, 198 

A-vars' 38 

Avignon (ah-veen-yong') 85, 121 

B. 

Baboeuf (bah-b»f) 290 

Badajos (bad-a-hoce') 317 

Bailly (bahl-ye') 267,283 

Balance of power 342 

Bal-zac' 253 

Bar-ce-lo'na 226 

Bards 12 

Barras (bar-rah') 289 

Barthelemy (bar-tel-a'?ne) 293 

Basle (bahl) 288 

Basques (basks) 10, 36 

Bassompierre (bas-song-iye-dr') 251 

Bastile (bah-steeV) 119, 266, 267 

Bautzen (boivt'zen) ...... 316 

Bavaria 226, 235, 236 

Bay'ard 155, 157, 162, 164, 167 

Baylen (bi-leri) 310 

Bayonet 245 

Bayonne (bd-yqn') 245 

Bazaine (bah-zan') 344, 346 

Beaufort (bo-fort), Duke of 212 

Beaujeu (bo-'zhvh'), Lady of 141 

Beaumarchais (bo-mar-sha') 358 

Beck'et, Thomas a 69 

Bedford, Duke of 127, 131 

Belg;e (bel-je') 10 

Beranger (ba-rahn-zha') 358 

Beresina (ber-e-ze'nah) 315 

Berlin Decree 308 

Ber-na-dotte' (-dot) 316, 317 

Ber-nard' 41 

Berry, Duke of 137, 326 

Berry, Duchess of 330 

363 



364 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Bertha 54 

Berthier (bdr-te-a') 294, 306 

Beziers (ba-ze-a') 76 

Bicoque (be-kok') 164, 165 

Bidassoa {be-das-so'ah 167 

Biron (be-ronq') 198,283 

Black Death 103 

Black Prince 102, 106, 107, 115, 116 

Blanche of Bourbon 114 

Blanche of Castile 79 

Blanche of Navarre 104 

Blenheim (blen'hun) 225 

Blois {blwah) 155 

Blon-del' 74 (note) 

Blncher (bloo'ker) 317, 323, 324, 325 

Bo-he'mi-a 235, 239 

Bo'he-mond 61 

Boileau {bivah-lo') 252 

Bo'na-parte, Napoleon (see Napo- 
leon I.). 

Bonaparte, Jerome 309 

Bonaparte, Joseph 304, 306, 310, 311 

Bonaparte, Louis 304, 306, 312 

Boniface VIII., Pope 82, 84 

Bon'ni-vet {-va) 167 

Bordeaux (bor-do') 133, 134, 350 

Bor-o-di'no (-de' no) 314 

Bos'pho-rus 333 

Bossuet (bos-swd') 252 

Bouillon (boo -eel-yong')... 198, 201, 206, 212 

Boulogne (boo-lone') 304 

Bourbon, Antoine de 177, 194 

Bour'bon, Cardinal 185 

Bourbon, Constable of.. 162, 165, 167, 168 
Bourbon, House of. . 194, 240, 318, 322, 324 

Bourdaloue (bor-dah-loo') 252 

Bourges (boorzh) 141 

Bouvmes [boo-veea') 77 

Boyne, Battle of 222 

Brennus 15 

Brest 244 

Bretigny (bret-teen'ye) 112 

Brienne (bre-en') 262 

Brissac (brees-sac 1 ) 196 

Brit'ta-ny 10, 101, 117, 127, 132, 142 

Bruges (broo'jis) 85, 120 

Brunet {broo-na') 283 

Brunswick, Duke of 275, 288, 307 

Buckingham, Duke of 203 

Buenos Ayres (bo'nos a'riz) 331 

Buffon (boof-fong') 254 

Burgundians 22 

Burgundians, Party of . , 123, 126 



Burgundy 

Byng, Admiral . 



Caboche Qcah-bosh') 123 

Cadoudal (kah-doo-dahV) 300, 303 

Cyesar, Julius 15, 16, 17 

Ca Ira (»ah e-rah') 275 (note) 

Calais (kal-is) 103, 124, 133, 174 

Calonne (kah-lon') 262 

Calvin... 175 

Calvinists 176 

Cambaceres (karn-bas-ser-ra') 299 

Cambray 156, 169 

Ca-mil'lus 15 (note) 

Camissard {kah-me-zahr') 225 

Cam'po For'mi-o 292,294 



PAGE 

Canada 240 

Cannes (kari) 323 

Can-ton' 344 

Cap'et (or ka'pet), Hugh 53,97 

Capetian Dynasty 53, 90 

Capitularies 40 

Car'lo-man 34, 51 

Car-lo-vin'gi-an Dynasty 33, 48 

Carmagnole (kar-?nan-yol r ) 275 (note) 

Carnot (kar-no') 282,287,293 

Carrier {kar-re-d') 283 

Carrousel (kar-roo-zel') 246 

Carteau (kar-to') 282 

Cartier, Jacques {kar-te-a 1 , zhak) 171 

Cas'sel 99 

Cassini (kas-se'ne) 249 

Castile (kas-teeV) ... 114 

Catharine de 1 Medici (med'e-che). 169, 175, 
177, 180. 181, 184, 186, 188 

Catholics 177, 178, 180, 185, 186, 194 

Cavaignac (kah-van-yac') 339 

Cazotte (kah-zot 1 ) 277 (note) 

Celtiberians 14 

Celts 10 

Cenis (sa-ne'), Mont 351 

Cevennes (sd-ven') 7 

Chaillot (shd-yo 1 ) 250 

Chalais (shd-ld'). Count of 202 

Chamber of Deputies 328, 331 

Chambord (sha?n-bor'), Count of, 326 (n.), 

352 

Champlain, Samuel 199 

Charles (I.), the Bald 44, 51 

Charles (II.), the Fat 45, 51 

Charles (in.), the Simple 46, 51 

Charles IV 89,97 

Charles V 113,146 

Charles VI 119, 147, 148 

Charles VII 127, 147 

Charles VIH 140 

Charles IX. 177 

Charles X 327, 329 

Charles the Bad 106 

Charles the Bold. . . . 135, 136, 137, 138, 139 

Charles Edward, the Pretender 237 

Charles of Anjou 83, 97 

Charles of Austria 155, 163 

Charles, Archduke. . 226, 228, 292, 311, 312 

Charles, Count of Blois 101 

Charles, Count of Charolais 135 

Charles I. of England 202 

Charles V. of Germany. 163, 164, 165. 172, 

173 

Charles VII. of Germany 235, 236 

Charles II. of Spain 223 

Charles XII. of Sweden 232 

Charles of Lorraine. . 53 

Charles of Normandy 104 

Charles of Valois 97 

Charles Martel 29,30,51 

Charolais (shar-o-ld'), Count of 135 

Chartier (shar-te-d 1 ) 150 

Chateaubriand (shah-to-bre-ahng'),. . . 358 

Chenier (shen-e-a'), Andre 358 

Cherbourg (she?-'boo?g) 134 

Choiseul (shivah-zfd') 240 

Cholera 330 

Chouans {shoo-akng') 288, 290 

Cinq-Mars (sank-mar^ — 206 

Cisalpine Republic 292 



INDEX. 



365 



PA(JE 

CiudadRodrigo (the-OO-dad' ro-dre'go) 317 

Claude Lorraine 254, 255 

Clement V., Pope 85 

Clement VII., Pope 121, 168 

Clive (klive), Lord 240 

Clisson (k(es-song'), Oliver. . 101, 119, 121 

Cli'ton. William 65 

Clo'do-mir 28, 32 

Clo-taire' 28 

Clotairell 29,32 

Clotaire III 32 

Clo-til'da 24 

Clo'vis 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 32 

Coaches 252 

Co'bnrg, Prince of 282 

Code Napoleon 303 (note), 356 

Coffee 250 

Colbert (kol-bar') 214, 221, 244, 249 

Coligny (ko-leen'ye) 176, 180, 181, 182 

College of France 189 

College of the Four Nations 248 

Colonna, Prosper 162 

Comines (ko-meen'), Philip de. . . 147, 150 

Commerce 91, 197, 241, 244 

Commission of National Defense 347 

Committee of Public Safety 284, 289 

Commune 62, 71, 276, 280, 350 

Conde', Prince of. . 176, 177, 179, 182, 200, 
212, 213, 215, 217 

Condorcet (kon-dor-sa') 283 

Confederation of the Rhine 306 

Conrad III 67 

Constance of Aquitaine 55 

Con-stan-tine' (-teen) 331 

Constantinople 250 

Constituent Assembly 264, 272 

Constitution of the Year VIII 299 

Constitution of 1848 339 

Consulate 299 

Conti (kong-te'), Prince of. . . 211, 212, 214 

Copenhagen 309 

Cor-day', Charlotte 281 

Cordeliers 272 

Corneille (kor-ndl'), Peter... 248, 250, 252 

Corporations 92 

Corsica 241 

Costume . . 94, 148, 188, 251, 252, 355 

CSted'Or (cotedor) 7,8 

Cotton 250 

Council of the Ancients 289, 298, 299 

Council of Five Hundred. . . . 289, 298, 299 

Council of State 340 

Coup d'Etat (koo da-tah') 339 

Court Fool 94 

Courtray (koor-tra') 85 

Cousin (koo-zahng') 358 

Couth ong (koo-tong 1 ) 286 

Crebillon (kra-be-yong 1 ) 358 

Crecy (kres'se) 102 

Crillon (kre-yong') 194 

Crim-e'an War 341 

Cromlechs 13 

Cromwell, Oliver 214 

Crusade 59, 67, 73 

Cul-lo'den 238 

Cumberland, Duke of 236, 237 

Custine (kus-teen) 277, 283 

D. 

Dag'o-bert 29 



PAGE 

D' Alembert (da-long-bar') 254 

Da'mi-ens 238 

Danton (dahn-tong') 275, 276, 285 

Dantzic 308 

Dar-da-nellcs' r 341 

Dauphin 104, 289 (note) 

Dauphine (-fe-na') 104 

Davout (dah-voo') 311 

De Grasse (gras) 261 

Delisle (dah-leeV) 254 

Delorme (duh-lorm') 190 

De Lnynes (Iween) 200, 201 

De Monts (mong) 199 

De Ruyter (ri'ter) 216, 217, 219 

Desaix (duh-sa') 301 

Des Cartes (da kart) 254 

Des-e-de'ri-us 35 

Deseze (duh-saz') 278 

Desmarets (da-mah-ra') 121 

Desmoulins (da-moo-lahng') 285 

D'Enghien {dong-ghe-ahng') 303 

D'Estain^ (des-tahng 1 ) 261 

D'Estrees (des-tra') 219 

De Thou (too) 206,207, 253 

Dev'en-ter 35 

DeWitt 216,217 

Diana of Poitiers (poi-teerz') 172, 190 

Diderot (de-duh-ro') 254 

Dijon (de-zhong') 159 

Directory 289, 290 

Don Pedro of Aragon 83 

Don Pedro of Castile 114 

D'Orvilliers (dor-vel-ya') 261 

Douai (doo-a') 245 

Drama 147, 249 

Dresden 237, 314, 316 

Dreux (druh) 178 

Druids 12, 19 

Dru'ses 344 

Dubois (du-bwah'), Abbe 232, 234 

Dubois, Peter 120 

Dubourg (du-boorg') 176 

Ducos (dn-ko') 299 

Dugommier (du-gom-me-a') 288 

Du Guesclin (ga-klahng') 114, 117 

Dumouriez (du-moo-re-a') . . . 273,277, 279 

Dunkirk 215, 228, 245 

Duquesne' (-kane) 219, 239 

Dutch 244 

E. 

Eastern Question 332 

Eck'muhl 311 

Edessa 67 

Edict of Grace : 203 

Edict of Nantes 197 

Education 145, 189, 331, 336, 356 

Edward the Confessor 58 

Edward IV. of England 138 

Egypt, Expedition to 294 

Elba 318,322 

Eleanor of Guienne 66, 68, 69 

Elizabeth, Princess 283 

Elizabeth of England 185 

Elizabeth of Spain 178 

Encyclopedists 255 

Enghien (ong-ghe-ahng 1 ), Duke d\ . .. 303 

England.. 58,121,216, 244, 261, 278, 302, 

304, 309 

Erfurt (ar'foort) 311 



IN/DEX. 



PAGE 

Essling 312 

Eudes (uhd) 46 

Eugene, Prince 223,225, 228 

Eugene, Viceroy 312 

Eugenie, Errmress.... 340 (note), 346, 347 
Eylau(iVow) 308 

F. 

Family Compact 240 

Federation, Festival of 270 

Fenelon ( fa-na-long') 253 

Ferdinand of Austria 173 

Ferdinand, Archduke 305 

Ferdinand of Brunswick 239 

Ferdinand the Catholic 154, 157, 163 

Ferdinand IV. of Italy .' 306 

Ferdinand VII. of Spain 326 

Feudal System 26,48 

Feuillants {fuh-yahng f ) 273 

Field of the Cloth of Gold 163, 164 

Fieldof Lies 42 

Field of Pardon 107 

Fields of March 28, 40, 271 

Fields of May 40 

Flanders 84, 100, 120, 237, 244 

Flemings 85,88,89 

Fleurus {fiuh-ruce') 323 

Fleury {fluh-re'), Abbe de 232, 253 

Fleury, Cardinal 234, 236 

Florence 343 

Fontenaille (fon-te-nel') 42 

Fon-te-noy' (or fon-ta-nwah') 237 

Forey (fo-ra'). 344 

For-no-vo 143 

Fouche ( foo-sha') 299, 325 

Fouquet \foo-hl') 214 

Fouquier Tinville (foo-ke-a' tahng- 

teel') 283 

France, Area of 8 

Francia. 43 

Franche-Comte' {fransh-Tcong-ta') 215, 

217, 219 

Francis I , 161,189,245 

Francis II 175 

Francis I., Emperor 237 

Francis Joseph 305 

Franciscans 89 

Franklin, Benjamin 260,355 

Franks 22 

Frederick III. of Naples 154 

Frederick Barbarossa 73 

Frederick the Great 237, 239 

Free Lances 112, 113, 115 

French Academy. 209 

French Language 93 

Friburg (fre'boorg) 163 

Friedlancl 309 

Friend of the People 278 

Frisia 127 

Frois'sart 147, 150 

Fronde, War of the 210, 211, 212, 213 

Furniture 148, 250 



Ga-belle' (- 
Gael 



G. 



104, 172 
10 



Gal'li-a 7 

Garden of Plants 209, 248, 250 

Garigliano (gah-rel-yah'no) 155 

Gaston, Duke of Orleans.... 202, 204, 206 



PAGE 

Gaston de Foix (fwah) 157 

Gaul 7, 9, 18, 19, 20 

Gauls 11 , 12, 14 

Gazette 250 

Gazette de France 250 

Geneva 176 

Geulis (zahng-le'), Madame D 358 

Genoa (jeu'o-ah) 155, 156, 219, 241 

Geoffrey Plantagenet 66 

George I. of England 232 

George II. " " 236 

Gerson {zhar-song) 150 

Gibraltar 226, 261 

Girondists (zhe-rond 'ists) 273, 277, 278 

279, 280, 281, 2S3 

Gisele (zhiR-eV) 46 

Go'be-lin Tapestry 244 

Godfrey de Bouillon 61 

Gon-sal'vo de Cor'do-va 154 

Gothic Architecture 94 

Grand Alliance 225 

Grav'el-otte (-ot) 346 

Great Re-dan' ... 342 

Gregory XL, Pope . . 121 

Gregory XVI., Pope 330 

Gregory of Tours (toor) 31 

Guienne (rjlie-erJ) 133, 184 

Guilds 92 

Guillotine 278, 283 

Guinegate (ghen-gaht') 159 

Guines (gheen) 164 

Guise (gweez), Duke of. 171, 174.175,178,182 

Guizot (gwe-zo') 333, 335, 336, 358 

Gun'de-bald 24 

Gunpowder 104, 105 

Gustavus Adolphus 204 

Guy (ghi), Count of Flanders 84 

H. 

Hainaiilt (hi-no'), Countess of 127 

Hal'i-doun Hill 100 

Hanau (hah'noiv) 317 

Hanover 239 

Hansa 92 

Harfleur {har-Jlur') 124, 125 

Harold 58, 59 

Hastings, the Norman 46 

Hastings, Battle of 59 

Hausmann (house'man) 351 

Havre (hav'er) 178, 245 

Hebert (a-bdr') 281, 285 

Helen of Mecklenburg 331 

He-li-op'o-lis 301 

Heloise 95 (note) 

Helvetian Republic 294 

Helvetians 15 

Henrietta Maria 202 

Henry 1 56, 97 

Henryn 171 

Henrvni 184 

Henry IV 194, 243, 245, 251 

Henry of Anjou 68 

Henry, Duke of Anjou 183 

Henry of Burgundy 59 

Henry V. of England 124 

Henry VI. " " 131 

Henry VILL " " 157, 159, 164 

Henry of Guise 184, 185, 186 

Henry of Montmorency 204 

Henry of Navarre 176, ISO, 185, 194 



IHDEX. 



367 



PAGE 

Henry of Trastamara 114 

Heraldry 62 

Hil'de-bert 28 

His-pa'ni-a 7 

Hoche (hosh) ... 282, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293 

Ho-hen-lin'den 301 

Holland 127, 215, 216, 228, 288, 312 

Holv Alliance 325 (note), 327 

Holy League 157,168, 184 

Ho-ho'ri-us 22 

Hopital (o-pe-tahl'), Chancellor del'. 178, 
179, 189 

Hospitallers 62 

Hotel des Invalides (da zahng-vah- 

leed') 246, 333 

Hotel de Ville {reel). 245, 269, 286, 336, 347 

Honchard (hoo-shar') 282, 283 

Hueli the Fair 65 

Hugh the Great 47,53,61 

Husro, Victor 358 

Huguenots. ..175, 176, 177, 183, 197, 201, 203 

221 

Humbert II 104 

Hundred Days 322, 324 (note) 

Hundred Years' War 100, 133 

Huns 22 

Huyghena (hi'ghens) 249 



Iberians 10 

If (erf), Castle of 271 

Indies, East 233, 238, 240, 244, 261 

Indies, West 240, 244, 250, 261 

Ink'er-man 342 

Innocent XI. Pope 219 

Inquisition 79, 190 

Ireland 68, 222 

Irene 39 

Isabel of Bavaria 121, 125, 147 

Isabella, Queen of France • 72 

Isabella, Queen of Spain 345 

Italian Confederation 343 

Italy. . . 154, 162, 167, 173, 205, 225, 226, 342 
Ivry (eev're) 195 



Jacobins 272, 276, 278, 286, 287 

Jacquerie (zhak'e-re) 110 

Jacques Coeur (kyur) 134, 147 

Jamaica ' 261 

James II. of England 221, 222, 223 

Jj&mes the Pretender ... 226, 228 

<%>an ; 344 

Jai-din des Plantes (zhar-dahng' da 

■/plahnt) 209,248 

Jeanne d'Albret (dal-bra'). 179, 180, 181, 194 

Jemmapes (zhem-map') 277 

' Jena (ya'nah) 307 

Jerusalem 60, 80, 143 

Jeunesse Doree (juh-nes' do-ra'). 287 (note) 

^ ews _•■■ 72,89 

Joan of Arc 128, 129, 130 

J° h ^ 105 

John the Fearless 122, 125, 126 

John, Arch-duke of Austria 301 

John of England 74 

John of Montfort 101, 117 

John of Procida ( pro-che'dah) 83 

Joinville (zhivahng-veel'), Jehan de. . . 95 
Joinville, Prince de 333 



PAGE 

Josephine 304, 312 (note), 313 

Jonbert {zhoo-bdr') 296 

Jourdan [zhoor-dahng').. 282, 287,291, 292 

Joj'euse (zhwah-ynz') 185 

Juarez (hwah'rez) 345 

Judith 41 

Julius II. , Pope 156, 157, 159 

Jumonville (zhoo-mong-veeV) 239 

Junot (zhoo-no') 309, 310 



Kel'ler-mann 277, 282 

Kem'pis, Thomas a 150 

Kep'pel, Admiral 261 

Kleber (kld'ber) 297, 301 

Knight-Errant ry 62 

Knolles (nolz), Robert 116 

L.. 

La Bruyere (broo-ydr') 253 

Lafayette (lah-fa-et 1 ). 260, 267, 270, 275, 329 

La Fontaine ( f on-tan 1 ) 252 

La Hogue (hog) 102, 223 

Lal'ly 240 

Lamartine [lah-mar-teen') 335 

Lamoriciere (lah-mor-e-se-dr') 334 

Languedoc (lon-gha-doc 1 ) 119 

Languedoc, Canal of 244 

Lannes (Ian) 300 

Laon (lah-ong 1 ) 47 

La Palice ( pah-lees') 157 

La Place ( plalu) 255 

La Rochefoucauld (rosh-foo-ko') 253 

Lautrec (lo-trek') 165, 168 

Lavoisier (lah-vwah-se-a') 255, 283 

Law, John 233 

Laws of September 331 

League of the Public Good 134 

Lebas (luh-bah 1 ) 286 

Lebon (luh-bong') 283 

Lebrun (Inh-brung') 254, 299 

Lec-zyns'ki, Stanislaus 235 

Legendre (luh-zhahnd') 255 

Legislative Assembly 273, 277, 339 

Lei psic 204, 316 

Leo III., Pope 38 

Leo X., Pope 159 

Le'o-pold of Austria 73 

Leopold of Hohenzollern 345 

Lepers 89 

Le Sage (sazJi) 253 

Lescot (les-ko') 190 

Lettre de Cachet (letr dull kah-sha'). 241, 

264 

Lexington, Battle of 261 

Liege (leej) 136, 205 

Ligny (leen-ye') 323 

Limoges (le-mozh') 116 

Lis'sa 239 

Literature 145,209,248,357 

Lombard Merchants 89 

Lombards 30, 33, 34, 35 

Lomhardy 343 

Longuevi'lle (long-veel') 212 

Lonjumeau (long-zhoo-mo') 179 

Lor-raine' 47, 127, 235, 241, 348 

Lorraine, Cardinal of 175, 186 

Lorraine, Claude 254 

Lo-thaire' 41, 47 

Lou'is (or loo'l) 1 40, 44 



368 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Louis LT 44 

Louis III 44 

Louis IV 47 

Louis V 48 

Louis YI 65 

Louis VIII 78 

Louis IX 79,92 

Louis X 88 

Louis XI 134, 148, 149 

Louis XII 153, 161 

Louis XIII 199 

Louis XIV 210, 246, 251, 252 

Louis XV 230, 248, 249 

Louis XVI. 259, 278 

Louis XVII .... 257, 289 (note), 322 (note) 

Louis XVIII ; 318, 322, 325, 327 

Louis of Bavaria 89 

Louis, Duke of Orleans 161 

Louis Napoleon 339 

Louis Philippe (fe-leep') 329 

Louisburg 237 

Louise of Savoy 167, 169 

Louvel (loo-vel') 326 

Louvois (loo-vwah') 245 

Louvre (loovf) 78, 119, 246 

Lucon (loo-song'), Bishop of 200 

Lug-du-nen'sis 18 

Lug-du'num 19 

Lulh(lool'le) 249,254 

Luneville (loo-na-veel') 302 

Lu-te'ti-a (she-ah) 21,24 

Lutzen (lool'zen) 204, 316 

Lux-em-bourg' 164 

Lyons 19, 21, 87 

M. 

Mack, General 305 

MacMahon, Marshal 346, 351 

Magenta (mah-jen'lah) 343 

Maine 59 

Maintenon (mahn-ta-nong'), Madame 

de 220, 221, 226, 252 

Maison (ma-zong'\ 317 

Maitland, Captain 325 

Mal'a-koff 342 

Malesherbes (mal-zarU), 259, 260, 283, 358 

Malherbe (mal-a,rb'). Francis 191 

Malplaquet (mal-plah'kd) 227 

Malta 294, 301, 303 

Mam'e-lukes 295 

Man-sard' 254 

Manufactures 197, 244, 356 

Marat (ma-rah') 275, 276, 278, 281 

Marcel (mar-sel') 108, 109, 110, 111 

Ma-ren'go 301 

Margaret of Austria 169 

Margaret of Flanders 115 

Marguerite of Provence 79 

Marguerite of Valois 197 

Maria Louisa 313, 318 

Maria Theresa, of Austria... 235, 236, 237 

Maria Theresa, of Spain 214 

MarieAntoinette (an-twah-nef) 260,263,283 

Marie of An jou 127 

Marignano (mah-reen-yah'no) , — 162 

Mariotte {mah-re-ot') 254 

Marlborough, Duke of 225, 226 

Marot (mah-ro'), Clement 190 

Marseilles (mar-sdlz') 9 

Marseilles Hymn 275 (note) 



PAGE 

Mary of Burgundy 139 

Mary of England 173, 174 

Mary de' Medici. . 197, 199, 200, 203, 207, 251 

Mary Stuart 175, 177 

Massena (mas-sd'nah).. . 297, 300, 311, 313 

Mas-sil'i-a 9,15 

Massillon (mas-seel-yong') 253 

Maurepas {mo-re-pah') 259,262 

Maurice of Saxony 172 

Maximilian, Archduke 344, 345 

Maximilian, Emperor... 139, 142, 159, 163 
Mayenne (mi-en'), Duke of.. 186, 194, 195 

Mayors of the Palace 30 

Maz-a-rin' (-rem)... 210,212,213,214,247 
Medici (med'e-che), Catherine de' 

(see Catharine de' Medici). 
Medici, Mary de' (see Marv de' Medici). 

Medicine 148, 188 

Me'las 300 

Menou (me-noo') 289 

Merchants 1 Truce 138 

Mer-o-vae'us 23 

Merovingian Dynasty 26, 29 

Metz 172,174,245,346 

Mexico 331, 344 

Mezeray (me-ze-ra') 253 

Mezieres (ma-ze-dr') 164 

Michelet (meesh-e-la') 358 

Mignet (meen-ya') - 358 

Mil'an 154,167,343 

Military School , . 249 

Mincio (meen'cho) 343 

Min'den 240 

Mining 197 

Mi-nor'ca 261, 262 

Mirabeau (me-rah-bo') 263, 276 

Mississippi. 233 

Modena (mod'e-nah) 343 

Mole (mo-la'), Count. 331 

Moliere (mo-lyar') 250, 252 

Monsieur (mb-syuh), Peace of 184 

Montaigne (mon-tdn') 190 

Mon tcalm (mont-kahm') 240 

Mon-te-bel'lo 300, 343 

Montecuccoli (mon-ta-TcooTc'ko-lee) — 218 

Montesquieu (mon-tes-Jcu') 255 

Montgomery, Count 174 

Mont-mo-ren'cy, Constable.. 171, 172, 173, 
176, 179 

Montpellier (mong-pel-ya') 104 

Montpensier (mong-pong-see-d'), Duke 

of 336 

Montpensier, Mademoiselle de 250 

Moore, Sir John 311 

Moralities 148 

Moreau (mo-ro'). 291, 292, 293, 300, 301, 303 

Morocco 334 

Morthier (mor-te-a') 313 

Mos'cow 314, 315 

Moulins (moo-lahng'), Ordinance of. . 178 
Mountain Party. .273, 277, 278, 279, 281, 291 

Murat (mu-rah r ) 306, 310 

Music 249 

Muskets U8 

Mysteries 147 

N. 

Najera (nd-hd'ra7i) 114 

Nantes, Castle of 196 

Nantes, Edict of . . . . 197, 220, 221, 243, 244 



INDEX. 



369 



PAGE 

Naples 142, 143, 154, 310 

Na-po'le-on I. . 284, 289, 291, 292, 295, 298, 

299, 300, 302, 304, 309, 313, 316, 318, 320, 
323, 325, 333 

Napoleon II 313,324, 330 

Napoleon III 339, 340, 343, 346, 348 

Napoleon IV 352 

Napoleon, Prince 352 

Narbonne (nar-bon') 19 

Nar-bon-nen'sis 18 

Nassau, Prince of 238 

National Assembly 265, 348, 349, 350 

National Constituent Assembly 338 

National Convention. ... 277, 278, 287, 290 
National Guard. . 268, 269, 328, 334, 338, 350 

Neck'er 260, 262 

Nelson, Lord 295, 305 

Nemours (ne-moor'), Duke of 333 

Nemours, Treaty of 185 

Netherlands. . . . 174, 198, 219, 223, 233, 237 

Neustria 29 

Newspapers 250 

Ney (na), Marshal 313, 316 

Nicsea (ni-se'ah) 61 

Nice (nees) 170, 343 

Nicholas, Emperor of Russia 342 

Nimeguen (ne-md'ghen) 219 

Noailles (no-ahl'), Viscount de 268 

Normandy. . 46, 56, 65, 72, 74, 119, 132, 133, 
135, 136 

Normans 47, 58, 59 

North America 199, 238, 240 

Northmen 44, 45 

Notre Dame {notr dah?n), Cathedral 

of 71,78, 304 

Novara (no-vah'rah) 154, 159 

O. 

Observatory 249 

O-des'sa 341 

O'Donnell, General 326 

Order of the Garter 334 

Oriflamme {o-re-flam') 80 

Orleans {or-la-ahnz') 23, 127 

Orleans, Duke of 329, 333 

O'tho II 7 

Otho the Great 7 

Oudenarde (oo-da-nard') 227 

Oudinot (oo-de-no') 340 

P. 

Pa'der-born 36 

Painting 147, 148 

Palais ( pah-la'), Cardinal 246 

Palais Royal 246, 266, 267 

Pa-lat'i-nate 221 

Pal'es-tine 73, 80 

Pa-les'tro 343 

Palice (pah-lees') 157 

Pal'is-sy, Bernard de 110 

Pantheon 247, 248 

Pa-o'li 241 

Pare ( pah-ra') 188 

Paris. . 21, 24, 149, 195, 219, 227, 246, 318, 347 

Paris, Congress of 342 

Paris, Count of 333, 335, 352 

Paris, Treaty of 240 

Pa-ris'i-i 24 

Parma (par'mah) 343 

Pascal (pahs-kal') 253 

16* 



PAGE 

Paul IV., Pope 173 

Paul and Virginia 355 

Pavia (pah-ve'ah) 35, 167 

Peace of God • ■ • 56 

Pedro (va'dro) the Cruel 114, 115 

Pe-kin' 344 

Pep'in d'Herestal (der-es-lahl') 29, 51 

Pepin le Bref 30, 33, 51 

Perier (pd-re-d'), Casimir 330 

Peronne (pd-rori) 136 

Perpetual Peace 163 

Perrault (pdr-ro'), Claude 254 

Peter of Beaujeu (bo-zhuh') 141 

Peter the Great 232 

Peter the Hermit 60 

Philibert (fe-le-bdr') 174 

Philipl 57,97 

Philip II. (Augustus) 71, 72 

PhilipIII 82 

Philip IV 84 

Philip V 88 

Philip VI 90, 99 

Philip of Anjou 223 

Philip the Bold 113,115, 12 J 

Philip Egalite (a-gal-e-ta') 283 

Philip, Emperor 21 

Philip the Good 135 

Philip II. of Spain 173, 174, 185 

Philip IV. " 214,215 

Philip V. " 226, 232 

Phil-ip'pa, Queen 103 

Pic'ar-dy 119 

Pichegru ( peesh-groo') 282, 288, 303 

Piedmont ( peed'mont) 174 

Pilgrimage, First 56 

Pisa (pe'zah) 157 

Pisan (pe'zan), Christine de 150 

Pitt, William (Eider) 240 

Pitt, William (Younger) 278, 306 

Pius VII. , Pope 303, 304, 310, 312 

Pius IX., Pope 340 

Plague 103 

Playing Cards 148 

Plessis-les-Tours {ples-se-la-toor') 140 

Poitiers {poi-teerz') 30, 107 

Poitou (pwah-too') 68 

Poland 183 

Pondicherry ( pon-de-sher'ry) 240 

Ponthieu ( pong-too') 116 

Postal System.' 140, 148, 250 

Port Royal 199 

Portugal 59 (note), 240, 309 

Poussm {poos-sang') 254 

Prague 235, 236, 237, 239 

Pres'burg .-. 306 

Pres'ton Pans 238 

Prince of Orange 221, 223 

Printing 148 

Protestants -170, 177, 202, 204, 225 

Provence (pro-vahns') 29, 234 

Prussia 241, 307, 3-15 

Pyramids, Battle of 295 

Pyr-en-ees', Peace of — 214 



Quadruple Alliance 331 

Quebec 199, 240 

Quiberon (ke-ba-rong 1 ) 288 

Quinault {ke-no') 250 



370 



INDEX. 



Rabelais (rah-ba-ld'), Francis 190 

Racine (rah-seen') 250, 252 

Rad-e-gun'da 28 (note) 

Rag'lan, Lord 341 

Ramillies (ram'e-leez) 226 

Raoul {rah-ool') 47, 83 

Ravaillac (rah-val-yak') 199 

Ra-ven'na 34, 157 

Raymond of Toulouse 59, 61 

Raymond VI . , of Toulouse 75 

Raymond VII., " " 79 

Reason, Worship of 284, 285 

Red Republicans 350 

Reformers 170, 171, 175 

Reign of Terror 279 (note\ 281 

Renaissance 160, 187 

Rennes (ren) 142 

Retz (rate), Cardinal de 211, 213 

Rheinis (reemz) 26, 129 

Richard tlie Lion-Hearted 73 

Richelieu (reesh'e-lu), 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 
205, 206, 208, 246 

Robert 54 

Robert of Artois 99, 101 

Robert (the Devil) 56 

Robert of Geneva 121 

Robert de Sorbonne 93 

Robespierre (ro-bes-pe-dr'). . . 275, 278, 285, 

286 

Rochef ort (rotch'fort) 245 

Rochefoucauld (rosh-foo-ko 1 ) 254 

Rochelle (ro-sheV) 183, 201, 202 

Rod'ney, Admiral 261 

Roemer (ro'mer) 249 

Ro'han, Duke of 203, 205 

Ro'land 273 

Roland, Madame 283 

Roland (Nephew of Charlemagne) 36 

Rollo ' 45, 46 

Rome 168, 294, 312, 340, 344 

Rome, King of 313 

Roncesvalles (ron-ses-vaV les) 36 

Ron-sard', Pierre de 191 

Ros'bach 239 

Rosebecque (ros'bek) 120 

Rou'en 131, 132, 178 

Rousseau (roos-so') 253 

Royalists 288, 290, 292, 336 

Royal Library of Paris 146 

Russia 314, 341 

Ryswick (riz'wik), Treaty of 223 

S. 

Sable (sah-bld'), Peace of 141 

St. Arnaud (ar-no'). Marshal 341 

St. Bartholomew's Day, Massacre of. . 182 

St. Ber'nard (or bar-nahr') 67 

St. Bon'i-face 33 

St. Cloud {Moo) 298 

St. Den'is (or clen-e'), Battle of 179 

St. Domingo 288, 302 

Sainte Chapelle (shah-pel') 81 

St. Germain (zhdr-mahng 1 ) 180, 245 

St. He-le'na. 325 (note), 333 

St. Just (zhoost) 286 

St. Louis 79 

St. O'mer (or o-mdr') '. 101 

St. Ouen (oo-ahng 1 ), Church of 119 

St. Pierre (pe-dr 1 ), Bernardin de.. 355, 358 



PAGE 

St. Pierre, Eustace de 103 

St. Quen'tin, Battle of 173 

Sal'a-din 73 

Sal-a-man'ca 317 

Salian Franks 23, 27 

Salic Law 88 

Salz'bach 218 

Sancerre {sahn-sar') 183 

San Sebastian 317 

Saracens 30, 36, 58 

Sar-a-gos'sa 36 

Sardinia 232, 233 

Savoy 277, 343 

Saxe (sax), Marshal 237, 238 

Saxons 34,35,36 

Saxony 239 

Scarron (sTcah-rong') , 252 

Schism, the Great 121,134 

Schomberg (shom'berg), Marshal 204 

Schools 140, 145, 320, 356 

Schwartz'eu-berg (shwartz-) 317 

Science 189,248,357 

Scotland. 172,-226, 238 

Se-bas'to-pol 341, 342 

Sedan (se-dong') 346 

Seg-o-brig'i-ans (-brij-) 9 (note) 

Seneffe (se-nef) 218 

Sen'e-gal , 233 

Sen'lac 59 

Seven Years' War 238, 241 

Sevigne (se-veen-ye'), Madame de 253 

Sevres (sevr) 244 

Sicilian Vespers 83 

Sicily 232 

Sieyes (se-es' or se-d'), Abbe. . 264, 279, 299 

Si-le'si-a 235 

Silk Manufacture 140 

Simon de Montfort 75, 76 

Sis-mo i I'di (-de) 358 

Sluys (slots) 101 

Smo-lensk' 314 

Society, State of.. 31, 48, 90, 144, 187, 242, 

353 

Society of Credit 357 

Soissons (swah-song') 23 

Sol-fer-i'no (-ee'no) 343 

Sol'i-man 169 

Sorbonne (sor-bori) 82, 209, 246, 248 

Soult (soolt) 313, 317, 332 

South America 219, 262 

Spain. . . 7, 205, 228, 232, 290, 310, 311, 345 

Spanish Succession, War of 225 

Spurs, Battle of 85 (note), 159 

Stagl (stahl), Madame de 358 

Stan-is-la'us 241 

States-General.. 87, 104, 105, 106, 108, 131, 
136, 141, 144, 145, 185, 186, 200, 264, 265 

Stephen II. , Pope 34 

Strasbourg 219, 245 

Suchet (soo-shd') 313 

Su'ez Canal 351 

Suffren (soof-frong') 261 

Suser (soo-zha'). Abbot 67, 71, 95 

Sul'ly (or soo-ye') 198, 200, 243 

Supreme Being, Festival of 285 

Suwarrow (su-or'ro), Marshal 296 

Sweden 204 

Swiss Guard 275 

Sy-a'gri-us ■. . . 23 

Syria , 332 



INDEX. 



371 



— PAGE 

T. 

Tal'ley-rand (or tal-la-rong') 299, 318 

Templars 62, 85,86 

Tennis Hall Oath 273 

Terrorists 287 

The-od'o-ric, the Goth 23 

Theodoric, Son of Clovis 28 

Theodoric IV 32 

Thermidorians 287 

Thiers (te-ar') 332, 333, 350, 351, 358 

Third Estate. . . 144, 145, 263, 264, 265, 354 

Thou (too), Auguste de 191 

Three Henries, War of 185 

Ticino (te-che'm) 343 

Tiers Etat {see Third Estate). 

Til'sit 309 

Tobacco . . 250 

To-lo'sa 21 

Tor'res Vedras {vd'dras) . 313 

Toul (tool) 172, 174 

Ton-Ion' 226, 245 

Toulouse (loo-looz') 20 

Traf-al-gar' 305 

Trochu (tro-shoo'), General 347 

Troubadours 93 

Trouveres (troo-var') 93 

Troyes (trwah) 126 

Truce of God . . 56 

Tuileries (tweei're).. 190, 248, 275, 335, 350 

Tu'nis 81 

Turenne (tit-ren') 215, 216, 217, 218 

Turgot (toor-go') 260 

Turkey 169,333 



IJlm 305 

United States 260, 263 

Universal Exposition 352, 357 

Universities 140 

University of Paris 78, 93, 146 

Urban VI., Pope 121 

U'trecht, Treaty of 228 



Val de Grace (vaM dull grahs), Church 

of 246 

Valois (val-wah'), Branch of 90 

Valois, House of , 99 

Valois-Orleans Branch 153 

Valmy (vahl-me') 277 

Van Artevelde (ar-ta-veW) . . 100, 102, 120 

Van Tromp 216, 217 

Vas'sy 177 

Vauban (vo-bong') 217, 245 

Vaudois (vo-dwah') 170, 294 

Vendee (vong-dd'), La 279, 282, 284 

Vendome {vong-dom'), Duke of 228 



PAGE 

Vendome, Place (plahs) 248 

Venice 155, 156, 244 

Ver-cin-ge'to-rix {-sin-je'-) , 16 

Verdun (ver-duhng') 172, 174 

Ve-ro'na 35 

Versailles (ver-sdlz') . . . 209, 224, 248, 268, 
336, 350 

Versailles, Treaty of 261 

Victoires, Place des {vic-lwahr' , plahs 

da) 246 

Victor Emmanuel D 342 

Victoria, of England 333 

Vienna 312 

Vienna, Congress of 322 

Vil'lafran'ca 162 

Villaf ranca, Conference of 343 

Vil'lars 227, 228 

Villeroi (veel-rwah') 225 

Vincennes {vin-senz'), Castle of.. 119, 231 

Vis'i-goths 22 

Vit-to'ri-a 317 

Vitry (ve'tree) 66 

Voiture ivwah-ture') 252 

Vol'ney (or vol-nd') 358 

Voltaire (vol-tdr') 358 

Von Molt'ke 346 

W. 

Wagram (wah'gram) 312 

Wal-den'ses 170 

Wal'do, Peter 170 

Walter the Penniless 60 

Warsaw 330 

Warsaw, Grand Duchy of 309 

Washington 239 

Wa-ter-loo' 323, 324 

Weis' sen-burg. 346 

Wel'ling-ton,Duke of.. 310, 313, 317, 323, 

325 

West-pha'li-a, Kingdom of 309 

William III. of England 223 

William the Conqueror 57,65 

William, Prince of Orange.. 216, 217, 218, 

225 

Win'i-fred 33 

Wit'i-kind 37 

Wolfe 240 

Wolsey (wool'ze), Cardinal 164 

Women's Peace 169 

Worth (wurt) 346 

i Wurmser 288 



I York, Duke of 282, 297 

Z. 

Zea'land 127 

Zurich, Treaty of 343 



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